Chalachithrapadanam 2018 Change PDF

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥
ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime
]mTy-]-≤Xn
Fw.-F. Ne-®n-{X-]-T\w
2018 {]th-i\w
1
Xp©- s Ø- g p- Ø - — ≥ ae- b m- f - k ¿h- I - e m- i m- e - b v ° p- t h≠n
cPn-kv{Sm¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv
2
BapJw
Bi-b-hn-\n-ab{]{In-b-bn¬ G‰hpw i‡-amb am[y-a-amWv Ne-®n-{Xw.
Hcp kaqlw Fßns\ IS-∂p-t]mbn F∂v Abm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn¬ Ne-®n-{X-
ßƒ hln-°p∂ ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ kmt¶-XnI cq]-
Øn-s\m∏w kn\n-a-bpsS Iem-aq-ey-sØbpw Hcp t]mse kao-]n-°p∂ Cu
]T-\-{Iaw Fw.- F. Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\sØ hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬, {]tXy-
In®pw C¥y-bn¬ s]mXp-shbpw Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\-sØ C{X-ta¬ kq£va-ambn
kao-]n-°p∂ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ H∂pw Xs∂-bn√ F∂v ]d-bmw.
kn\n-am-N-cn-{X-Ønse {]mtZ-in-I, tZio-b, A¥m-cmjv{S \n¿an-Xn-I-
fpw, {]K-¤-hy-‡n-Xz-ß-fpw, kao-]-\-ß-fpw, {]ÿm-\-ßfpw Hcp t]mse
hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]Tn-°pI F∂-XmWv ChnsS apJy-ambn e£yw sh°p-
∂-Xv. Zriy `mj-bpsS {Inbm-flI hyh-lmcw, Ah-bpsS Bkzm-Z\ hna¿i
km[y-X-Iƒ F∂n-hbv°v {]mcw` L´-Øn¬ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p. Xnc-°-Y-
bpsS hf¿®bpw kn≤m-¥-ßfpw Ah-bpsS {]tbm-Khpw, Ne-®n-{X-`m-j-bpsS
cN-\m-co-Xn-bn¬ Ch \S-Øp∂ k{Inb CS-s]-SepI-sfbpw ]‰n Cu ]T-\-
{Iaw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn kwh-Zn-°p-∂p. kmln-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂p kn\n-a-bn-te-
°p≈ ]cn- h ¿Ø- \ w, Ne- ® n- { X- \ n- c q- ] - W w, kwkv I m- c - Ø n¬ kn\n- a - b psS
kzm[o\w F∂n-hsb kq£vam¿∞-Øn¬ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. IqSmsX \h-am-
[y-a-ß-fpsS ImeØp kn\n-asb _m[n°p∂ LS-\m-]-c-amb kzm[o-\sØ
Ah-ew-_n®p KpWm-fl-I-hn-i-I-e\w \S-ØpIbpw sNøp-∂p.
]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS \mev ska-Ã-dp-I-fn-embn ssk≤m-¥nI ]T-\-tØm-
sSm∏w {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\hpw kzmb-Ø-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ kn\n-am-\n¿am-
W-Ønse hnhn[ taJ-e-I-ƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-km\ ska-
Ã-dn¬ Kth-j-W-]-cn-⁄m\w e`n°pw hn[w coXn-imkv{Xw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n
Kth-jW - {- ]-_‘w Xøm-dm-t°-≠X - p--≠v. Ne-®n-{X-ta-Je
- b
- n-e[
- n-jvTn-Xa
- mb A°m-
Z-anI ˛ {]mtbm-KnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-hpw ka-{K-hp-
amb Hcp ]mTy-]-≤Xn Bbn-cn-°p-w CXv F∂-Xn¬ X¿°-an-√.
tUm. cmPohv taml≥ B¿.

A≤y£≥, Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\t_m¿Uv
3
]T-\-t_m¿Uv AwK-ßƒ
tUm. cmPohv taml-≥ B¿ (A≤y-£≥)
tUm. I¿W alm-cm-P≥
tUm. F≥. apl-ΩZmen
{io {]Xm]v t]mƒ
tUm. Fw. Fkv. lcn-Ip-am¿
tUm. kn. Fkv. sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥
tUm. B¿. hn. Fw. Znhm-I-c≥
tUm. kn. Fkv. Pb-cm-a≥
s{]m^. a[p Cd-h-¶c
tUm. hnZy B¿.
tUm. DΩ¿ Xd-ta¬
{io hn. sI. tPmk^v
{ioaXn cmKnWn sI.-F-kv.
4
H∂mw ska-Ã¿
MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn
MU FS 10102 Zriy-am-[ya kwkvImcw
MU FS 10103 Ne-®n-{Xw: hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ
MU FS 10104 Ne-®n-{X`mjbpw hymI-c-Whpw
MU FS 10105 Xnc-°Y: kn≤m-¥hpw cN-\bpw
c≠mw ska-Ã¿
MU FS 10206 Ne-®n-{X-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ - I ¢mkn-°epw B[p-\n-Ihpw
MU FS 10207 Ne-®n-{X{]ÿm-\-ßfpw \h-[m-c-Ifpw
MU FS 10208 kn\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw
MU FS 10209 C¥y≥ kn\na Zi-I-ß-fn-eqsS
MU FS 10210 Ne-®n-{X-\n¿ΩmWw
aq∂mw ska-Ã¿
MU FS 10311 Kth-j-W-co-Xn-imkv{Xw
MU FS 10312 tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\na
MU FS 10313 ae-bm-f-kn-\na Zi-I-ß-fn-eqsS
sF—nI hnj-b-ßƒ
MU FS 10314 Ne-®n-{Xw \h-am-[y-a-kµ¿`-Øn¬
MU FS 10315 Ah-X-c-W-I-e-Ifpw tIc-fo-b-Zr-iy-kw-kvIm-chpw
MU FS 10316 Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ kº-Zvhy-hÿ
s]mXp-sF-—nI hnj-b-ßƒ
MU FS 10317 kn\n-a, sSen-hn-j≥, P\-{]n-b-kw-kvImcw
(Hm∏¨ C-e-IvSo-hv)
MU FS 10318 Ne-®n-{Xm-kzm-Z\w (Hm-∏¨ Ce-IvSo-hv)
\memw ska-Ã¿
MU FS 10419 ka-Im-enI Ne-®n-{X-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ
MU FS 10420 Ne-®n{X hna¿i-\-Ie
MU FS 10421 t{]mPIvSv (Kth-j-W-{]-_‘w)
sF—nI hnj-b-ßƒ
MU FS 10422 -kn\n-abpw `c-W-IqShpw (Ce-IvSo-hv)
MU FS 10423 BtKmf kn\na (Ce-IvSo-hv)
MU FS 10424 Gjy≥ kn\na (C-e-IvSo-hv)
5
H∂mw ska-Ã¿
MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn
MU FS 10103 Ne-®n-{Xw: hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ
MU FS 10104 Ne-®n-{X`mjbpw hymI-c-Whpw
MU FS 10105 Xnc-°Y: kn≤m-¥hpw cN-\bpw
6
MU FS 1001 ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn
\thm-∞m-\I
- mew apX¬ ssh⁄m-\n-Iw, hnZym-`ym-kw, kmt¶-Xn-Iw, cmjv{Sobw
F∂o cwKß-fn¬ ae-bm-f- `m-j -t\-Sp∂ hf¿® ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv
Cu t]∏¿.
bqWn‰v 1
\thm-∞m-\hpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-ht_m-[hpw:-˛ tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw amXr-`m-j-bpw.
temI-`m-j-I-fn¬ ae-bm-fØns‚ ÿm\w, \thm-∞m-\hpw tIc-fw, ae-bmfw
F∂o k¶¬∏-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw ˛ amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ {ia-ßƒ
˛ a‡n-X-ßƒ, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, ]T-\-am-[y-aw, sFIy-
tI-cfw F∂ k¶¬∏w, sFIy-tI-cf {]ÿm-\w.
hnti-j]
- T
- \w
n tPm¿÷v amØ≥, "_mem-`y-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp {]kwKw' (aq∂mw
Jfiw am{Xw) (1867)
(tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n, dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ˛ IrXn-Ifpw ]T-
\hpw, ]p. 435 ˛ 447)
n a‡n-X-ßƒ, "Xan-gp-cmPyw apX¬ ae-bm-f- cmPy\nhm-kn-I-fmb ap…nw
P\hpw hnZym-`ym-khpw' (a‡n Xß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, tIcf
CkvemanIv anj≥, Xncq¿ 6, 1981)
n F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, "\m´p-`m-jm-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-
bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ {]_-‘-ßƒ, cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, amΩq-Sv,
1987)
n ktlm- Z - c ≥ Aø- ∏ ≥, ae- b m- f - ` m- j - b psS A`n- h r≤n am¿§w (1934)
(k-tlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw Fw.]n. joP (F-Un.)
ssa{Xn- _p-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2010)
n KqKn hm Xn HmwtKm, B{^n-°≥ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mj (a-\-ns‚ A]-
tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww)
n Xmbm´v i¶-c≥, am\-kn-I-amb ASn-aØw (C-¥y≥ hnZym-`ymkw \q‰m-
≠p-I-fn-eq-sS)
7
bqWn‰v 2
`mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-c-Whpw B[p-\n-IoI-c-W-hpw.
hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te-°v, ae-bmfw A°-ßƒ, kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-
ßƒ, \nL-≠p-°-fpsS hc-hv, {]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-
hv, eIvkn-t°m-{Km-^n, A®-Sn, ]{Xw, ]{X-`m-j, am[y-a-`m-j, `mjm-km-t¶-Xn-
IX: ae-bmfw ssS∏vssd-‰¿, en]n-bpsS ]cn-Wm-aw, en]n ]cn-jvI-c-W-I-Ω-‰n-
Iƒ, A®Sn: ]pXnb en]n, Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fw, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb¿, AXn-
\p≈ {ia-ßƒ, ÿm]-\-ßƒ.
hnti-j-]-T\w
n C.- hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, "h¿Ø-am\ ]{X-ß-fp-sSbpw A®Sn b{¥-ß-fp-
sSbpw hym]-\t- ØmsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmlnXy k¶¬∏-\ß - f- nepw `mjm
hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw kw`-hn® am‰-ßƒ'
(Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥ (F-Un.) \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaq-lw,
hmeyw 2)
n Sn.- _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, "ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw: `qXhpw
`mhnbpw' (P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).
n kt¥m-jv tXm-´p-ß¬, "bq\n-t°mUv ae-bm-fØ - n¬ ˛ kw`-hn-°p-∂s- X¥v?'
(P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).
n \nJn¬ \ºym¿, hna¬ tPmk^v, "ae-bmfw C≥kv{In-]vj≥ Iot_m¿Uv
Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn°mw?' (P-\-]Yw, \hw. 2009).
n Fw. apIp-µ≥, "Hcp km£m¬ Xnø≥ as‰mcp Xnø-t\mSv Cw•ojv ]d-
bptam?'
(am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2010 P\p. 24 -˛ 30)
bqWn‰v 3
hn⁄m-\` - mj
hn⁄m-\-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-bm-f-
Øns‚ hf¿®, hn⁄m-\-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-kw, hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-ßƒ, ae-bmf
]Z-tIm-i-Øns‚ B[p-\n-IoI-c-Ww. A¿∞-]-cn-Wm-aw, hnh¿Ø-\-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ,
imkv{X-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ, ùXn-I-im-kv{X-ßƒ, kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw, C¥y≥ `mj-I-
fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\w. Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ, a‰p-
temI`mj-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ, kmt¶-XnI
]Z-kq-Nn, ]mT-]p-kvXI IΩn-‰n, amXr-`m-jm-hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw
amXr-`m-j-bpw, {]IrXn imkv{X ˛ kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-T\w ae-bmf am[y-a-Øn¬.
hnti-j-]-T\w
n sI. tkXp-cm-a≥, "D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, sI´p-I-Y-

I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w F∂ A[ymbw. ]p. 104 ˛ 123)
n tPml-∂kv t{^m¨ tab¿, {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-Ønse ka¿∏W teJ\w
(1883)
(Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥, aebmf imkv{X-km-lnXy {]ÿm\w Hcp
8
]T\w ˛ A\p-_-‘w)
n tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn, ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw imkv{X-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw, (`-c-W-`m-j,
1935)
n ANyp-Xvi-¶¿, imkv{X-`mj (\-ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn.
Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)
n ]n. ]hn-{X≥, `mjbpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw: D]-I-c-W-hm-Z-Øn\pw \n¿W-b-hm-
Z-Øn\panS-bn¬, amXr-`m-jbv°vth≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, 2014.
n cho-{µ≥, "Ne-®n{X kma-{Kn-bmbn amdp∂ `mj' (a-e-bm-fw, amXr-`qan
tImgn-t°m-Sv)
bqWn‰v 4
`c-W-`mj ˛ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS `c-W-]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb hnImkw
`c-W-`m-jbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-W-hpw, temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\w, C¥y≥ `c-
W-L-S-\-bn¬ `mjI-fpsS ÿm\w, ae-_m¿, sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂n-hn-
S-ß-fnse `c-W-a-fi-e-Øn¬ ae-bmf`mj-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w. `c-W-`m-
j-bv°p≈ IΩo-j≥, tImam-ń¬ ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ IΩo-j≥. HutZym-KnI
`mjm {]Jym-]-\w 1969. tImSXn `mj ˛ \tc-{µ≥ IΩo-j≥ ˛ `c-W-`m-jm-t{]m-
’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Pn√m Xmeq°v Xe HutZym-KnI `mjm-k-an-Xn-Iƒ, `mj-
bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]ÿm-\-ßƒ.
hnti-j-]-T\w:
n iqc-\m-´p-Ip-™≥]n≈, "ae-bmfw `c-W-`m-jm-]-Z-hn-bn-te°v' (`-c-W-`m-j,
C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, tIcf k¿°m¿).
n PÃnkv \tc-{µ≥, 1. "ae-bmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬'†(`c-W-`m-j)
2. \tc-{µ≥ IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v ˛ kw{Klw (Hu-tZym-KnI `mjm-kw-_-‘-
ambn tIcf k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® {][m\ DØc-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-
I-fpw, A\p-_‘w 1, tIcf k¿°m¿, 2002)
n ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, "`mj-bpsS cmjv{Sobw'†
n Sn. Sn. {ioIp-am¿, "`mjm-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew' (hn-
⁄m\ ssIc-fn, 1990 Pqembv)
n tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, "ae-bmf kwc-£-Ww, F¥n\v'? Fßs\? (a-e-bm-
fhpw ae-bm-fnbpw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿ 1992).
n Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥, "`mj kwkvImcw hnZym-`ymkw' (\-ΩpsS `mj,
\ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)
n Fw. hn. tXmakv, tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w: {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn-eqsS (`-c-W-
`mjm {]iv\-ßƒ, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v).
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ
A_vZpƒIcow, apl-ΩZv sI. sP. (k-ºm), 2006 a‡n-X-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ
IrXn-Iƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hN\w _pIvkv.
BZ¿iv hn. sI, 2009, C\n hmb-\, C. hmb-\, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
C. -Fw.- F-kv, 1997, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
9
C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, 2003, `c-W-`m-j tIc-f-
k¿°m¿.
Hma\ ]n. -hn, 1990, \nL-≠p-°ƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
Imc-t»cn Fw. F≥, 2004, sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 2002, ae-bm-f-ssi-en, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amcm¿ kmln-Xy-{]
-Im-iw
tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan, 1983, ]{X-`m-j, sIm®n, tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan.
tIc- f - ` mjm C≥Ãn- ‰ yq´v , A®- S nbpw FgpØpw: Hcp ssÃ¬ ]pkv X - I w,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
IrjvW-Ip-am¿ Fkv, 1996, ae-bmf Kth-jWw k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]pcw, am¿Kn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, .
KtWjv kn (F- U n), 2016, `mj- b psS AXn- P o- h - \ - Ø n\v Hcp P\XbpsS
k©m-cw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, {]nb-X.
Kncojv ]n. Fw. 2013, ae-bmfw: kzXzhpw hn\n-a-b-hpw, ip-I-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ
hnZym-]o-Tw.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \Sp-h´w tUm, 2012, ae-bmfw ¢mknIv `mj: ]g-°hpw
hy‡n-Xz-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
KqKn hm XnHmwtKm, 2007, a\-ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw, sIm√w, {Kmwjn
_pIvkv.
tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ F≥, (F-Un.), 2006, `mjbpw kaq-lhpw: `mjm-imkv{X
]T-\-ßƒ, {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, Imen-°‰v k¿h-I-em-im-e.
Nmt°m ]n. kn, 1940, ae-bmfw Npcp-s°-gpØv am\z¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Kh.
{]v.
Pb-Ir-jvW≥ F≥, (F-Un.), 2011, ae-bm-fhpw ¢mkn-°¬ ]Z-hn-bpw, Xncp-h-
\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
Pb-cmPv Fw, 2017, ae-bmf A®-Sn-am-[yaw : `qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
Pbm kpIp-am-c≥ (F-Un.), 1997, X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-
Øn¬, Xmc-Xay ]T-\-kw-Lw.
tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 1982, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-bpw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 2010, ˛ "ae-bm-fn°v Btcm-SmWv Iqdv' `mj kmlnXyw
kwkvIm-cw, Xriq¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
tPmk^v ]n. Fw, 1984, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Iob ]Z-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cw,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
tPmk^v, kvIdnb tUm, 2007, ]g»n tcJ-I-fnse hyh-lm-c-`m-j, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
tZh-cm-P≥ Pn. tUm., 2005, C≥^¿ta-j≥ kb≥kv: Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
10
\mb¿, s]cp∂ sI. F≥., 1976, ae-bmf ]{X-Øns‚ IY, tIc-f- h¿°nwKv
tP¿W-enÃv bqWn-b≥.
]hn-{X≥ ]n, 2014, amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, ae-bmf sFIy-th-Zn.
{]Im-iv sI. Fkv. tUm, tUm. Fkv. F. jm\-hmkv (kw-tim.), 2010, ae-
bmf `mjbpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw, {]Im-i-\-hn-`m-Kw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e,
{]t_m-[-N-{µ≥ \mb¿ hn. B¿, 1999 ae-bmfw ae-bm-fn-tbmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥
-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.
{]`m-I-c≥ F≥, 2012, "ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn', Bg-Øn¬ sh® I√p-Iƒ, tImgn-
t°m-Sv, C≥ssk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
{]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w {]mcw`kzcq-]w, Xriq¿, tIcf
kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.
{]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ]g-a-bn¬ \n∂v, at\m-ca ]ªn-t°-j≥ Unhnj≥.
{]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ sI. Fw, 2004, ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-
tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.
{]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn., 2007, BZy-Ime amkn-I-Iƒ, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy
A°m-Zan.
t{^m¨ta-b¿, tPml-∂kv, 1983, {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{Xw, _mk¬ anj≥ _p°v
B‚ v {SmIv‰v knwt_mkn-‰-dn.
_m_p sNdn-bm≥ tUm, 2009, s_©-an≥ s_bven, tIm´bw, kmlnXy {]h¿Ø-
I-kl-I-cWkw-Lw.
_m_p-cmPv ]n. Fw., 2009, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fßs\ tªmKmw, tIm´-bw, Un.- kn.
_pIvkv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥, Imhp-ºmbn, 2007, ae-bmf imkv{X-km-lnXy {]ÿm\w Hcp
]T\w, Xriq¿, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv.
_me-Ir-jvW≥ Imhp-ºmbn (F-Un.), 2017, \ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw,
tIc-f-im-kv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv.
ae-bmfw hn°n ]oUnb {]h¿Ø-I¿ 2012 G{]n¬, hn°n ]oUnb Hcp ssI∏p-
kvX-Iw, ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb {]h¿Ø-I¿, .
amcm¿ sI.-sI., 2008, tIc-f-Ø-\n-a, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
amXyp sP. ap´Øv tUm, 2007, hm¿Ø-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ, ]m∏n-dkv _pIvkv.
amXr-`qan _pIvkv tP¿W¬ (k-am.), 2008, ae-bmfw ˛ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn-sb-
°p-dn®v Nne \nco-£-W-ßƒ, tImgn-t°mSv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
amXr-`qan, 2014, "knhn¬ k¿hokv hnPbw t\Sm≥ ae-bmf-w', amXr-`qan Cb¿_p-
°v, ]p. 746 -˛ 750.
an\n \mb¿, tUm, 2012, knhn¬ k¿∆okv ]co-£-I-fnse ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw,
at\m-ca _pIvkv.
aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥, 1985, Nn”-\w, tIm´-bw, hnZym¿∞n-an{Xw _p°v Unt∏m.
cho-{µ≥ sI., 2009, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\-‰n¬, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
11
cho-{µ≥ sI, 2001, C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.
_pIvkv.
cmL-h≥ ]pXp-∏≈n, 1985, tIcf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ Ncn-{Xw, Xriq¿, tIc-f-
km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.
cmPp amhp-¶¬ tUm, 2004, hnZym-`ymk C≥^¿am-‰n-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω F. B¿, F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-bpsS {]_-‘-ßƒ, amΩq-Sv.
cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
cmP- c m- P - h ¿Ω, Fgp- a - ‰ q¿, 2008, `mjbpw `c- W - ` m- j - b pw, tIcf `mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿ (F-Un.), HutZym-KnI `mjm kw_-‘-ambn tIc-f-
k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® {][m\ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-I-fpw.
cmP-tKm-]m¬ IΩØv tUm, 2012, ùXn-I-imkv{X \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.
_pIvkv.
cmP- t i- J - c ≥ ]n. sI, Fkv . F≥. Pb- { ]- I miv , 2003 am[ya \nL- ≠ p,
tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.
cmP-ti-Jc - ≥ Fkv, 2010, ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, kmlnXy {]h¿ØI
kl-I-c-Wkw-Lw.
cma-N-{µ≥ \mb¿, ]∑\, 2000, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-I-fpw, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v
_pIvkv.
cma-N-{µ≥ ]pXp-t»cn, 2010, sXc-s™-SpØ {]_-‘-ßƒ, Xriq¿, tIc-f-km-
lnXy A°mZan.
cma-h¿Ω (a-cp) Xºp-cm≥, F. B¿. AJn-te-iz-c-ø¿ (hym-Jym.), 1128, aI-cw,
Xr»n-h-t]-cq¿bp‡n-`m-jm, awK-tfm-Zbw enan-‰-Uv.
hk-¥≥ Fkv. sI, 2007, kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xw,
Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
h¿°n ]ń-a‰w, 2008, Iwπo‰v Iºyq-´¿ _p°v, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv
hnP-b≥ Fw. F≥ (P-\. FUn), 2000, \ΩpsS kmlnXyw \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛
1901 ˛ 2000, 1˛4 hmey-ßƒ, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan.
thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿ Fkv. hn (F-Un.), 2010, ae-bmf `mjm-N-cn-{Xw, Xncp-h-\-
¥-]p-cw, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
hmkp-°p-´≥, sI. Fw s{]m^, 1991, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v: ]›m-Ø-ehpw
{]h¿Ø-\-hpw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.
hnf-°pSn cmtP-{µ≥ tUm, 2011, `mjm ip≤nbpw `c-W-`m-jbpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-
cw, {]nb-Z¿in\n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv skmssk-‰n.
inh-Ip-am¿. B¿, 2013, `c-W-`mjm {]tbm-K-ßƒ, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
inh-Ip-am¿ B¿., F. B¿. kvanXm t{ibv, 2013, ae-bm-fw˛Cw•ojv HutZym-
KnI `mjm-\n-L-≠p, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
12
{ioIp-am¿ ]n, 2008, `mj A[zm\w hntam-N-\w, hntam-N-\m-flI `mjm-im-kv{X-
Øn\v Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tjgvkv
{ioIp-amcn Fkv., ae-bmf `mjm-\-thm-∞m-\hpw kmlnXy kwL-S-\-Ifpw
joP Fw. ]n., 2010, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw, ssa{Xn _pIvkv.
jmcp sP. h¿Ko-kv, F. hnP-b-e£van, 1992, A®-Sn, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n tUm, 1992, dh-d‚ v tPm¿÷v amØ≥: IrXn-Ifpw
]T-\-hpw, Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v Nµ-\-∏-≈n.
kmw F≥, 2003, ae- b mf ]{X- { ]- h ¿Ø\w ]sØm- º Xmw \q‰m- ≠ n¬,
tIm´-bw, Un.- kn. _pIvkv.
kp\oX Sn.- hn, 2009, ssk_¿ ae-bm-fw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.
kp\oX Sn. hn, 2012, C ae-bmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
kptcjv ]n. tUm, (F-Un) 2017, ae-bm-fw: tZihpw kzXzhpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv,
t{]m{Kkv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
tkXp-cm-a≥ sI, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
kvIdnb k°-dnb tUm., 1996, Xe-t»cn tcJ-Iƒ, Xm]-kw.
Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-ßƒ
n Robert Phillipson, 1992, Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press.
n Asha Surangi, 2009, Language and Politics in India, Oxford Univesity Press.
n Satyendranath Bose, 2009, 'The Mother Tongue', Satyendra Nath Bose His
Life and Times Selected works, (Ed.) Kamseshwar C. Wali, World Scientific.
n John E. Joseph, 2004, Language and Identity, Palgrave Macmillan.
n imkv{X kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-tImiw

n `c-W-`mjm i_vZm-hen
n hnhn[ ]Z-tIm-i-ßƒ
teJ-\-ßƒ
n ]n. kn. Nmt°m, "\nbaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n sImńbw apl-ΩZv, "I∏-en-\-I-sØ- Pew' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n Fw. hn. tXmakv, "am‰w aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n F. F≥. ]n. DΩ¿Ipń, "`c-W-`m-jbpw `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´pw' (`-c-W-`m-j)
n tUm. Fw. B¿. Xºm≥, "`cWw P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)
\nb-a-ßƒ, IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ
n `c-W-`mj 1965, 1967 F∂o h¿j-ß-fnse \nb-a-ßƒ
n tIcf HutZym-KnI `mjm \nbaw
n XpS¿ \nb-a-ßƒ 1973, 1975.
B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ
n `c-W-`mj, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.
13
n hn⁄m-\-ssI-cfn, Pqembv 1990, ae-bmfw hnti-jm¬ {]Xn.
n P\-]Yw, 2010 \hw-_¿, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv {]kn-
≤o-I-cWw.
n ae-bm-◊, ae-bmf kan-Xn, 1990.
tcJ--Iƒ
n sI. Pb-Ip-am¿, Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-
im-e, kao-]-\hpw LS\bpw, sabv, 2012 (a-e-bmf k¿h-I-em-imem ÿm]-
\-Øn-\p≈ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v)
n sFIy-a-e-bmf {]ÿm\w eLp-teJ, tIc-f-hn-I-k-\hpw ae-bm-f-k¿h-
I-em-im-ebpw cq]-tc-J, 2011.
14
tImgvkns‚ khn-tij e£y-ßƒ
n Zriy-cq-]-I¬]-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI

n Zriy-`mj-bpsS ssk≤m-¥nI hn⁄m-\sØ Ipdn-®p≈ [mcW
hcp- Ø p- I .
n Zriy`mjsb sshZKv[y- t ØmsS D]tbmKn- ° m\pw kwth- Z \-
£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \S-Øp-I.
n kn\na F∂ Zriy-I-e-bp-tSbpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-am-[y-a-Øns‚bpw km[y-
X-Isf a\-n-em-°p-I.
n Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {][m-\-X-Xz-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-
SpØpI
bqWn-‰v 1
Ie ˛ \n¿h-N-\-ßƒ ˛ BJym-bn-I, {]Xn-\n-[m-\w, Nn{Xo-I-cWw ˛ Zriy-Ie ˛
Zriy-k-¶¬∏-Øns‚ a\-imkv{Xw ˛ Zriy-cq-]-I¬]-\-I-fpsS LS-I-ßƒ ˛
_nµp-°fpw hc-Ifpw (Points and Lines) ˛ Xc-ßƒ (Types) cq]-ßƒ (Shapes)
-˛ sSIvkv®-dp-Iƒ (Texture) ˛ kvt]bvkv ˛ ka-bhpw Ne-\hpw ˛ cq]-tc-J-I-
fpsS XXz-ßƒ ˛ CtaPpw ]cn-t{]-£y-ßfpw ˛ ô¬Uv Xnbdn ˛ sPÃmƒ´pw
A\p-_‘ XXz-ßfpw ˛ ImgvN-{I-a-ßfpw k¶o¿Æ-X-Ifpw ˛ Hm¿abpw kwLm-
S-\hpw (Memory and Association) ˛ Cta-Pns‚ dnt´m-dnIv ˛ ÿe-Ime h¿Æ
Pme-Im-gvN-Iƒ ˛ Akv]-jvS-X-Iƒ (Ambiguity)
bqWn-‰v 2
am[y-a-cq-]-ßfpw kt¶-X-ßfpw ˛ sshhn-≤y-X-Iƒ ˛ kn\na kmt¶-Xn-I-X-
bpsS Ie ˛ a‰v Ie-I-fp-am-bp≈ kmPmXy sshPm-Xy-ßƒ ˛ kn\n-a-bpsS
[¿Ω-ßƒ ˛ kn\n-a-bpsS h¿§o-I-cWw ˛ P\p-kp-Iƒ, t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ.
15
bqWn-‰v 3
Ne-®n{Xw F∂ Bi-b-hn-\n-ab am[yaw ˛ Ne-®n-{X-am-[y-a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ BZy-
Ime ]cn-t{]-£y-ßƒ, kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS {]k‡n ˛ s]bv≥ ^≠v (Payne
fund) ]T-\-ßƒ ˛ tUman\‚ v ]mcssUans‚ DZbw ˛ amkv t{]£-I¿ F∂
Bibw ˛ aoUnb FÎv‰vkv ]T-\-ßfpw kmaq-lnI {]iv\-ßfpw ˛ amPnIv
_p≈‰v kn≤m¥w ˛ enan-‰Uv F^Œvkv amXrI.
bqWn-‰v 4
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Ønse 4 amXr-I-Iƒ ˛ {Sm≥kvan-j≥, dn®z¬ ˛ ]ªn-kn‰n ˛
dnk-]vj≥ ˛ hnhn[ Xcw Uo tImUnßv coXn-Iƒ ˛ D]-tbm-Khpw Nmcn-
Xm¿∞yhpw (Uses and Gratification) ˛ ske-Iv‰ohv FIvkvt]m-j¿ ˛ s]¿sk-
]vj≥ ˛ dn‰≥j≥ ˛ AP≠ sk‰nwKv ˛ kvss]d¬ Hm^v sske≥kv
bqWn-‰v 5
FÎv‰v kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ Un]‚≥kn kn≤m¥w ˛ tkmjy¬ teWnwKv ˛ A{K-
kohv Iyqkv ˛ ss{]anwKv Iƒń-th-j≥ kn≤m¥w ˛ Un^yq-j≥ Hm^v Ct\m-
th-j≥ ˛ tIm·n-‰ohv Untkm-W≥kv (Cognitive Dissonance)
{]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w ˛ t]mÃ¿ \n¿ΩmWw ˛ t^mt´m-{Km^n (Xt±i
kwkvIm-csØ khn-ti-j-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Zriy-ßfpsS t^mt´mIƒ)
klmbI{KŸ-ßƒ
tKm]me-Ir-jvW≥, ASq¿, 2013, kn\n-a-bpsS temIw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf
`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
cmP-Ir-jvW≥, hn., 1987, ImgvN-bpsS Aim¥n, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
cm-a-N-{µ≥\mb¿, ]∑-\- (FUn.), 2008, Ne-®n{X ]T-\-ßƒ, tIm´bw: Id‚ v
_pIvkv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 1996, Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ, Xncph-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm
C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
Alan pipes, Foundations of Art & Design
Agee, Warren Kendall, Philip H. Ault, Edwin, Emery, 1998, Main currents in Mass
Communications, USA: Wesley Educational Publishers.
Agee,Warren Kendall, Philip H. Ault, Edwin, Emery, 1979, Introduction to Mass
Communications, NewYork, Harper & Row,
Amedee, Ayfre,1964, Conversion Aux Images, Paris, Taylor and Francis.
Bazin, Andre, Hugh Gray (trans &Ed),1967, What is cinema? Vol . I & II, Berkeley:
University of California press.
Berlo, David Kenneth, 1960 , The Process of Communication: An Introduction to
Theory & Practice, Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Bryant, Jennings & Susan Thompson, 2001, Fundamentals of Media Effects,
McGraw Hill.
16
Cavell, Stanley, 1979, The World Viewed - Reflection on the Ontology of the Film,
1971, New York.
DeVito, Joseph A,1985 , The Communication Handbook: A Dictionary, Harper
&,Row.
Duck, Steve & David T Mc Mahan, 1983, Communication in Everyday Life, Sage
Publications.
Gaston, Roberge, 1989, The Subject of cinema, Kolkata: Seagull Books.
Katz E and Paul F. Lazarsfeld 2005, Personal Influence: The Part Played by People
in the flow of Mass communications, Transaction Publishers.
Mc Lean, Scott, 2004 ,The Basics of Interpersonal Communication, Allyn Bacon.
Mc Quail, Denis, 2010, Mc Quail’s Mass Communication Theory, New Delhi, Sage
Publications.
Monaco, james, 1981, How to read a film, movies, media and beyond, New York:
Oxford University Press.
Munsterberg, Hugo, 1970, The Film: A Psychological Study, New York: Dover
Publications Inc.
Panofsky, Erwin, 1993, Meaning in the Visual Arts, Eyland: Penguin Books.
Perse, Elizabeth M, 2001, Media Effects and Society, Taylor & Francis.
Rhode, Eric, 1976, A History of the Cinema from its origin to 1970, Hill & wang.
Villarejo, Amy, 2009, Film studies: The Basics, London & Newyork: Routledge.
17
MU FS 10103 Ne-®n{Xw : hnIm-k-]-cn-Wmaßƒ
bqWn‰v 1
Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ imkv{X-XXzw ˛ s]¿kn-Ã≥kv Hm^v hnj≥ ˛
Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ ]cn-Wmaw ˛ tSmfan apX¬ eqan-b¿ hsc ˛ eqan-b¿ ktlm-Z-
c-∑m-cpsS Is≠-Ø¬˛ BZy-N-e-®n-{X-{]-Z¿i-\w˛ tPm¿Pv saeo-kn-eqsS IYm-
Nn-{X-ß-fpsSbpw ^m‚-kn-I-fp-sSbpw DZ-bw.
bqWn‰v 2
Zn t{K‰v s{Sbn≥ tdm_dn ˛ Xntb-‰-dp-I-fpsS DZv`hw. Un. Uªnbp. {Kn^n-Øn-
eqsS Ne-®n-{X-Øn-\p-≠m-hp∂ ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ ˛ BZy apgp-\of Nn{X-amb
"_¿Øv Hm^v F t\j≥'. tlmfn-hp-Õns‚ DZbw
bqWn‰v 3
djy≥ \n»-_vZ-kn-\na, Iptf-tjm-hns‚ ]co-£-W-ßƒ, sFk≥ssÃ≥,
]ptUm-^vIn≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Ne-®n-{X-ßƒ.
P¿Ω≥ FIvkv{]-j-\nÃv kn\na ˛ FIvkv{]-j-\nÃv Nn{X-I-ebpw kn\n-abpw
"Zn Im_n-\‰v Hm^v tUm. Imen-Kdn-' , "tKmsew' , "s\mkvs^-dmXp -˛ Z hmº-
b¿', "tUm. sa_qtk˛ Zn Kmw_vf¿' XpS-ßnb Nn{X-ßƒ.
lmky-Øns‚ kph¿Æ-Imew ˛ Nm¿fn Nmπn≥, _Ã¿ Io‰-¨ XpS-ßn-bhcpsS
Nn{X-ß-fpsS aqeyhpw khn-ti-j-X-I-fpw.
bqWn‰v 4
"Zn Pmkv knwK¿' , i_vZw kn\n-a-bn-ep-≠m-°nb {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ.
BZy-Ime i_vZ-kn-\n-a-Iƒ, tlmfn-hp-Unepw {^m≥knepw ÃpUntbm k{º-
18
Zm-b-Øns‚ XpS-°w. InMv hntZm¿, ep_n-‰vjv. hmƒ´v Unkv\n, tPm¿Pv Ip°q¿
{^©v kn\n-abpw ]co-£-W-]-c-Xbpw, t]mb-‰n°v dnb-en-kw ˛ sds\ s¢b¿,
jm≥ sd\z¿, amgvk¬ Im¿t\ XpS-ßnb amÃ¿amcpsS km∂n-≤yw˛ ÃpUn-
tbm-IfpsS hyXykvXX.
bqWn‰v 5
Ata-cn-°≥ ÃpUn-tbm-I-fpsS k¿hm-[n-]Xyw, {]Xn-`m-ti-jnbpw kzIo-b-ssi-
enbpw {]I-S-am-°nb kzX{¥ kwhn-[m-b-I-¿ ˛ tÃ¨ s_¿Kv, tPm¨ t^m¿Uv
slmhm¿Uv lm°vkv, B¬{Ûv ln®v tIm°v, Hmgvk≥ sh¬kv.
klmbI{KŸ-ßƒ
A\n-X-Ip-amcn Sn. tUm., 2017, kn\na Bkzm-Z-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-h-gn-Iƒ 1930 ˛
1960, Xncq¿, Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, temIkn\na, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, tPmk^v, hn.-sI. (FUn-‰¿am¿), C¥y≥ kn\na : 101 h¿j-
ßƒ 101 Nn{X-ßƒ.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 2008, C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bpsS 100 h¿j-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
Alan, Lovell, 1969, The British cinema: The unknown cinema, British Film Institute,
Education Dept.
Barry, Iris & Eileen, Bowser, Richard Griffith, 2002, D.W. Griffith: American Film
Master, Museum of Modern Art.
Blesh, Rudi, 1966, Keaton, New York: Macmillan
Cawkwell, Tim, 1974, The World Encyclopedia of the Film, Galahad Books.
Eisner, Lotte, H., 1969, The Haunted screen: Expressionism in the German Cinema
and the influence of Max Reinhardt, University of California Press.
Eravankara, Madhu/Deepak, Gopi, 2017 - 2018, Looking at Media Series Victers
Channel KITE, Govt. of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.
Hampton, Benyamin, B.,1970, History of the American Film Industry from
ItsíBeginnings to 1931, Dover Publications Inc.
Huff, Theodore,1964, Charlie chaplin a Biography, Pyramid Books.
Jacobs, Lewis, 1939, The Rise of the American Film, Harcourt, Brace & Co.
Jarret, Vernon, 1976, The Italian Cinema, Arno Press.
Kawin, Bruce F., Mast Gerald, 1986, A Short History of the Movies, U S: Hungry Minds
Inc.
Kracauer, Siegfried, Leonardov Quaresima, 2004, From Caligari to Hitler: A
Psychological History of the German Film, Princeton university Press.
Leyda, Jay, 1960, Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet film,George Allen &
unwin ltd.
Manvell, Roger, 1972, The International Encyclopedia of Film, Crown.
Perry, George, 1988, The Great British Picture Show, Little, Brown & company.
Powdermaker, Hortense, 2013, Hollywood, the Dream Factory:An Anthropologist
Looks at the Movie-Makers, Martino Fine Books.
19
MU FS 10104 Ne-®n{X `mjbpw hymI-c-Whpw
bqWn‰v 1
Zriy-`mj ˛ Bhn¿`m-hhpw {]k-‡nbpw, _nw_-ßfpw {]tbm-K-co-Xn-Ifpw,
HuNnXyw (Juxtaposition), Bte-Jy-Ie -˛ cq]hpw {]tbm-K-ß-fpw. ka-b-_-
‘n-X-I-e-Ifpw ÿnc-ÿn-X-I-e-I-fpw (Temporal and Permanent arts), ka-b-
_-‘n-X-I-e-I-fpsS ÿnc-ÿnX kz`mhw. bYm¿∞-k-a-bhpw Ne-®n-{X-k-a-
bhpw, Ch-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw D]-bp-‡-Xbpw ˛ Zriy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-kz-
`mhw ˛ s{^bnw tjm´v ko≥ koIz≥kv, Zriy-ß-fpsS hen∏w ˛ tImWp-Iƒ
Ne-\-ßƒ
bqWn‰v 2
CtaPpw sSIvt\m-fP- nbpw ˛ se≥kv. hnh-n[-Xcw se≥kp-Iƒ ˛ sshUv BwKnƒ
se≥kv, t\m¿a¬ se≥kv, sSen-t^mt´m se≥kv, pw se≥kv, Hm]v‰n-°¬
sk‚¿, t\mU¬ t]mb‚ v, t^m°¬ eßvXv. hnhn[Xcw tjm´p-Iƒ ˛ temßv
tjm´v, aoUnbw tjm´v, t¢m∏v. Iymadm tImWp-Iƒ. Iymadm Ne-\-ßƒ ˛
]m\nwKv ˛ Sn¬‰nwKv, {Sm°nwKv, lm≥Uv sl¬Uv, s{Ibn≥, PnΩn-Pn-∫v. tjm´p-
I-fpsS kuµ-cy-imkv{Xw, ansk≥ko≥, sU]vØv Hm^v ô¬Uv.
{]Imihn\ymk coXn-Iƒ ˛ {XnXe Zo] hnXm-\-co-Xn. hnhn-[-Xcw ^n¬‰-dp-
Iƒ, ^n¬‰-dp-I-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw. \nd-ßƒ, \nd-ß-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏v.
bqWn‰v 3
hnhn-[-Xcw Iyma-d-Iƒ, Bkvs]IvSv tdtjym ˛ _nw_-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ tImtºm-
kn-j-\p-Iƒ, t]mkn-‰ohv kvs]bvkv, s\K-‰ohv kvt]kv, AZr-iy-tc-J-Iƒ ˛
`mh-\m-tcJ (Imaginary line). ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ ÿm\_‘w ˛ ]Zm¿∞-
ßfpw IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ÿe-_‘w, Iymadm ÿm\-ßƒ, 1800 -
\nbaw, 300 \nbaw. hnh-n[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ t\m´-ßƒ. t\m´hpw ImgvNbpw. Bhn-
jv°-cn-t°≠ kw`-h-Øns‚ {]k-‡n, kw`-h-ß-fpsS A\p-{I-a-Ww, Zriy-]-
20
cn-t{]-£yw, hkvXp-°-fpsS ÿqe kq£va-Zriy kz`m-hw, Zriy-_nw-_-ß-fpsS
kwtbm-P-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bw.
bqWn‰v 4
FUn-‰nwKv XXz-ßƒ, tjm´p-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ÿe ˛ Ime ˛ Xmf _‘-ßƒ,
am®vI´v, Pw]vI-´v, t…m FUn-‰nwKv, C≥tk¿´v, hnhn-[-Xcw kvs]jy¬ F^-
Iv‰p-Iƒ ˛ t^bvUv C≥, t^bvUv Hu´v, Untmƒhv, sFdnkv, ssh∏p-Iƒ,
t{Ima, dmw]nßv.
bqWn‰v 5
i_vZ-te-J-\-X-Xz-ßƒ, kn\n-a-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn-[-Xcw i_vZ-ßƒ.
Ub-P‰- n°v i_vZß - ƒ, t\mÜ-bP - ‰- n°v i_vZß
- ƒ. U∫nw-Kv, kwKo-Xw, ]›m-
Øe kwKo-Xw, ]n∂-Wn-Km-\-ßƒ, kwKo-X-Øns‚ krjvSn-]-c-amb D]-tbm-
Kw, i_vZ-an-{i-Ww.
{]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w ˛ IY/ItY-X-c -Nn-{X-ß-sf tjm´v A\m-en-kn-kn\v
hnt[-b-am-°p-I.
hnhn-[-Xcw Iymad tjm´p-Isf/BwKn-fp-Isf Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp hoUntbm
\n¿Ωn-°p-I.
klmbI{KŸ-ßƒ
Butler, Andrew, M., 2002, Film Studies, A chapter from American Studies, Shifting
gears.
Eisenstein, Sergei, 1969, Film Form: Essays in Film Theory, Harcourt.
Langford, M.J., 1977, Basic Photography, Focal Press.
Lindsay, Vachel, 2000, The Art of the Moving Picture, Random House Publishing.
Livingston, Don, 1953, Film and the Director, Macmillan.
Mascelli, Joseph, V., 1998, Five C's of Cinematography, Silman-James.
Millerson, Gerald, 1994, Video Camera Techniques, Focal Press.
Monaco, James, 2009, How to Read a Film, Oxford University Press.
Nilsen, Vladimir, 1959, Cinema as a Graphic Art, Hill and Wang.
Phillips, William, H., 2009, Film An Introduction, Bedford/St. Martin's.
Pudovkin, V.I., 2008, Film Technique and Film Acting, Sims Press.
Rankin Poore, Henry, 1976, Pictorial Composition An Introduction, Dover Publica-
tions.
Reisz, Karel, Gavin Miller, 2010, The Technique of Film Editing, Focal Press.
Spottiswoode, Raymond, 1950, A Grammar of the Film: An Analysis of the Film
Technique, University of California Press.
Thompson, Roy, Christopher Bowen, 2009, Grammar of the shot, Taylor & Francis.
Wolfhome, Art FAQ
21
MU FS 10105 Xnc-°Y kn≤m-¥hpw cN-\bpw
bqWn‰v 1
F¥mWp Xnc-°Y?, \n¿h-N-\-ßƒ, Xnc-°-Y-bpsS Bh-iy-IX, hyXy-kvX-
\n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ, IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw, IYm-IrØpw Xnc-°-Ym-IrØpw, cN-\m-]-
c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, Xnc-°-Y-bnse kmln-Xy-`m-jbpw Zriy-`m-jbpw, Xnc-
°Y kmln-Xy-cq-]tam? Xnc-°-Ym-c-N-\-bpsS hnhn-[ L´-ßƒ ˛ Bi-b-kzo-I-
cWw, {]tabw, CXnhrØw, LS-\m-]-c-amb cq]-tcJ (Treatment). Xnc-°Y.
Xnc-°Y- b- psS LS-Iß- ƒ˛ kw-`m-jWw, i_vZw, kwKoXw, A`n-\b-kq-NI
- ßƒ.
jqńwKv kv{In]v‰v, sk≥k¿ kv{In]v‰v.
bqWn‰v 2
Xnc-°-Ym-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ˛ {Xo BIvSv L-S\ (k-bvZvô¬Uv) jm¿Iv kn≤m¥w
(Cu-Pn-‰vkv), Xnc-°-Y-bpsS \mS-Iob LS\ (tPm-k^v Fw. t_m¿Kvkv, Umen
an√¿, ssa°nƒ kv{]n≥K¿) Iu≠¿ kvs{SIv®¿ ˛ \tc-‰ohv ˛ B‚n -\-tc-‰ohv
˛gm\¿ ˛ satem-{Uma ˛ {Xn√¿ ˛ k_v sSÃv ˛ Xnc-°Ym cq]-ßƒ ˛ IYm-]m-
{X-hn-I-k\w ˛ \tc-‰ohv UnÃ≥kn
bqWn‰v 3
]c-ky-Nn-{X-ßƒ°pw a‰v Ne-®n-{X-cq-]-ßƒ°p-am-bp≈ Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ, AIDCA
t^m¿ape, Xnc-°-Ym-c-N\m tkm^v‰v shb-dp-Iƒ, UnPn-‰¬ Ime-L-´-Ønse
hyXy-kvXX-Iƒ, C‚¿ sSIvÃzmen‰nbpw t^m¿a-en-khpw, an{in-X-am-[y-a-ßƒ.
bqWn‰v 4
Xnc-°-Ym-c-N\ ˛ inev]-ime
bqWn‰v 5 (t{]mPIvSv ˛ 2 s{IUn-‰v)
22
Xnc-°-Ym-c-N\ ˛ 15 apX¬ 30 an\n´v hsc \ofp∂ Hcp {lkz-I-Ym-Nn{Xw tUmIyq-
sa‚-dn-bpsS Xnc-°Y Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.
klm-bI{KŸ-ßƒ
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, ASq¿, 1999, kn\n-a-bpsS temIw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-
`m-jm-C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, ASq¿, 2005, kn\n-a, kmln-Xyw, PohnXw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v
_pIvkv.
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, ASq¿, 2012, ]-Xn-s\m∂p Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.
_pIvkv.
_n\p-Ip-am¿ ]n.-Fw, 2010, Xnc-°-Y-bpsS coXn-imkv{Xw ˛ kºm-Z-\hpw ]T-
\hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
Chaudhary, Nirmal Kumar, How to write film screenplays, New Delhi, Kanishka
Publishers.
Cooper, Patricia, Ken Dancyger, 2005, Writing the short film New York, Focal
Press.
Fossard, Esta De, John Riber, 2005, Writing and producing for television and film,
New Delhi, Sarup Book Publishers.
Honthaner, Eve Light, 2010, The complete film production handbook, Burlington
MA, Focal Press.
23
c≠mw ska-Ã¿
MU FS 10206 Ne-®n-{X-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ - I ¢mkn-°epw B[p-\n-Ihpw
MU FS 10207 Ne-®n-{X{]ÿm-\-ßfpw \h-[m-c-Ifpw
MU FS 10210 Ne-®n-{X-\n¿ΩmWw
24
MU FS 10206 Ne-®n-{X-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ ¢mkn-°epw
B[p-\n-Ihpw
bqWn‰v 1
Ne-®n-{X-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ cq]-`-{Z-Xm-hmZw (Formalism) (bqtKm
a¨Ã¿_¿Kv, s_em _em-kv, F]vÃo≥ ˛ dptUmƒ^v B¿Wnw)
am¿Iv k n- k hpw sam≠mjv kn≤m- ¥ hpw (Ip- e - t jm- h v , ]ptUm- h v I n≥,
sFk≥Ão≥, sh¿tØm-hv)
bqWn‰v 2
dnb-enkw (Bs{µ _kn≥, knKv{ôUv t{Im°¿) HmX¿ Xnb-dn.
{^m¶v ^¿´v kvIqƒ (A-tUm¿tWm, tlmss°-a¿, hmƒ´¿ s_©-an≥)
]uckvXy Z¿i-\-ßƒ ˛ ckw, [z\n, Ae-¶m-cw, HuNnXyw (B-\-µ-h¿≤-\≥,
A`n-\-h-Kp-]vX≥)
bqWn‰v 3
LS-\m-hm-Zhpw Nn”-im-kv{Xhpw
Bap-Jw, Nn”-ßƒ, samUm-en-‰nbpw {]Xn-\n-[m-\-hpw, ]mc-UnKvam‰nIv A]-{K-
Y-\hpw kn≥‰m‹m-‰nIv A]-{K-Y-\hpw, Unt\m-t´-j≥, sImtWm-t´-j\pw
anØpw, ]mTm-¥-cm-fl-IX (Intertextuality), Nn”-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw
hna¿i-\hpw kmaq-lyNn-”-imkv{Xw (Social Semiotics) aƒń-sam-Um-en-‰n. DØ-
c-L-S-\m-hmZw ˛ A]-\n¿ΩmWw (tkm-kq¿, sehn-kvt{Sm-kv, tdma≥ tP°-
_vk¨ ˛ Nmƒkv kmt‚gvkv ]ntbgvkv ˛ Nmƒkv tamdnkv ˛ tdmf≠v _m¿Øv
˛ ZcnZ ˛ bqdn tem´vam≥ ˛ Dw_¿t´m Ft°m ˛ t{]m∏v ˛ sSmsUm-tdmhv ˛
sa‰vkv)
25
bqWn‰v 4
{]Xy-b-imkv{Xw ˛ A∏m-c-‰kv Xnbdn ˛ A[n-Im-cw ˛ A[o-iXzw ˛ ]mt\m-]v‰n-
knkw (AƒØq-k¿ ˛ t_m{Un ˛ ^qt°m ˛ {Kmwjn) at\m-hn-t«-jWw ˛
At_m-[-a-\-v CZv ˛ CutKm ˛ kq∏¿ CutKm ˛ CuUn-∏kv tImwπIvkv ˛
B¿°nssS∏v ˛ A\nabpw A\n-akpw (t{^mbn-Uv ˛ bpMv ˛ e°m≥).
bqWn‰v 5
kv{XohmZ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ thmb-dnkw ˛ ]pcp-j-t\m´w (Male gaze) kv{Xohm-
Zhpw am¿Ivkn-khpw ˛ kv{Xohm-Zhpw at\m-hn-t«-j-Whpw, kv{Xohm-Zhpw
Nn”-im-kv{Xhpw, Iyq¿ ]T-\-ßƒ (temdm aƒhn ˛ Un t_mth ˛ {IntÃh ˛
_Sve¿).
kwkvIm-c-]-T\w ˛ kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ Iƒ®-d-enkw ˛
kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw a‰p ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-Ifpw (slm-Km¿´v ˛ sdbva≠v
hn√ywkv ˛--- Ãph¿´v lmƒ)
klmbI{KŸ-ßƒ
B\-µ-h¿≤\≥, [z\ymtemIw.
Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, 1981, [z\n ˛ [z\n, Xriq¿: tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.
tPm¨ i¶-c-aw-Kew, kn\na Hcphnkvab Ie.
tPm¨ i¶-c-aw-Kew, k¿∆ k¿K-kw-Kaw kn\na.
Andre, Bazin, 2004, What is Cinema? Vol. I & II, University of California Press.
Andrew, Dudley, J., 1976, The Major Film Theories: An Introduction, Oxford University
Press.
Christian, Metz, 1974, Language and Cinema, The Hague, Mouton & Co.
Eisenstein, Sergei, 2003, Notes of a Film Director, NL, Fredonia Books.
Eisenstein, Sergei, 1969, Film Form: Essays in Film Theory, Harcourt.
Hagener, Malte and Thomas Elsaesser, 2010, Film Theory: an introduction through
the senses, NewYork: Routledge.
Nitzan, Ben-Shaul, 2007, Film: The Key Concepts, New York: Berg.
Peter, Wollen, 2013, Signs and Meaning in the Cinema, Palgrave Macmillan.
Rudolf, Arnheim, 1957, Film As Art, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rushton, Richard, Gary Bettinson, 2010, What is Film Theory? New York: Mc Graw
Hill.
Sontag, Susan, 2001, On photography, Picador.
Stanislavski, Constantin, 2008, Building a character, Methuen Drama.
26
MU FS 10207 Ne-®n{X{]ÿm-\-ßfpw \h-[m-c-Ifpw
bqWn‰v 1
Cw{]-j-WnÃv ˛ FIvkv{]-j-WnÃv kn\n-a-Iƒ, _p\p-hepw k¿dn-b-en-khpw,
djy≥ \n»-_vZ-kn-\na, sam≠mjv XXz-ßƒ.
C‰-en-bnse \ntbm -dn-b-en-kw˛ eqjnt\m hnkvt°m-≠n-bpsS "Hs-n-tbm¨',
tdm-√n-\n-bpsS bp≤-Nn-{X-ßƒ˛ hnt‰m-dntbm Un ko°bpw "ss_kn-°nƒ
Xohvkpw' s^√n-\nbpw At‚m-Wn-tbm-Wn-bpw.
bqWn‰v 2
{^©p kn\n-a-bn¬ \h-X-cw-K-Øns‚ DZ-bw ˛ Bs{µ _kns‚ Ne-®n{XZ¿i-
\-ßƒ ˛ "Itb Zp kn\na' F∂ B\p-Im-en-Iw ˛ "kn\n-am-ØIv {^m≥tkkv'
F∂ ^nenw B¿ss°hv ˛ \yqth-hns‚ {]tNm-Z-\-ßƒ ˛ sKmZm¿Zv, {Xqt^m,
jmt{_mƒ, Ae≥ sds\ XpS-ßnb alm-c-Y-∑m¿.
bqWn‰v 3
Pm∏-\okv kn\n-a ˛- Iptdm-km-h-bpsS "dmtjm-tam¨'. antkm-Kp-®n, Hmkp, a‰v
alm-c-Y-∑m¿. kapdm-bnamcpsS temIw. kmaq-lnI {]ta-b-ßƒ.
C≥Kva¿ _¿Kva-\n-eqsS {]i-kvXn-bn-te-°p-b¿∂ kzoUnjv kn\n-a. "skh¥v
ko¬' , "ssh¬Uv kv{Sm_-dokv' XpS-ßnb ¢mn-°p-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 4
^mkv _ n≥U¿, sl¿tkmKv ˛ Dbn¿sØ- g p- t ∂¬°p∂ P¿Ω≥ kn\n- a .
jvIvtfm≥tUm¿^pw Sn≥{UΩpw, am¿K-c‰v t^m¨ t{Sm‰ ˛ P¿Ω≥ kwhn-[m-
bn-I.
27
kn\n-a-bn-te°p IS∂p h∂ ]pXnb cmPy-ßƒ ˛ lwKdn ˛ skm¬Øm≥
^m{_n, CkvX-hm≥ Km¬, CkvX-hm≥ kmt_m-, anIvtemkv bm≥tNm. t]mf-
≠v ˛ Bt{µ-ssh-Z, sdmam≥ s]mfm≥kv°n, {IntÃm^v k\qn Iot…mhvkvIn,
sNt°m-t…m-hm-Iy≥ kn\n-a ˛ antemkv t^m¿am≥ ˛ Pndn-sa≥k¬, H´-°¿
hm{].
bqWn‰v 5
tlmfn-hpUv kn\n-a-bnse ]pXp Ne-\-ßƒ ˛ Ata-cn-°-bn¬Xs∂ tlmfn-hpUv
kn\natbmSp apJw Xncn®p \n¬°p∂ A≠¿ {Ku≠v kn\n-a, Bkvt{X-en-
b≥ kn\n-a-bnse ]pXnb {]h-W-X-Iƒ, UnPn-‰¬ bpK-Øns‚ Bcw`w.
klmbI{K-Ÿß
- ƒ
cma-N-{µ≥\mb¿, ]∑\, (FUn.), Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

hn-P-b-Ir-jvW≥, 2014, tlmfn-hpUv apX¬ Inw In Up°v hsc, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw:
Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥, kn.-F-kv., 2011, kn\nam tSm°okv, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
kt¥mjv Ipam¿, Sn.-sI., tUm., 2010, ImgvN-bpsS ckm-¥-c-ßƒ, F®v B‚ v
kn _pIvkv.
Antonin, J. Liehm, 1974, Closely watched films: The Czechoslovak Experience,
international Arts and Science Press.
Bergman on Bergman: Interviews with Ingmar Bergman, 1993, Perseus Books
Group.
Coates, Paul, 1985, The story of the lost reflection: the alienation of the image in
Western and Polish cinema, Verso.
Coates, Paul, 1999, Lucid Dreams: The Films of Kieslowski Krzysztof, Flicks books.
Eravankara, Madhu, Deepak Gopi, 2017 - 2018, Looking at Media Series, Victers
Channel KITE, Govt. of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.
Hayward, Susan, 1993, French National Cinema, London: Routledge.
Houston, Penelope, 1968, The Contemporary Cinema, Baltimore: Penguin books.
Kolker, Robert Phillip, 2009, The Altering Eye: Contemporary International Cinema,
Cambridge,Open Book Publishers.
Lewis, Jon (Ed),1998, The New American Cinema, Duke University Press.
Mac Bean, James Roy, 1975, Film and Revolution, Indiana University Press.
Petrie, Graham, 1981, History must answer to man: the contemporary Hungarian
cinema, Corvina Kiado.
Powrie, Phil (Ed), 2006, Contemporary French Cinema: Continuity and Difference,
Wallflower Press.
Shipman, David, 1984, The Story of Cinema, Vol. II, Hodder & Stoughton.
Tasker, Yvonne (Ed), 2002, Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers, London: Routledge.
28
Thiher, Allen, 1979, The cinematic muse: critical studies in the history of French
cinema, University of Missouri Press.
Truffout, Francois, 2014, The Films in My Life, Diversion Publishing Corp.
Williams, Christopher, 1980, Realism and the cinema: a reader, British Film Institute.
Wollen, Peter, 1972, Signs and Meaning in the Cinema, Indiana University Press.
29
bqWn‰v 1
kn\n-abpw CX-c-I-e-Ifpw ˛ Nn{X-I-e, \n›-e-Om-bm-{K-l-Ww, \rØw, kwKoXw,
hmkvXp-hn-Zy, \mSIw
bqWn‰v 2
kn\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ i_vZ-`m-jbpw Zriy-`m-j-bpw, _nw_-I-ev]\ kmln-
Xy-Ønepw kn\n-a-bn-epw, {]Xn-Om-bbpw i_vZ-hpw, kqN\Ifpw hyRvPym¿∞-
ß-fpw. Nn”-ß-fpsS {Iao-I-c-Ww, Ne-®n-{X-kn-≤m-¥-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ kmln-
Xy- Ø ns‚ ]¶v , {Kn^nØpw Ne- ® n{X hymI- c - W - h pw, sFk≥Ão\pw
sam≠mjpw.
bqWn‰v 3
kmln-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw kn\n-a-bn-te-bv°p≈ A\p-h¿Ø\w ˛ ssk≤m-¥nI
kao-]-\w. A\p-h¿Ø-\-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ ˛ hnh¿Ø-\w, ]cm-h¿Ø-\w, kmZr-
iyw, km£m-XvImcw, hymJym-\w, ]p\¿hm-b-\, kmwkvIm-cnI ]T\w.
bqWn‰v 4
A\p-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ temI-kn-\n-a-bn-epw C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bn-epw. ae-bm-f-kn-\n-
abpw A\p-h¿Ø-\ßfpw.
bqWn‰v 5
A\p-h¿Ø\ ]T-\-ßƒ ˛ sNΩo≥, `m¿§-ho-\n-e-bw, Hmt∏mƒ, NnZw_-cw,
aXn-ep-Iƒ, s]cp-h-gn-b-º-ew, temI-kn-\n-a-I-fn¬ \n∂pw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ
30
klmbI{KŸ-ßƒ
A\n- X - I p- a mcn, Sn., tUm., 2013, ]Zv a - c m- P ≥ kn\na kmlnXyw Pohn- X w,
(c≠mw ]Xn-∏v), sIm®n, {]W-X -_p-Ivkv.
a[p Cd-h-¶-c, 1999, ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.
a[p Cd-h-¶-c, 2002, Aen-hns‚ aµm-c-ßƒ, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
a[p Cd-h-¶-c, 2012, Ime-Øns‚ AS-cp-Iƒ, tIm´bw: kmlnXy {]h¿ØI
kl-I-c-W kw-Lw.
am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v.
cma≥Ipń, sI.-hn., 1989, B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-kn-\na, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
hnPbIrjvW≥, 1987, ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS IY, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf Ne-
®n{X hnI-k-\- tIm¿∏-td-j≥.
Bluestone, George, 1968, Novels into film, Berkeley, University of California Press.
Boyum, Joy Gould, 1989, Double Exposure: Fiction into Film, New American Library.
31
bqWn‰v 1
eqan-bd- ns‚ BZy-{]-Z¿i\ßƒ C¥y-bn¬, BZy-Ime Ne-®n-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ,
lcn-N{µ kJmdmw, ^m¬t°-bpsS ]co-£-W-ßƒ ˛ \n»-_vZ-Im-e-L´w ˛
C¥y≥ \n»-_vZ-kn-\n-am-cw-KsØ D∂-X¿.
bqWn‰v 2
"Bew Bc'tbmsS C¥y≥ kn\na i_vZ-bp-K-Øn-te-°v˛ hn. im¥m-dmapw
_na¬ tdmbnbpw BZy-Ime BNm-cy-∑m¿. Kpcp-Z-Øns‚ Imhym-fl-I-X. "]tY¿
]m©men' C¥y≥ kn\na temI-`q-]-S-Øn¬ ÿm\-ap-d-∏n-°p-∂p
bqWn‰v 3
C¥y≥ tZiob kn\n-a- ˛ {][m\ -{]-ta-b-ßƒ, kph¿Æ-Im-e-L-´w, \h-X-cw-K-
sØ-Øp-S¿s∂-Ønb kwhn-[m-bI - ¿ ˛ Xmc-\n-cb
- n¬ h∂ ]cn-Wm-aß
- ƒ, t_mfn-
hpUv F∂ Bibw ˛ C¥y≥ t^m¿ape kn\n-a, kq∏¿ Xmc-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-
hw, a[y-h¿Øn kn\na, {]W-b-kn-\n-a-I-fpsS hnP-b-Im-ew, kwKo-Xhpw
\rØhpw C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bn¬, B£≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ, ˛ ]pXnb Xmtcm-Z-b-ßƒ
˛ Xmc-hy-hÿ ˛ Xmc-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ. C¥y≥ Ub-kvt]m-dnIv kn\n-a-Iƒ, A¥m-
cm-jv{S-am¿°-‰p-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 4
C¥y≥ \h-X-cwKw, `qh≥ tjmw ˛ EXznIv L´-Iv. arWmƒ sk≥, C¥y≥
\h-X-cw-K-Øns‚ IS-∂p-h-chv ˛ aWn-Iuƒ, Ipam¿ kmlv-\n, Ah-Xm¿ IrjvW-
Iuƒ ˛ iymw _\-K¬, tKmhnµv \nl-em\n apX-em-b-h¿
bqWn‰v 5
{]mtZ-inI kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ _wKm-fn, adm-Øn, KpP-dm-Øn, t`mPv]p-cn, Bkm-aokv
kn\n-a-I-fnse Iem-]-c-amb apt∂‰w sX∂n-¥y≥ -kn-\na ˛ Xan-gv, sXep-¶v,
32
I∂S kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ t{]£-I-cnepw Ne-®n{X \n¿Ωn-Xn-bnepw h∂ am‰-ßƒ ˛
U_nwKv kn\n-a-Iƒ.
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
a[p Cd-h-¶c, 2014, C¥y≥ kn\na : 100 h¿jw 100 kn\na, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.
_pIvkv.
cmP-ti-J-c≥, tXm´w, kn\na : Iebpw Pohn-Xhpw.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, temIkn\na, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, tPmk^v, hn.-sI. (FUn-‰¿am¿), C¥y≥ kn\na : 101 h¿j-
ßƒ 101 Nn{X-ßƒ.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 2008, C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bpsS 100 h¿j-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
Asaduddin, M., & A. Ghosh (Eds.). 2012. Filming Fiction: Tagore, Premchand, and
Ray. Oxford University Press
Barnouw, Eric & Krishnaswamy, S. 1980. Indian Film. Oxford University press.
Basu, A. 2012. Bollywood in the Age of New Media. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Bose, D. 2006. Brand Bollywood: A new global entertainment order. New Delhi:
Sage Publications India.
Dechamma,S. & Elavarthi Sathya Prakash (eds.) 2010 Cinemas of South India:
Culture, Resistance, Ideology. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Garga, B.D. 2012. Silent cinema in India : A Pictorial Journey. New York: Harper
Collins Publishers.
Gehlawat, A. 2010. Reframing Bollywood: Theories of Popular Hindi cinema. New
Delhi: SAGE Publications India.
Gera Roy, A. & Chua Beng Huat, 2012. Travels of Bollywood Cinema, New Delhi:
Oxford. .
Gopal, S. & Sujata Moorti, 2010. Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and
Dance. Hyderabad:Orient Blackswan.
Hood, J. 2009. The Essential Mystery: Major filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema.
Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.
Jain, M. (Ed.). 2009. Narratives of Indian Cinema. Delhi: Primus Books.
Joshy, P. 2015. Bollywood's India: A Public Fantasy. Columbia: Columbia University
Press.
Kumar, N. & Preeti Chaturvedi. 2015. Brave New Bollywood: In Conversation with
Contemporary Hindi Filmmakers. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Mazumdar, R. 2007. Bombay cinema: An archive of the city. University of Minnesota
Press.
Mehta, M. 2012. Censorship and Sexuality in Bombay Cinema. New Delhi: Orient
Blackswan
Monaco, J., & Lindroth, D. 2000. How to read a film: the world of movies, media,
and multimedia: language, history, theory. New York: Oxford University Press
33
Parciack, R. 2016. Popular Hindi Cinema: Aesthetic Formations of the seen and
unseen. New York: Routledge.
Rangan, B. 2013. Conversations with Mani Ratnam. Penguin
Roy, A. G. (Ed.). 2012. The Magic of Bollywood: at home and abroad. New Delhi:
SAGE Publications India.
Saari, A. 2011. Indian cinema: the faces behind the masks. Oxford University Press
Saxena, A. (Ed.). 2014. Indian Cinema Society and Culture. Kanishka Publishers
Stafford , Roy 2014. The Global Film Book, Oxon: Routledge.
34
MU FS 10210 Ne-®n{X \n¿ΩmWw
bqWn‰v 1
IY cq]o-I-cW N¿® ˛ IYm-kmcw, h¨sse≥ {So‰vsa‚ v ˛ Xnc-°YmcN\ ˛
IYm-]m-{X-kz`mhhpw \So-\-S-∑m-cpsS \n¿Æ-bhpw kmt¶-XnI hnZ-Kv≤-cpsS
\n¿Æ-bw. s{]mU-£≥ amt\-Pvsa‚ v -˛ Iº\n cPn-kvt{S-j≥, Iyma-dbpw i_vZ-
te-J\ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw ˛ kv{Io≥ sSÃv ˛ dntl-gvkep-Iƒ ˛ semt°-j≥
\n¿Æbw, hml\ kuI-cy-ßƒ ˛ Xma-k-ÿew `£Ww ˛ sse‰v bqWn‰v ˛
sabv°∏v kuI-cy-ßƒ ˛ hkv{Xm-e-¶mcw ˛ Unssk-\nwKv, sjUyq-fnw-Kv, _P-
‰nw-Kv.
bqWn‰v 2
jqńwKv Ime-L´w ˛ \So-\-S-∑mtcbpw kmt¶-XnI hnZ-Kv≤-tcbpw semt°-j-
\p-I-fn¬ FØn-°pI ˛ Hcpan®p tPmen sNøp-hm≥ th≠ kuI-cy-ßƒ Hcp-
°p-I, ssZ\wZn\-I-W-°p-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I. sse≥ s]mUyq-k-dpsS Bh-iy-IX.
FUn-‰nwKv ˛ U∫nwKv ˛ ]›m-Ø-e-i_vZw ˛ ]›m-Øe kwKoXw ˛ kvs]jy¬
FÎv‰vkv ˛ UnPn-‰¬ C‚¿ aoUn-b‰v ˛ If-dnwKv ˛ Iyq_v / UFO - k∂n-thiw
sk≥k-dnwKv, hnX-cWw ˛ {]Z¿i-\w.
bqWn‰v 3
{]mtbm- K nI ]cn- i o- e \w ˛ Ombm- { K- l - W w, FUn- ‰ nw- K v , i_v Z - t e- J - \ w,
{Km^nIvkv, ]c-ky-Nn-{X-\n¿Ωm-Ww.
bqWn‰v 4 & 5 (t{]m-PIvSv ˛ 2 s{IUn-‰v)

15 apX¬ 30 an\n´v hsc ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp {lkz-I-Ym-Nn{XØns‚ jqńwKv
kv{In]v‰v Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.
35
bqWn‰v 4 ¬ ka¿∏n® jqńwKv kv{In]v‰ns\ B[m-c-am°n 15 apX¬ 30 an\n´v
hsc ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp {lkz-I-Ym-Nn{Xw Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Armes, Roy, 1987, Third World film making and the west, Berkeley, University of
California Press.
Asaduddin, Mohammad, Anuradha Gosh, 2012, Filming Fiction: Tagore,
Premchand and Ray, Oxford University Press.
Bishop, Nancy, 2009, Auditioning for Film and Television: Secrets from a Casting
Director, Bloomsbury.
Bowen, Christopher J., 2013, Grammar of the shot, New York, Focal Press.
Brown, Blain, 2015, The Filmmakerís guide to digital imaging, New York, Focal
Press.
Catliff, Suzy & Jennifer Granvile, 2013, The casting handbook for film and theatre
makers, London, Routledge.
Chaudhary, Nirmal Kumar, 2009, How to write film screenplays, New Delhi, Kanishka
Publishers.
Chang, Justin, 2012, Film Craft: Editing, UK, IIex.
Cooper Patricia, Ken Danciger, 2012, Writing the short film, New York, Focal Press.
Corrigan, Timothy, 2012, A Short guide to writing about film, Boston, Pearson.
De Valk, Mark and Sarah Arnold, 2013, The Film Handbook, Milton Park, Routledge.
Dhar, V.P, 2012, The art of movie making, Jaipur, Yking Books.
Dwyer, Rachel, 2006, Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema, Abingdon
England and New York, Routledge.
Elkins, David.E, 2013, The Camera Assistantîs Manual, New York, Focal Press.
Fossard, Esta De, John Riber, 2005, Writing and production for television and film,
New Delhi, Sarup Book Publishers.
Ganti, Tejaswini, 2012, Producing bollywood, Duke University Press.
Goodridge, Mike 2012, Directing, East Sussex IIex, Lewes, Focal Press.
Honthaner, Eve Light, 2010, The complete film production handbook, Burlington
MA, Focal Press.
Kirkpatrick, Scott, 2015, Writing for the green light: How to make your script the
one Holly Wood notice, Sage Publications.
Landry, Paula, 2017, Scheduling and budgeting your film, Amsterdam, Focal Press/
Elsevier.
Leigh, Danny, Loui Baxter, John Farndon, 2015, The Movie Book, (Big Ideas Simply
Explained) London, Penguin Books,
36
Lovell, Alan, Gianluca Sergi, 2005, Making films in contemporary Holly Wood,
London, Hodder Arnold.
Mercado, Gustavo, 2013, The Filmmakerís Eye, Amsterdam, Boston, Focal Press.
Millerson, Gerald, 1991, The Technic of Lighting for Television and Film, London,
Focal Press.
Monaco, James, 2009, How to read a Film: Movies, Media and Beyond, Oxford,
New York, Oxford University Press,
Mubarki, Meraj Ahmed, 2016, Filming Horror, Sage Publications.
Pearson, Roberta.E and Philip Simpson (Eds), Critical Dictionary of Film and
Television Theory, London, Routedge.
Rabiger, Michael, 2008, Waltam Mass, Focal Press.
Ray, Satyajit, 2011, Original English Film Scripts, Chronicle Books, Distributed by
Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, Bangalore.
Rea, Peter, W.R, David K. Irving, 2010, Producing and directing the short film and
video, New York, Focal Press.
Rizzo, Michael, 2015, The Art Direction handbook for Film and Television, New
York, Focal Press.
Shoma A. Chatterji, 2015, Filming Reality, New Delhi, Sage Publications
Siddiqui, Hassan, TV and film productions, New Delhi, Anmol Publication.
Sinyard, Neil, 2013, Filming Literature, Routedge.
Stanislavski, Constantin, 2013, Creating a Role,, London, Bloomsbury.
Telotte J.P & Gerald Duchovnay, 2012, Science Fiction: Film, Television and
Adaptation Across the Screens, New York, Routledge.
Thurlow, Max & Clifford Thurlow, 2008, Making Short Films, New York, Bloomsbury.
Wadia, Angela, 2008, Film, Television & Radio Production: Elements, Dimensions
and Trends. Kanishka Publishers.
Wadsworth, Chris, 2016, The Editorís Toolkit: New York, Focal Press.
Wyatt, Hilary, Tim Amyes, 1998, Audio Post Production for Television and Film,
Oxford, (English)/Boston Focal Press. Previous Edition 1998.
37
aq∂mw ska-Ã¿
MU FS 10311 Kth-j-W-co-Xn-imkv{Xw
sF—nI hnj-b-ßƒ
MU FS 10315 Ah-X-c-W-I-e-Ifpw tIc-fo-b-Zr-iy-kw-kvIm-chpw
MU FS 10316 Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ kº-Zvhy-hÿ
s]mXp-sF-—nI hnj-b-ßƒ
MU FS 10317 kn\n-a, sSen-hn-j≥, P\-{]n-b-kw-kvImcw
(Hm∏¨ C-e-IvSo-hv)
MU FS 10318 Ne-®n-{Xm-kzm-Z\w (Hm-∏¨ Ce-IvSo-hv)
38
MU FS 10311 Kth-jWcoXn-imkv{Xw
bqWn‰v 1
Kth-jWw: coXn-Iƒ, km≤y-X-Iƒ
Kth-j-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ß-ƒ, Kth-j-W-Øns‚ {]Ir-Xhpw km≤y-
X-I-fpw, Ne-®n{X Kth-j-W-Øns‚ hnIm-kw, Kth-j-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-
ß-fpw, Kth-jWcoXn-Ifpw kz`m-h-ß-fpw, hnh-c-ti-J-c-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb
tI{µ-ßƒ, C¥y-bnse Ne-®n{X Kth-j-W-ßfpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.
bqWn‰v 2
hni-Ie
- \
- ß
- ƒ
Kth-j-W-co-Xn-Iƒ, hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ, hnj-b-Øns‚ {]k-‡n,
B[m-c-Ir-Xn-Isf hne-bn-cp-ØpI, ]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ AYhm k¶-ev]-\-ßƒ,
Kth-j-W-kw-_-‘n-bmb tNmZy-ß-fpw, \n¿∆-N-\-ßfpw LS-I-ßfpw. Nem¶-
ßƒ, kmwπnßv coXn-Iƒ, hni-I-e-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpw. kw{K-lw
bqWn‰v 3
Zriym-]{- K-Y\
- c
- o-Xn-Iƒ
Kth-j-W- kao-]-\w, Zriym]-{K-Y\ coXn-Iƒ: D≈-S-°-hn-i-I-e\ coXn, CXn-
hr-Øm-]{K-Y\w, tIkv ÃUn-Iƒ, Nn”-im-kv{Xm-]-{K-Y-\-co-Xn, at\m-hn-t«-
jW A]-{K-Y-\-co-Xn, am¿IvknÃv A]-{K-Y-\-co-Xn, UnkvtImgvkv A\m-en-
kn-kv.
39
bqWn‰v 4
t{]£I A`n-{]mb tiJ-cW coXn-Ifpw hne-bn-cp-Øe
- p-Ifpw
k¿th Kth-j-Ww, t^m°kv {Kq∏v UnkvI-j≥, A`n-ap-J-ßƒ, \nco£-W-
ßƒ. KpWm-[n-jvTn-X coXn-Iƒ, KWm-[n-jvTnX coXn-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-®-v hn-e-bn-
cp-Ø¬, Kth-j-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb Ãm‰n-ÃnIvkv IW-s°-Sp-∏n-s\mcp apJ-
hp-c, ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Ãm‰n-Ãn-°¬ coXn-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 5
Kth-jWw: dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°¬
Kth-j-W- co-Xn-im-kv{X-Ønse Fgp-Øv, Fgp-Øns‚ ssien, F.-]n.-F, Fw.-
F¬.F ssien, Hcp Kth-jW dnt∏m¿´v Fgp-Xp∂ hn[w, KthjW dnt∏m¿´v
Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p∂ hn[w, _n_vfn-tbm-{Km-^n, cN-\m-]-cn-io-e-\-w.
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Berger, Arthur Asa,1998, Media Research Techniques, Sage Publications.
Berger, Arthur Asa, 2012, Media Analysis Techniques, Sage Publications.
Creswell, John W, 2003. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed
Methods Approaches, Sage Publications.
Katz, Daniel, Leon, Festinger, 1963, Research methods in the behavioral
Sciences, Holt, Rinehart&Winston.
Kerlinger, Fred N, Howard B. Lee,1999, Foundations of Behavioral Research,
Cengage Learning.
Lowery S.A. & De Fluer M.L, 1995, Milestones in Mass Communication Research,
Longman.
Oppenheim A.N,1992, Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude
Measurement, Continuum.
40
bqWn‰v 1
ItY-Xc Nn{X-ßfpsS h¿Ko-I-cWw ˛ tUmIyp-sa‚-dn, \yqkv do¬, B\n-ta-
j≥, ]nIvkn-te-j≥, Issº-te-j≥, tUmIyp-^nIvj≥. hnj-bm-[n-jvTnX
tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-Iƒ. tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\na ˛ bmYm¿∞y-ß-fpsS k¿Km-
fl-I-amb Bhn-jv°m-cw, bmYm¿∞yhpw Iev]nX IYmw-ihpw tUmIyp-sa‚-
dn-bn¬.
bqWn‰v 2
tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-Wmaw ˛ tdm_¿´v ^vfml¿ń, knKm-sh¿tXm-
hv, tPm¨ {Kntb-gvk¨, t_kn¬ ssd‰v, t]mƒ tdmØm. kn\nam shcntØ
˛ tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-bnse \h-X-cw-Kw, gm≥ du®v, dn®m¿Uv eotIm-°v,
{Inkv a m¿°¿, HIv S m- h ntbm C‰n- t \m, s^¿\mtUm skmfm- \ - k v , _¿´v -
lm≥kv{Sm, t\m¿a≥ aIvtemd≥.
bqWn‰v 3
tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-bpsS kmaq-lnI, kmwkvIm-cn-I, cmjv{Sob ]cn-t{]-£yw,
tUmIyp-sa‚-dnbpw kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-_-≤-X-bpw, tUmIyp-sa‚dn F∂ ]cn-h¿Ø-
\m- b p- [ w, sSen- h n- j \pw tUmIyp- s a‚- d n- b pw, tUmIyp- s a‚- d nbpw aq∂mw
temIcmPy-ß-fpw. tUmIyp-sa‚-dn- kn\na ˛ C¥y-bnepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw,
^nenwkv Unhn-j≥, ]n.Fkv._n.-‰n.
bqWn‰v 4 & 5 (t{]m-PIvSv ˛ 2 s{IUn-‰v)

15 apX¬ 30 an\n´v hsc ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-bpsS {So‰vsa‚ v
Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.
41
CXns\ B[m-c-am°n 15 apX¬ 30 an\n´v hsc ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp tUmIyp-
sa‚dn Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
a[p- C-d-h-¶-c, 2009, \njmZw, tIm´-bw: kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-WkwLw.
h¿°n, Fw.-Fw., 1999, tUmIyp-sa‚dn kn\na, tIm´bw: kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø-I-
k-l-I-c-WkwLw.
dlvam≥, Fw.-F., _jo¿ Z am≥, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ -]-ªn-tjgvkv.
Barnouw, Erik, 1974, Documentary, A History of the Non-fiction Film, New York:
Oxford University Press.
Paul, Rotha, 1968, Documentary Film, New York: Communication Art Books.
Vasuki, Belavadi, 2008, Video Production, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
42
bqWn‰v 1
ae-bm-fØ
- nse \n»_vZ kn\n-am-Im-eL
- ´- w, _tbm-kvtIm∏v {]Z¿i-\ß
- ƒ˛ BZy-
Ime \n»-_vZ-Nn-{X-ßƒ ˛ hnK-X-Ip-am-c\pw am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ωbpw ˛ {]Xn-k-
‘n-Ifpw kmaqly{]-tab kzoI-cWw ˛ A\y-`m-jm- kn-\n-a-I-fpsS X≈n-°-
b‰w ˛ _mes‚ ]ndhn ˛ Ir{Xn-a-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw Xangv, lnµn Ne-®n-{X-ß-fp-
sSbpw kzm[o-\w ˛ PohnX \uI ˛ Xn°p-dn»n ˛ kXy\pw t{]w\-ko-dpw.
bqWn‰v 2
\oe-°p-bn¬ ˛ \yqkvt]-∏¿ t_mbv ˛ bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-Øns‚ BZy-sh-fn-
®w, kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kzm[o\w, ˛ ¢mknIv, P\-{]nb kmlnXyIrXn-I-fpsS
A\p-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, sI. Fkv. tkXp-am-[-h≥, cmap- Im-cym-´v, ]n. `mkvI-c≥,
F. hn≥k‚ v apX-em-b-h¿.
bqWn‰v 3
ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw \mS-I-ßfpw sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv apX¬ Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈ hsc
Fw.-Sn-bpsS IS-∂p-h-chpw Xnc-°-Y-Ifnse X\Xv kn\n-am-`m-jyhpw, ^nenw
skmssk‰n {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bcw-`w, Nn{X-teJ ^nenw skmssk-‰n, ae-bm-
f-kn-\n-a-bnse \h-X-cw-Kw, am[ya km[y-X-I-fpsS At\z-jWw kzbw-h-cw,
ASq¿, Ac-hn-µ≥, tPm¨ F{_lmw apX-em-b-h¿
bqWn‰v 4
a[y-h¿Øn kn\n-a-IfpsS Bcw`w ]fl-cm-P≥, sI.-Pn. tPm¿÷v apX-em-b-h¿,
^nenw skmssk‰n {]ÿm-\-ßƒ kPo-h-am-hp-∂p. k¿°m-dp-I-fpsS CS-s]-
S¬, sI.-F-kv.-F-^v.-Un.knbpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww.
43
bqWn‰v 5
P\-{]nb kn\n-a-Iƒ A∂pw C∂pw. Xmc-hy-h-ÿ, Xmc-Zz-µz-ßƒ, t{]£-I-
cnepw Ne-®n{X \n¿Ωn-Xn-bnepw h∂ am‰-ßƒ, Ne-®n{X A°m-Z-an, kwÿm\-
N-e-®n{X ]pc-kvIm-c-ßƒ, Ne-®n-t{Xm-’-h-ßƒ, sF.-F-^v.-F-^v.-sI, A¥¿
tZ-iob ]pc-kvIm-c-ß-fnse ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a.
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
A\n- X - I p- a mcn, Sn., tUm., 2013, ]Zv a - c m- P ≥ kn\na kmlnXyw Pohn- X w,
(c≠mw ]Xn-∏v), sIm®n, {]W-X -_p-Ivkv.
tPmkv. sI. am\p-h¬, 2011, IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw, IÆq¿, ssIcfn _pIvkv.
tPmkv. sI. am\p-h¬, 2012, \yq P\-td-j≥ kn\na, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
{]`m-I-c≥ ]g-»n. tUm, 2013, \yqP-\-td-j≥ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,
ssk≥ _pIvkv.
t{]wem¬, N{µ-tam-l≥ (FUn-‰¿am¿), ae-bmfkn\n-a-bnse hnK-X-Ip-am-c≥.
t{]wem¬, N{µ-tam-l≥ (FUn-‰¿am¿), tImSXn Ib-dnb am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω.
Znhm-I-c≥, B¿.-hn.-Fw., 2008, ae-bm-f-Xn-c-°Y : hf¿®bpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ]n.-F-kv., 2013, Zriy-l¿j-Øns‚ ka-b-tc-J-Iƒ, tIm´-bw,
Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 2011, Xnc-°-Ybpw kn\n-a-bpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: {]`mXv _p°v
lukv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 1980, Idp∏pw shfp∏pw h¿W-ßfpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: kqcy.
hnP-bI- r-jvW≥, 2007, ae-bm-fk - n-\n-ab
- psS IY, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan _pIvkv.
sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥, kn.-F-kv., 2011, ae-bm-f-kn-\n-am-]-T-\-ßƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.
_pIvkv.
kPo-jv -F≥.-]n, Xnc-a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-
f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.
jmPn-Ip-am¿ sI.-F≥, 2016, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ ¢mnIv kn\n-a-Iƒ tImgnt°mSv,
Heohv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
a[p Cd-h-¶c, 2011, ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bnse Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:
Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.
a[p Cd-h-¶c, 1999, ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
a[p Cd-h-¶c, 2012, Ime-Øns‚ AS-cp-Iƒ, tIm´-bw: kmln-Xy-{]-h¿ØI
kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.
tXmakv, Fw.F^v., ASq-cns‚ Ne-®n-{X-bm-{X-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, ssk≥
_pIvkv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 2008, ad-°m-\m-hmØ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:
Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.
44
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, Nn{X-ime, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.

bqWn-‰v 1
\h-am-[y-a-ßƒ ˛ km{º-Zm-bn-I-am-[y-a-ß-fp-am-bp≈ kmay-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ ˛
UnPn-‰¬ am[y-a-ß-fpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ ˛ HD, CGF - am[ya ka-\zbw ˛
BtKm-f-h-XvI-cWw ˛ s\‰vh¿°v kaqlw/kwkvImcw ˛ {]XoXn bmYm¿∞yw
˛ kmwkvIm-cnI A[n-\n-thiw ˛ BtKm-f-h-XvI-cW ImesØ kn\na ˛ UnPn-
sS-IvÃp-hm-en‰n ˛ sl‚n sP≥In≥kv, sehv amt\m-hn-®v.
bqWn-‰v 2
\h-am-[y-a-k-t¶-X-ßƒ ˛ hn\n-a-b-hn-t\m-Z-b-{¥-ßƒ ˛ {]tbm-K-cq-]-ßƒ ˛ UnPn-
‰¬ k¿sh-bve≥kv ˛ tkmjy¬ aoUnb kwkvImcw/cq]-ßƒ ˛ ssk_¿
kwkvIm-cw, ssk_¿ kaq-lw (Fred Turner), UnPn-‰¬ UnsshUv ˛ kzX{¥
tkm^v‰v shb¿ {]ÿm-\w, ¢n]v kwkvIm-cw, bqSyq_v ˛ ]¶m-fnØ cq]-ß-
fpsS Ihn-Xzw (Lawrence Lessig), IfIvSohv C‚enP≥kv
bqWn‰v 3
Ne-®n-{X-\n¿Ωm-Whpw \h-am-[y-a-ßfpw ˛ F^v.-Un.sF ˛ A¥m-cmjv{S ÃpUn-
tbm-Iƒ C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bn-te°v ˛ UnPn-‰¬ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS kzm[o\w
kn\n-a-bn¬ ˛ hnX-c-Ww, {]Z¿i-\w, Bkzm-Z-\w, IMDB bpw a‰p Ne-®n-{X-sh_v
ssk‰p-Ifpw ˛ \h-am-[y-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ ]ªn-kn‰n ˛ sajn-\n-a (Machinima),
^m≥Uw, BIvSn-hnkw.
bqWn‰v 4
XXz-ßfpw ]cn-I¬∏-\-Ifpw ˛ ^nen-an\v tij-ap≈ kn\na ˛ UnPn-‰¬ hnjz¬
kwkvImcw ˛ hnjz¬ C^-IvSv, ]pXnb BJym-\ -kvt]-kv, km¶-ev]nI kwth-
Z-\w.
bqWn‰v 5
UnPn-‰¬ AXp-ey-X-Iƒ ˛ kn\na ss]c-kn-bpsS {]iv\-ßƒ ˛ ]pXnb UnPn-
45
‰¬ kn\n-am-k-¶-ev]-ßƒ ˛ Um‰m t_kv kn\n-a, FIvkv]n-cn-sa‚¬ kn\na
UnPn-‰¬ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ˛ Chaos aesthetics, k¶o¿W-kn-\n-a-Iƒ ˛ ]n¬
kn\n-a.
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Adriana, Desouza Silva and Jordan Frith, 2015, Mobile interfaces in Public Spaces:
Locational privacy, Control and Urban Sociability, New York & London: Routledge.
Baudrillard, Jean, 1991, The Gulf war did not take place, Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
Bell, David, 2006, Cyberculture Theorists: Manuel Castells and Donna Haraway,
Taylor & Francis.
Bell, David and Barbara M, Kennedy (eds), 2007, The Cybercultures Reader, Lon-
don: Routledge.
Bolter, David, J. & Grusin Richard, A., 2000, Remediation: Understanding New Me-
dia, MIT Press.
Castells, Manuel, 2000, The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age:
Economy, Society and Culture Vol. I, Wiley Balckwell.
Green, Lelia, 2002, Technoculture: From Alphabet to Cybersex, Allen & Unwin.
Hassan, Robert & Julian Thomas, 2006, The New Media Theory Reader, Open
University Press.
Henry, Jenkinson, Sam Ford & Joshua Green, 2013, Spreadable Media: Creating
Value and Meaning in a Network Culture, New York University Press.
Jose, Van Dijck, 2013, The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Me-
dia, Oxford University Press.
Lister, Martin, et al, 2001, The Language of New Media, MIT Press.
Mc Luhan, Marshall, 2003, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, McGraw
Hill.
Mc Luhan, Marshall, Quentin Fiore, 2011, The Medium is the Message: An Inventory
of Effects, Gingko press.
Michael, Benedikt, 2001, Cyborg Manifesto, University of California Press.
Raymond, Williams, 2003, Television: Technology & Culture Form, Routledge
Classics.
Robert W., Mc Chesney, 2013, Digital Disconnect: How Capitalism is Turning the
Internet Against Democracy, New York: New Press.
Sherry, Turkle, 1995, Life on Screen, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Stallman, Richard, M., 2006, Free Software, Free Society, Selected essays of
Richard M Stallman, Free software foundation.
Vincent, Miller, 2011, Understanding Digital Culture, London: Sage Publications.
46
Zygmunt Bauman, 2010, Liquid Modernity, 44 Letters from a Liquid Modern World,
Great Britain, MPG Books.
MU FS 10315 Ah-X-c-W-I-e-Ifpw
tIc-fo-b-Zr-iy-kw-kvIm-chpw
bqWn‰v 1
Zriy-kw-kvImcw ˛ k¶¬∏-\-ßƒ, BteJyIe-Ifpw Ah-X-c-W-I-e-Ifpw
Ah-X-c-W-I-e-I-fpsS Zriy-]-cn-t{]£yw, tIc-fob Zriy-kw-kvImcw cq]-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Ah-X-c-W-I-e-bpsS ]¶v, tIc-f-Ø-\na, kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øn¬
Ne-®n-{X-sa∂ D]-I-c-Ww, P\-{]nb kwkvIm-cw, kn\n-abpw P\-{]nbkwkv-
Im-chpw, Ah-X-c-W-I-e-Iƒ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bn¬ kzm[o-\hpw {]tbm-Khpw,
tIc-fob Nn{X-Ie, Kplm Nn{X-ßƒ, Npa¿ Nn{X-I-e, hmkvXp in¬]-Ie.
bqWn‰v 2
tIc-f-Øns‚ A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ ˛ If-sa-gp-Øv, ]p≈p-h≥]m-´v, apSn-tb-‰v,
IpØn-tbm-´w, ]S-b-Wn, sXøw, Xnd, Imfn-bq-´v, Ifn-bm-´w.
tIc-f-Øns‚ kwKo-X-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ tkm]m-\-kw-Ko-Xw, IY-IfnkwKo-Xw, AjvS-
]-Zn, I¿ÆmS-I-kw-Ko-Xw.
bqWn‰v 3
tIc-f-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cy-I-e-Iƒ ˛ IqSn-bm-´w, NmIym¿Iq-Øv, \ßym¿Iq-Øv,
]mT-Iw, IY-I-fn, IrjvW-\m-´w, AjvS]-Zn-bm-´w, Hm´≥Xp-≈¬, ]d-b≥Xp-≈¬,
ioX¶≥ Xp≈¬, b£-Km-\w, Nhn-´p-\m-S-Iw, tamln-\n-bm-´w.
Btbm-[-\-I-e-Iƒ ˛ If-cn-∏-b-‰v, the-I-fn, ]cn-N-ap-´p-Ifn
bqWn‰v 4
47
tIc-f-Øns‚ \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ ˛ abn-em-´w, HmWw-Xp-≈¬, K±n-I, bm{X-°-fn,
Xncp-hm-Xn-c, H∏-\, am¿§w-I-fn, Z^vap-´v, ]mh-I-fn, tXm¬∏m-h-°q-Øv, Im°m-c-
»n-\m-S-Iw, s]mdm-´p-\m-S-Iw, Ipd-Øn-bm-´w, IpΩm-ń-°-fn, Ipd-h≥I-fn-
\mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ, hS-°≥ ]m´p-Iƒ, am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 5
ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw \mS-I-hpw, ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS Zriy-`m-j- cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂Xn¬ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-Øns‚ kzm[o\w, \mS-Ihpw Xnc-°-Y-bpw, \mS-I-ßƒ
kn\n-a-bm-Ip-tºmƒ (Xm-c-X-ay-]-T\w ˛ Xpem-`m-cw, Im©-\-ko-X, I√p-sIm-s≠m-
cp-s]-Æv).
klmbI{KŸ-ßƒ
ASntbmSn, sI.-Pn., tUm., sXøhpw Xndbpw.
Al-ΩZv auehn, kn.-F≥., am∏n-f-km-lnXy ]mc-ºcyw.
IpØn-tbm-´-∏m-´p-Iƒ, 1998, Xriq¿: tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an.
Ip™n-cm-a≥ \ºym¿, hS-°≥ ]m´v.
Ip©≥ \ºym¿, 2011, Xp≈¬ IrXn-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.
Np-Ωm¿ Nq≠¬, 1981, apSn-tb‰v, tIc-f-t^mIvtem¿ A°m-Z-an.
tPmk^v, hen-b-ho-ń¬, hn.-]n., ^m., 2011, Nhn´p \mSIw ˛ kmln-Xyhpw kwKo-
Xhpw, Xriq¿: tIcf-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.
sXøw, 1987, tIc-f-kw-KoX \mS-I-A-°m-Z-an.
\ºym¿, F.-sI., 1989, tIc-f-Øns‚ \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬
_pIvÃmƒ.
\mSI]T-\-ßƒ, 2007, tIm´bw: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
]utemkv, sI.-Pn., tUm., IqSn-bm´w.
`m¿§-h≥ ]n≈, Pn., Im°-mc»n \mSIw.
tat\m≥, sI.-]n.-F-kv., 1957, IY-I-fn-cwKw, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan ]ªn-t°-
j≥kv.
cho-{µ≥, ]n.-]n., 2001, kwkvIm-c-]-T\w ˛ Hcp BapJw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.
_pIvkv.
cmLhhm-cnb¿, tUm., cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, tUm., 1997, anØpw kaq-lhpw,
tIm´bw: PmeIw ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.
cmL-h≥, ]ø-\mSv, 1979, sXøhpw tXm‰w]m´pw, tIm´bw: kmln-Xy-{]-h¿ØI
kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.
cma-h¿Ω, sI.-Sn., tUm., IqØpw -Iq-Sn-bm-´hpw.
cma-h¿Ω, Aº-e-∏pg, s{]m^., 2014, tIc-f-Ønse {]mNo-\-I-e-Iƒ, tIm´bw:
Fkv.-]n.kn.F-kv.
hmkp- t Z- h ≥]n≈, IS- Ω \n´, ]tS\n ˛ P\- I ob A\p- j v T m\ \mSIw,
tIm´-bw: alm-flm-Km‘n k¿h-I-em-im-e.
hmkp-tZ-h≥]n≈, IS-Ω\n´, 1993, ]tS\n, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-`m-jm-C≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v.
48
hnjvWp-\-ºqXncn, Fw.-hn., tUm., 2012, tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn-
s\mcp apJ-hpc, tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.kn.F-kv.
hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xncn, Fw.-hn., tUm., ]p≈p-h-≥]m´pw \mKm-cm-[-\bpw.
iin-`q-j¨, Fw.Pn., tUm., tIc-f-Ønse Nph¿®n-{X-ßƒ.
i¶-c-∏n≈, Pn., ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-N-cn{Xw.
{ioIp-am¿, sI., tUm., 2005, ae-bm-f-kwKoX\m-S-I-N-cn{Xw, Xriq¿: Id‚ v
_pIvkv.
{io[-c-ta-t\m≥, F., 1987, tIc-f-kw-kvImcw, tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.kn.F-kv.
Douglas, Kellner, 1995, Media Culture : Cultural Studies, Identity and politics be-
tween the Modern and the Postmodern, London & New York: Routledge.
John, Docker, 1994, Postmodernism and Popular Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
John, Storey, 2008, Inventing Popular Culture, USA: Blackwell Publishing.
49
Nayar, Pramod, K., 2011, An Introduction to cultural Studies, New Delhi: Viva Books.
MU FS 10316 Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ kºZvhyhÿ

bqWn‰v 1
^nenw am¿°-‰nßv Ncn{Xw ˛ FUn-k¨ {SÃv ˛ B‚n {SÃv ˛ Ata-cn-°-bnse
taP¿ ÃpUntbmIfpsS DZbw ˛ hnX-c-W-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ ˛ sh¿ń-°¬ C‚t{K-
j≥ ˛ kzX{¥ ÃpUn-tbm-I-fpsS IS-∂p-h-chv ˛ "\htlmfn-hpUv': Hcp khn-
tij ]T-\w, _nKv _P‰v kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ BtKmf t_mIvkv Hmô-kv.
bqWn‰v 2
hn]Wn Kth-j-W-Øns‚ BZy-Ime C¥y≥ amXr-I-Iƒ ˛ C¥y≥ Ne-®n-{X-
\n¿ΩmW irwJeIƒ, ÃpUntbm hyh-ÿbpw {]ikvX _m\-dp-Ifpw, Xmc-
hy-h-ÿ, kn\nam kmt¶-Xn-I-Xbpw kmº-ØnI hn\n-a-bhpw.
bqWn‰v 3
Xnc-°Ym aqey-\n¿Æbw ˛ I¨k]v‰v sSÃv ˛ {Ko≥ sse‰nßv, ^nenw _UvP-
‰nßv, Xmc-ß-fpsS kºZv hyhÿ ˛ ^nenw ^n\m≥kv ˛ tIm˛-s{]m-U-£≥,
{IuUv ^-≠nßv. {Intb-‰ohv hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS I¨h¿P≥kv.
bqWn‰v 4
Ne-®n-{X-hn-X-c-Ww, Ne-®n-{X-ß-fpsS s]mkn-j-\nßv, dneokv kv{Sm‰Pn, Xmc
aqeyw ˛ ]cºcmKX am[y-a- am¿°-‰nßv ˛ bqWn‰v t^mt´m{Km^¿ ˛ ^nenw
t]mÃdp-Iƒ ˛ s{Sbve-dp-Iƒ hnX-cW Imº-bn≥ ˛ {]N-c-W-Øn¬ Xmc-ß-
fpsS ]¶v. C¥y≥ ]cky emU¿ ˛ Xntb-‰-dp-I-fpsS Im®vsa‚ v ]cn-kcw ˛
I¨kyq-a¿ ske-£≥, th¿Uv Hm^v auØv, {Sm≥kv aoUnb am¿°-‰nwKv.
bqWn‰v 5
50
ssh-d¬ am¿°-‰nwKv ˛ Hm¨ sse≥ t^mtfm-hnwKv ˛ s\‰v ^vfnIvkv ˛ Ba-
tkm¨ ss{]w ˛ C‚¿s\‰v dneokv ˛ tI_nƒ Sn.hn am¿°‰v ˛ B≥kn-edn
am¿°‰v ˛ km‰vsse‰v ssd‰vkv ˛ \ncq-]-I-cpsS CS-s]-S¬ ˛ Ahm¿Uv hnX-cW
NS-ßp-Iƒ ˛ Ne-®n-t{Xm’h hn]-Wn-Iƒ ˛ {^mss©-kn kn\n-a-Iƒ
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Kerrigen, F. 2009. Film Marketing, New York: Routledge.
Hill, W.J. & Kevin Rockett (eds.). 2005. Film History and National Cinema. Ireland:
Four Courts Press.
Rabiger, M. 2013. Directing: film techniques and aesthetics. Focal Press.
Vinet, M. 2005. Entertainment industry: the business of music, books, movies, TV,
radio, Internet, video games, theater, fashion, sports, art, merchandising,
copyright, trademarks & contracts. Wadem Pub.
51
MU FS 10317 (i) kn\n-a, sSenhnj≥, P\-{]nb kwkvImcw
(Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSo-hv)
bqWn‰v 1
sSen-hn-js‚ DZv`-hhpw {]Nm-chpw ˛ temI-kn-\na AXns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n® hn[w
˛ kn\n-abpw sSen-hn-j\pw XΩn-ep≈ kmPmXy sshPm-Xy-ßƒ ˛ sSen-hn-
j≥ kn\n-a-bpsS i{Xpthm an{Xtam? UnPn-‰¬ kn\n-am-\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw sSen-hn-
j\pw, sSen-hn-js‚ kmaq-ly, hnZym-`ym-k, cmjv{So-b, kmwkvIm-cnI [¿Ω-
ßƒ (Ãp-h¿´v lmƒ, sl≥{Sn P¶n≥kv)
bqWn‰v 2
C¥ybn¬ sSen-hn-js‚ Bcw`w ˛ BZy-Ime kn\n-am-[n-jvTnX ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛
kn\n-a-bnse Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw Sn.-hn.-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w ˛ Sn.-hn. koco-b-ep-I-
fpsS {]mcw`w, tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-I-fpsS kph¿Æ-Im-ew. ae-bmf sSen-hn-j≥
Ncn{Xw. Sn.-hnbpw P\m-`n-{]mbcq]o-I-c-W-hpw, ]¶m-fnØ kwkvImcw, ]c-ky-
ßfpw P\-{]n-b-X-bpw, ]c-ky-I-e-bpsS kmº-ØnI kzm[o-\w, BtKm-f-h¬I-
cn® bph-Xzw, C¥y≥ Sn.hn Imº-bn-\p-Iƒ, tZio-b-Xbpw Dt]m¬∏-∂-ß-fpw.
bqWn‰v 3
km‰-sse‰v Nm\-ep-I-fpsS DZbw Nm\-ep-Ifpw kn\n-a-bpsS kwt{]-j-Whpw
sSen-hn-j-\nse hnhn[ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ. sSen-hn-j≥ \n¿∆-ln-°p∂ kmaqly
[¿Ω-ßƒ, sSen-hn-js‚ hI-t`-Z-ßƒ ˛ IΩyp-Wn-‰n, tImta-gvky¬, FUyp-
t°-j-W¬, dnbm-en-‰n, kv]ncn-Nz¬, {Smh¬, km‰-sse‰v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ, sSen
kn\n-a-Iƒ, ]em-b\ {]h-W-X-Iƒ (Escapism), kv{Xo {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßƒ
bqWn‰v 4
52
sSen-hn-j≥ ]T-\-ßƒ ˛ {]Xn-\n-[m-\w, kzXzw, D¬∏m-Z-\w, D]-t`m-Kw, \nb-{¥-
Ww. BUn-b≥kv dnk¿®v, kmwπnw-Kv, dnk-]vj≥ ]T-\-ßƒ, sSen-hn-j≥ ]T-
\-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ k¶¬∏-\-ßƒ ˛ \td-‰o-hv, satem-{Um-a, slKn-aWn,
Nn”-im-kv{Xw. Ipń-Ifpw sSen-hn-j\pw, Iu®v s]m´-t‰m- \n¿ΩnXn, tlmw Xntb-
‰¿ kwkvIm-cw.
bqWn‰v 5
P\-{]nb kwkvImcw (t]m-∏p-e¿ Iƒ®¿) ˛ \n¿∆-N-\w, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚
D¬∏m-Z-\hpw D]-t`m-K-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw A[n-Im-chpw, kwkvImchn\n-a-bw.
P\-{]nb kwkvImc ]T\w ˛ {]Xn-\n-[m\w, {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xw, sshtZ-inI
kwkvImc ioe-ßfpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn. kmwkvIm-cnI hy-h-km-b-ßƒ (Culture
Industries)
klm-bI{KŸ-ßƒ
Ip™n-Ir-jvW≥, sI., sSen-hn-j\pw kaq-lhpw, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan
_pIvkv.
{]`m-h¿Ω, Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw kwkvIm-chpw.
kt¥mjv Ipam¿, Sn.-sI., tUm., ae-bmf sSen-hn-j≥ Ncn{Xw, sIm®n: tIc-f-
{]kv A°m-Zan.
Ahuja B.N,1988, Audio Visual Journalism, Surjeet Publishers,
Albert, Hunt, 1981, The Language of Television: Uses and Absuses, London:
Methuen Publishing Ltd.
Barwise, Patrick D, & Andrew Ehrenberg,1988,Television and its Audience, Sage
Publications.
Belson, W.A, 1965, The Impact of Television, Crosby Lockwood & Son.
Cohler, David Keith,1994, Broadcast Journalism: A guide for the presentation
of radio & television news, Prentice Hall.
Fiske, John & John, Hatley, 2003, Reading Television,Routledge,
Fiske, John, 2010, Television Culture, Taylor and Francis.
Gauntlett, David,1999, TV Living: Television, Culture & Everyday life, Routledge.
Gripstrud, Jostein, 2002, Television and Common Knowledge
(Comedia),Routledge.
Pike, Frank (Ed)., 1982, Ah! Mischief the Writer and Television, London: Faber and
Faber.
Shrivastava,K.M,1990, Radio and Television News, Delhi: Sterling Publishers.
Smith, Anthony, Richard Paterson,1998,Television: an international history,
OUP.
Stewart, Peter, Alexander, Ray, 2008, Broadcast Journalism : Techniques of
Radio and Television News, London, Focal Press.
53
Tony, Bennet, Susan Boyd Bowman, Colin Mercer and Janet Woollacott, (Eds).,
Popular Television and Film, British Film Institute.
Tyrell,R,1981 Work of the Television Journalist, London: Focal Press.
MU FS 10318 Ne-®n-{Xm-kzm-Z\w
bqWn‰v 1
F¥m-Wp- kn-\na ˛ Ne-®n-{X-sa∂ Ie ˛ Ne-®n-{X-sa∂ am[yaw ˛ Ne-®n-{X-
Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ imkv{X-X-Xzw.
bqWn‰v 2
kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-Wmaw ˛ eqan-b¿ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS Ne-®n{X {]Z¿i\w ˛
Xntb-‰-dp-I-fpsS DZv`-hw ˛ {Kn^nØv ˛ tlmfn-hp-Uns‚ DZ-bw.
bqWn‰v 3
kn\na Hcp BJym-\-Ie ˛ Xnc-°Y ˛ IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw ˛ Ne-®n{Xw ˛
Zriy-`mj ˛ hnhn-[-Xcw tjm´p-Iƒ ˛ Iymad Ne-\-ßƒ, Iymad ÿm\-ßƒ
bqWn‰v 4
tjm´v, ko≥, koIz≥kv ankv F≥ ko≥ LS-I-ßƒ, FUn-‰nwKv coXn-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 5
Ne-®n-{Xm-kzm-Z\w ˛ Bkzm-Z-\-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS cN-\m-coXn ˛ Bkzm-Z\ `mj ˛
Ne-®n-{Xm-]-{K-Y\w (kv{Io-\nw-Kv)
klm-bI-{K-Ÿß
- ƒ
A\n-X-Ip-am-cn.Sn tUm. 2017, kn\na Bkzm-Z-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-h-gn-Iƒ 1930 -˛
1960, Xncq¿, Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bmfk¿h-I-em-im-e.
54
Ip™n-°-Æ≥, hmWn-ta¬, kn\n-a-bpsS A¥m-cm{„ `mj.
IrjvW≥ \mb¿, ]qP-∏p-c, 1996, ck-Iu-ap-Zn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: amcp-Xn-{]-Im-
i≥.
tImgn-t°m-S≥, Ne-®n-{Xm-kzm-Z\w Fßs\?, tImgn-t°mSv: ae-bmfw ]ªn-t°-
j≥kv.
a[p Cd-h-¶-c, 2014, C¥y≥ kn\na 100 h¿jw 100 kn\na, tIm´bw: Un.kn-.
_p-Ivkv.
apc-fo-IrjvW, tUm., 2006, kn\na hoUntbm sSIv\n-Iv, tIm´bw: Un.kn-.
_pIvkv.
apcfo-[-c≥, s\√n-°¬, hniz-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w.
cma-N-{µ≥, Pn.-]n., 2011, temI-kn-\na ImgvNbpw ÿe-Im-e-ßfpw, tIm´-bw:
F≥._n.Fkv.
cma-N-{µ≥\mb¿, ]∑\ (F-Un.), 2008, Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, tIm´bw: Id‚ v
_pIvkv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 2008, ad-°m-\m-hmØ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:
Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.
kn\n-Iv, 1967 & 1968, ae-bm-f-kn-\na, hmeyw I & II, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
Bahadur, Satish, 1976, Film Appreciation Study Material Series, Pune: NFAI.
Bazin, Andre, 1967 & 1971, What is Cinema? Vol. I & II, Grey Hug (Tran & Ed),
Berkeley: California City Press.
Benshoff, H. 2015. Film and Television analysis: an introduction to methods, theories,
and approaches. London: Routledge
Bordwell, David & Kristin, Thompson, 1979, Film Art: An Introduction, USA: Addison
Wesley publishing Company.
Bywater, Tim,Thomas Sobchack, 2009, Introduction to film Criticism: Major Critical
Approaches to Narrative Film, Dorling Kindersley India Pvt Ltd.
Cook, Pam, 2007, The Cinema Book, London: British Film Institute.
Corrigan, J. Timothy, 2009, A Short Guide to writing about film, Dorling Kindersley
India pvt Ltd.
Ryan, M., & Lenos, M. 2012. An introduction to film analysis: Technique and meaning
in narrative film. New York, NY: Continuum.
Villarejo, Amy, 2013, Film Studies: The Basics, London & New York: Routledge.
55
\memw ska-Ã¿
MU FS 10420 Ne-®n{X hna¿i-\-Ie
MU FS 10421 t{]mPIvSv (Kth-j-W-{]-_‘w)
sF—nI hnj-b-ßƒ
MU FS 10422 -kn\n-abpw `c-W-IqShpw (Ce-IvSo-hv)
MU FS 10423 BtKmf kn\na (Ce-IvSo-hv)
MU FS 10424 Gjy≥ kn\na (C-e-IvSo-hv)
56
bqWn‰v 1
Ne-®n-{Xhpw t]mÃv sImtfm-Wn-b¬ kn≤m-¥hpw : Hcm-apJw ˛ Hmdn-b‚-en-
kw, ssl{_n-Un-‰n, anan-{In, k_mƒt´¨, tImkvtam-s]m-fn-‰-\n-kw, (F-tUz¿Uv
kbnZv, tlman-_m_, Kmb{Xn kv]nhm-Iv) AIvk‚Uv kn\n-a (laoZv s\ô-
kn)
bqWn‰v 2
I¬∏n-X-I-Y-I-fnse hntcm-[m-`mkw (Paradox of fiction) ˛ `mh-\bpw Nn¥bpw
{]n-‰‚ v Xnb-dn, tXm´v Xnb-dn (tIm-fn≥ dmUvt^mƒUv, sI‚¬ hmƒ´≥, ayqtd-
kvan-Øv). amPn-°¬ dnb-en-kw.
bqWn‰v 3
t]mÃv Xnb-dn: ~Hcp eLp-]-cn-Nbw, \h -cq]`{Z-Xm-hmZw (\ntbm-t^m¿a
-en-kw) tIm·n‰ohv ^nenw Xnb-dn, kq®¿ (Suture)
A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS kn\n-a: ^nt\m-ant\mf-Pn°¬ k¶-¬∏-ßƒ
knan-tbm-ńIv ^nt\m-ant\mf-Pn, lm]v‰nIv hnjzm-en‰n
({InÃo≥ tXmwk¨, t_m¿Uvsh¬, hn-hn-b≥ tkm_vjm-°v, temd am¿Ivkv,
audnkv saeyp ˛ t]m‚n, am¿ń≥ _nKvs\‰v, sZem‚)
bqWn‰v 4
kn\n-abpw XØz-Nn-¥bpw: Hcm-ap-Jw. kn\na: ico-chpw a\pw ˛ sU√yq-kv,
gm≥ an{Xn, …mthPv kntk°v, Ão^≥ loØv, t\mb¬ Itcmƒ, FUv ‰m≥,
tSm¿_≥ t{KmZm¬, Bs\‰v ssa°¬k¨
57
bqWn‰v 5
_p≤n-hn-t\m-Z-ßƒ (Mind Game Films) ˛ Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ ]pXnb CS-ßƒ ˛
sh¿®z¬ dnbm-en-‰nbpw kn\n-abpw : IYm-\p-`-h-Øns‚ thdn´ ImgvN-Iƒ.
P\-{]n-bX F∂ k¶¬∏w ˛ kn\n-abpw t{]£-Icpw ˛ kn\n-abpw Bcm-[-
Icpw (Fandom) Bcm-[-\m-Nn-{X-ßƒ (Cult Films).
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
B\-µ-h¿≤-\≥, [z\ym-temIw
Ipń-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, 1981. [z\n, Xriq¿: tIc-f- km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.
tPm¨ i¶-c-aw-K-ew, kn\na Hcp hnkvab Ie
tPm¨ i¶-c-aw-K-ew, k¿∆ k¿K-kw-Kaw kn\n-a.
Andre, Bazin, 2004, What is Cinema Vol. I, II, University of California Press.
Andrew, Dudley,J., 1976, The Major Film Theories: An Introduction. Oxford Univer-
sity Press.
Christan, Metz, 1974, Language and Cinema, The Hague, Mouton & Co.
Elsenstein, Sergel, 2003, Notes of a Film Director, NL, Fredonia Books.
Elsenstein, Sergel, 1969, Film Form: Essays in Flim Theory, Harcourt.
Hagener, Malte and Thomas Elsaesser, 2010, Film Theory: an introduction through
the senses. New York: Routledge.
Nitzan, Ben-Shaul, 2007, Film: The Key Concepts, New York: 'O' Berg.
Peter, Wollen, 2013, Signs and Meaning in the Cinema, Palgrave Macmillan.
Rudolf, Arnheim, 1957, Film As Art, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rushton, Richard, Gary, Bettinson, 2010. What is Film Theory? New York: MC Graw
Hill.
Stanislavski, Constantin, 2008, Building a Character, Methuen Drama.
58
MU FS 10420 Ne-®n-{Xhna¿i-\-Ie
bqWn‰v 1
Ne-®n-{Xm-h-tem-I\w ˛ Bi-bhpw k¶-ev]-\-hpw, ]{X-{]-h¿ØIkao-]\w
AhtemI\- [¿Ω-ßƒ ˛ Ne-®n-{X-]-cn-N-bw. CXn-hrØ hnh-c-Ww, Ne-®n-{X-
km-t¶-Xn-IX Hgn-hm-°¬, AWn-bd {]h¿Ø-Isc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, Nn{X-
Øns‚ \∑-Xn-∑-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-hn-Nn-¥-\w, t{]£-Is‚ Nn{X-°m-
gvN-bn¬ sNep-Øm-hp∂ kzm[o-\w.
Ah-tem-I-\-kz-`mhw ˛ {lkzw, D]-cn-π-hw, hy‡n-]-c-amb CjvSm-\n-jvS-ß-fpsS
{]I-S-\w, {]mY-anI {]N-c-tWm-]m-[n. ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ˛ thK-Øn-ep≈ ka-b_≤-
amb Fgp- Ø v , {]kn- ≤ o- I - c - W - Ø nse ÿe- ] - c n- a n- X nIƒ, {]kn- ≤ o- I - c - W -
Øns‚tbm Ne-®n-{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sStbm XmXv]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-hm-\p≈
_m[y-X, hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ km[y-X-bn-√m-bva.
bqWn‰v 2
Ne-®n-{Xm-kzm-Z-\-w ˛ Bkzm-Z\Øns‚ LS-Ißƒ ˛ kuµ-cy-imkv{Xw (aes-
thetic), [mc-Wm-tijn (understanding), A]-{K-Y\w (analysis), aqey-\n¿t±iw
(Pointing out the values) BkzmZ\°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS cN-\m-coXn ˛ Bkzm-Z\
`mj ˛ Bkzm-Z-\-Ønse sshhn-[yw.
bqWn‰v 3
\ncq-]Ww F∂ Ie ˛ \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ, LS-\, \ncq-]-
I-\p-th≠ tbmKy-X-Iƒ. Ne-®n{X \ncq-]Ww ˛ Ne-®n{X \ncq-]-I-cpsS ]¶v
bqWn‰v 4
Ne®n{X-\n-cq-]-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ kao-]-\-ßƒ ˛ \ncq-]-W-Øn¬ Ne-®n-{X-`m-
j-bp-sSbpw hymI-cW- Ø
- n-s‚bpw BJym-\Ø
- n-s‚bpw {]tbm-Kw. hnhn[ kn≤m-
¥-ß-fp-sSbpw Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw {]tbm-Kw.
59
bqWn‰v 5
{][m-\-\n-cq-]-I¿ ˛ temI-kn-\n-a-bnsebpw C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bnsebpw {][m-\-
\n-cq-]-Isc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. ^n{]kn (FIPRESCI). ae-bm-f-N-e-®n{X\ncq-]-
W-N-cn{Xw. {][m-\-\n-cq-]-I¿. Fw. tKm]n-\mYv ˛ kRvP-bs‚ ⁄m\mw-_n-Im-
\n-cq-]Ww ˛ ]n¬°-me-\n-cq-]-I¿ ˛ tImgn-t°m-S≥ ˛ kn\nIv ˛ Sn.-Fw. ]n.
s\Sp-ßmSn (\mZn¿jm), kpsse-Jm-_ohn (sI. A\n-b≥), AizXn (]-fl-\m-
`≥).
Fgp-]-Xp-Iƒ°p-tijap≈ {][m\ \ncq-]-I¿, a‰v ka-Im-en-I¿
Ne-®n-{Xm-]{K-Y\w (Film Analysis)
˛ ss_kn-°nƒXohvkv / _m‰n¬jn∏v- t]m-´w-In≥/ssh¬Uv kvt{Sm_-dokv
˛ ]tY¿ ]m©men / `qh≥tjmw / kemw tkmdk
˛ Fen-∏-Ømbw / AΩ Adn-bm≥/]ndhn
(C-h-bn¬ \n∂pw Hmtcm-∂p-ho-Xw)
{]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w: GsX-¶nepw Hcp Ne-®n-{X-Im-c-s‚tbm kao-]-Im-eØv

Cd-ßnb kn\n-a-I-fp-sStbm \ncq-]Ww Ne-®n{X kn≤m-¥-ßsf D]-tbm-K-s∏-
SpØn Xøm-dm-°p-I.
klm-bI-{K-Ÿß
- ƒ
A\n-X-Ip-am-cn.Sn tUm. 2017, kn\na Bkzm-Z-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-h-gn-Iƒ 1930 -˛
1960, Xncq¿, Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bmfk¿h-I-em-im-e.
Ip™n-°-Æ≥, hmWn-ta¬, kn\n-a-bpsS A¥m-cm{„ `mj.
IrjvW≥ \mb¿, ]qP-∏p-c, 1996, ck-Iu-ap-Zn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: amcp-Xn -{]-Im-
i≥.
tImgn-t°m-S≥, Ne-®n-{Xm-kzm-Z\w Fßs\?, tImgn-t°mSv: ae-bmfw ]ªn-t°-
j≥kv.
tXmakv, Fw.F^v., 1987, C¥y≥ kn\na, tIm´bw: Un.kn-. _p-Ivkv.
a[p Cd-h-¶-c, 2014, C¥y≥ kn\na 100 h¿jw 100 kn\na, tIm´bw: Un.kn-.
_p-Ivkv.
apc-fo-IrjvW, tUm., 2006, kn\na hoUntbm sSIv\n-Iv, tIm´bw: Un.kn-.
_pIvkv.
apcfo-[-c≥, s\√n-°¬, hniz-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w.
cma-N-{µ≥, Pn.-]n., 2011, temI-kn-\na ImgvNbpw ÿe-Im-e-ßfpw, tIm´-bw:
F≥._n.Fkv.
cma-N-{µ≥\mb¿, ]∑\ (F-Un.), 2008, Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, tIm´bw: Id‚ v
_pIvkv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 1987, ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS IY, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIc-f-kw-
ÿm\ Ne-®n{X hnI-k-\ tIm¿∏-td-j≥.
60
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 2013, C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bpsS 100 h¿j-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:
Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, temI-kn-\na, tIm´bw: Un.kn-. _p-Ivkv.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, 2008, ad-°m-\m-hmØ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw:
Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.
kn\n-Iv, 1967 & 1968, ae-bm-f-kn-\na, hmeyw I & II, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.
Bahadur, Satish, 1976, Film Appreciation Study Material Series, Pune: NFAI.
Bazin, Andre, 1967 & 1971, What is Cinema? Vol. I & II, Grey Hug (Tran & Ed),
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bordwell, David & Kristin, Thompson, 1979, Film Art: An Introduction, USA: Addison
Wesley publishing Company.
Bywater, Tim, Thomas Sobchack, 2009, Introduction to film Criticism: Major Critical
Approaches to Narrative Film, Dorling Kindersley India Pvt Ltd.
Cook, Pam, 2007, The Cinema Book, London: British Film Institute.
Corrigan, J. Timothy, 2009, A Short Guide to writing about film, Dorling Kindersley
India pvt Ltd.
Villarejo, Amy, 2013, Film Studies: The Basics, London & New York: Routledge.
61
MU FS 10421 t{]mPIvSv (Kth-jW {]-_‘w)
{][m-\-]m-Ty-hn-j-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´, Kth-jWkz`m-h-ap≈ Hcp {]_‘w

(70 ]pd-Øn¬ Ipd-bmsX 120 ]pd-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX) UnSn]n sNbvXv ka¿∏n-
°-Ww.
]T-\h- n-`m-KØ
- nse A≤ym-]I
- s‚ am¿§-\n¿t±-iØ
- n-em-bn-cn-°Ww {]_-‘ß
- ƒ
cNn-t°-≠-Xv.
Kth-j-W-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw ]men-®n-cn-°-Ww.
Kth-jW {]_-‘-Øns‚ BZy-t]-Pp-I-fpsS amXrI A\y{X tN¿Øn-cn-
°p-∂p.
62
{]_-‘Ø
- ns‚ t]cv
t]cv
Ne-®n-{X-]T
- \w
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime
A£cw Imº-kv, hm°mSv ]n.-H.,
Xncq¿ ˛ 676 502
h¿jw:
63
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm--f-k¿h-I-em-ime
A£cw Imº-kv, hm°mSv ]n.-H.,
Xncq¿ ˛ 676 502
kXy-{]-kvXm-h\
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v _ncp-

Zm-\¥
- c _ncpZ tImgvkns‚ `mK-ambn "".............................................................
.......................................................................................................'' F∂ {]_‘w Rm≥
Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
Fs‚ Adnhn¬ Cu {]_-‘-tam, CXn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp
`mKtam CXn\p apºv at‰-sX-¶nepw _ncp-ZØ
- n-\mbn Bcpw Hcp k¿h-
I-em-im-eb
- nepw ka¿∏n-®n-ń-√. CXv ....................... s‚ ta¬t\m-´Ø
- n¬
\S-Ønb ]T-\sØ Bkv]-Z-am°n Xøm-dm-°nb X\Xp {]_-‘-am-
sW∂v Rm≥ t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂p.
ÿew : Xncq¿ hnZym¿∞n-bpsS H∏v

XnbXn : ....................
64
t- Um. .........................................
Ne-®n-{X-]-T\ hn`mKw
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø— - ≥ ae-bm-fk - ¿h-Ie
- m-ime
A£cw Imº-kv, hm°mSv ]n.-H, Xncq¿ ˛ 676 502
km£y-]{Xw
"".....................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................'' F∂ {]_‘w Fs‚
ta¬t\m-´Ø
- n¬ .................................................. sNbvX X\Xv ]T-\a
- m-sW∂v
km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
ÿew : Xncq¿ H∏v

XnbXn : .................... am¿K-\n¿tZ-iI
- s‚ t]cv
]cn-tim-[-Is‚ H∏v
65
IS-∏mSv
{]kvXpX Kth-j-W-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±iw \¬Inb s{]m^-k¿

........................................................................................ ]pkvXI
- ß
- ƒ \¬Inb ae-
bm-fk
- ¿h-Ie
- m-ime sse{_-dn, ]T-\t- ØmSv Bflm¿∞-ambn kl-I-
cn® A≤ym-]I
- ¿, kvt\ln-X¿ XpSßn F√m-h¿°pw lrZbw \nd™
IrX-⁄X
- {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p.
ÿew: Xncq¿
XnbXn: hnZym¿∞nbpsS H∏v
hnZym¿∞n-bpsS t]cv
66
MU FS 10422 kn\n-abpw `c-W-Iq-Shpw
bqWn‰v 1
kn\na ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Bhn-jvIm-chpw {]Xy-b-imkv{X kzm[o-\hpw,
hy‡n ˛ kaqlw ˛ kmaq-ly-L-S\ ˛ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ ˛ kmwkvIm-
cnI CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw s{]m∏-Km‚-bp-ambn amdp∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ aXw ˛ PmXn ˛
h¿§w ˛ `qan ˛ kmaq-ly-t_m-[-ß-fpsS AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ kn\n-a-bn¬
bqWn‰v 2
BZy- I me kn\n- a - I fpw A[n- I m- c - h ¿§/k¿°m¿ \nb- { ¥- W - ß fpw ˛
sk≥k¿jn∏v F∂ Bibw ˛ Ne-®n-{X-hy-h-km-b-ß-fpsS tÃ‰vXe \nb-{¥-
W-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ, Bhn-jvImckzmX{¥yw ˛ P\m-[n-]Xy/GIm-[n-]Xy-`-c-W-IqS
hyhÿnXn-bn¬. IΩyq-WnÃv `c-W-Øn≥ Iognse kn\na (bp.-F-kv.-F-kv.-
B¿. Ing-°≥ bqtdm∏v apX-em-b-h) tlmfn-hp-Un-sebpw em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°-bn-
sebpw Ne-®n{X \b-ßƒ ˛ bqtdm-∏nse sk≥k¿jn-∏v.
bqWn‰v 3
sImtfm-Wn-b¬ ImesØ C¥y≥ kn\na ˛ kn\n-am- F≥Izbdn IΩn‰n
dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ˛ sk≥k¿jn∏v ˛ kzmX{¥ym-\-¥-c-Im-esØ hnI-k-\-ßƒ,
sF.-_n. a{¥m-ebw, kn\n-abv°v _m[-I-amb am[ya \nbaßƒ ˛ ss]dkn,
ssk_¿ \nb- { ¥- W - ß ƒ, CBFC bpsS cq]- h ¬°- c - W - h pw kz`m- h hpw ˛
sk≥k¿jn∏v \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-amb Nne kn\n-a-Ifpw Imc-W-ßfpw.
bqWn‰v 4
tÃ‰v F∂ Ne-®n-{X-\n¿Ωm-Xmhv (^n-enwkv Unhn-j≥ F≥.-F-^v.Un.-kn) tÃ‰v
F∂ Iem-aq-ey-ap≈ kn\n-a-bpsS {]Nm-c-I≥ (tZ-iob kwÿm\-N-e-®n{X
Ahm¿UpIƒ) kwÿm\ Ne-®n-{X-hn-I-k-\-tIm¿∏-td-j≥ ˛ k_vknUn-Iƒ,
{]N-c-Ww.
67
bqWn‰v 5
`c-W-Iq-S-sa∂ ss]XrI kq£n-∏p-Im-c≥ (^nenw B¿t°hvkv) C¥y≥
sk≥k¿jn∏v \nb-a-Ønse khn-tij hyh-ÿ-Iƒ.
klm-bI
- {- K-Ÿß
- ƒ
Bhaumika, Someúvara. 2012. Cinema and censorship. Orient Blackswan
McWhirter, A. 2016. Film Criticism and Digital Cultures: Journalism, Social Media
and the Democratisation of Opinion. London:IB Tauris.
Kolker, R. P. 2015. Film, form, and culture. New York:Routledge.
Hill, W.J. & Kevin Rockett (eds.) (2005). Film history and national cinema. Ireland:
Four Courts Press.
Rabiger, M. 2013. Directing: film techniques and aesthetics. Focal Press
68
MU FS 10423 BtKm-f-kn-\na
bqWn-‰v 1
BtKmf kn\na F∂ Bibw ˛ Zzµz-ßƒ ˛ Ne-®n-{X-kw-kvImcw ˛ tlmfn-
hpUpw BtKm- f - k n- \ n- a bpw ˛ BI¿j- W - ß - f psS kn\na - ˛ bqtdm- ] y≥
bp≤hpw tlmfn-hp-Uns‚ DZ-bhpw ˛ ¢mkn-°¬ tlmfn-hpUv ˛ kmln-Xyhpw
tlmfn-hpUv kn\n-abpw, k_vss‰-‰n-enwKpw BtKm-f-kn-\n-abpw ˛ tlmfn-hp-
Uns‚ A[o-iXzw.
bqWn-‰v 2
t•m_¬ tlmfn-hpUv ˛ Xmc-ßfpw ÃpUntbm amXr-I-Ifpw ˛ shtÃ¨ satem
{Uma ˛ Ãm¿ knÃw ˛ Xmcm-cm-[\ ˛ Xmc-kw-kvImcw ˛ akvIp-en-\n‰n ˛ tamtU-
Wn‰n ˛ tlmfn-hpUv X{¥-ßƒ˛ hnh¿Ø\hpw hm¿∏v amXr-I-Ifpw, sSIv\n
If¿ ˛ kn\nam kvtIm∏v ˛ kv‰ocntbm t^mWn°v ku≠v ˛ kvs]jy¬ F^vIv‰v
kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ ko°z-ep-Iƒ ˛ sSen-hn-j≥ ImesØ tlmfn-hpUv kn\na ˛
{Xn Un ˛ sshUv kv{Io≥ ˛ ÃpUn-tbm-I-fpsS AkvX-a\w.
bqWn‰v 3
aq∂mw kn\na
\n¿h-N\w "aq∂mw temIw' F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ XpS-°w, ]cn-Wmaw ˛ aq∂mw
kn\na F∂ Bibw ˛ tkmem-\-kv, sK‰n-t\m, t•m_¿ tdmj, km©n-\-kv,
Dukvas\ skw_s\ XpS-ßn-bh - c- psS kw`m-h\
- I
- ƒ ˛ kn\nam t\mthm, kn\na
Hm^v t]mh¿ń, s\{Kn-‰yqUv XpS-ßnb Bi-bßƒ, am\n-s^-tÃm-Iƒ
tZio-b-kn-\na F∂ Bi-bw, Ncn{X ˛ cmPym-¥-c-kn-\na ({Sm≥kv \mj-W¬
kn\n-a) ˛ {]hmkn kn\na (U-bkvs]md kn\n-a), FIvssk¬ kn\n-a. {Intbmƒ
kn\na XpS-ßnb hnIm-k-ßƒ.
bpWn‰v 4
em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°≥ kn\na
{_ko¬, A¿P‚o-\, Nnen. s_mfo-hn-b, s]dp, saIvknt°m XpS-ßnb {]tZ-
i-ß-fnse kn\n-a-Iƒ, B¿t{Xm dn_vkv{So≥, Im¿temkv tkmd, kn\nam
69
t\mthm ˛ skw_-s\bpw \h B{^n-°≥ kn\n-a-bp-sS DZ-bhpw ˛ a{Kn_v
kn\na ˛ CuPn-]v‰nse kn\na ˛ {Kntbm´v F∂ Bibw ˛ ka-Im-eo\ B{^n-
°≥ kn\na ˛ bqk^v Nmln-s\, kpsse-am≥ knkvsk, A{Zn-am≥ knmt°m
XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`-mh-\-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 5
I¨t•m-a-td‰v Ime-L´w ˛ \h-tlm-fn-hpUv kwkvImcw ˛ AXn-am-\p-jnI kn\n-
a-Iƒ ˛ \h-ªm°v kn\na ˛ ^m‚kn kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ t]mÃv lyqa-\nÃv kn\na
˛ ]kn¬ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ tlmw hoUntbm ˛ tlmfn-hpUv _Z-ep-Iƒ ˛ B¿´v
kn\nam {]ÿm-\-ßƒ ˛ ^nenw kvIqƒ P\-td-j≥ ˛ HmX¿ tlmfn-hp-Un¬ ˛
s^Ãnh¬ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ {][m\ Ne-®n{X ]pc-kvIm-c-ßƒ ˛ A-°m-Z-an
Ahm¿Uv ˛ Ne- ® n- { X- t a- f - I ƒ ˛ UnPn- ‰ ¬ kn\n- a bpw sh√p- h n- f n- I fpw ˛
C ˛ kn\na.
klm-bI{KŸ-ßƒ
a[p, Cd-h-¶-c, 2010, _m¿en hb-ep-Isf De-bv°p∂ Im‰v, tIm´-bw: kmln-Xy-
{]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw.
a[p, Cd-h-¶-c, 2012, temI-kn-\n-a-bpsS aq∂mw IÆv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥
]ªn-tjgvkv.
Anthony, R. Gunaretne and Wimal Dissanayake (Eds), 2003, Rethinking Third Cinema,
London: Routledge.
Armbrust, Walter, 2000, Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in
the Middle East and Beyond, Berkeley & Los Angeles, University of California Press.
Armes, Roy, 1987, Third World Film Making and the West, Berkeley & Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
Austin, T., & Barker, M. 2003. Contemporary Hollywood Stardom. London: Arnold.
Barnouw, Erik, 1993, Documentary: A History of the non-fiction Film, Oxford University
Press.
Burnett, M. T. 2013. Shakespeare and World cinema. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Burton, Julianne, (Ed), 1986, Cinema and Social Change in Latin America:
Conversation with Filmmakers, Austin, University of Texas Press.
Elizabeth, Ezra and Terry Rowden (eds), 2006, Transnational Cinema: The Film
Reader, London: Routledge.
Fanon, Frantz, 1963/1961, The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Weidenfield.
Galeano, Eduardo, 1973/1971, Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the
Pillage of a continent, New York: Monthly Review Press.
Geoffrey, Novell Smith, (ed), 1999, The Oxford History of World Cinema, Oxford
University Press.
Grieveson, L. & Colin MacCabe. 2011. Empire and Film. London: British Film Institute.
Hudelet, A., Monaghan, D., & Wiltshire, J. 2009. The Cinematic Jane Austen: Essays
on the Filmic Sensibility of the Novels. North Carolina: McFarland
70
Julianne, Burton, (ed), 1997, The Social Documentary in Latin America, University of
Pittsburgh Press.
Karl, Schoonover, Rosalind Galt, 2000, Global Art Cinema: New Theories and
Histories, London & New York: King John Magical Reels.
King John, Sheila Whitaker and Rosa Bosch (Eds.), 2000, An Argentine Passion:
Maria Luisa Bemberg and her Films, London: Verso.
Lovell, A. & Gianluca Sergi,. 2005. Making Films in Contemporary Hollywood.
London: Hodder Arnold.
Mac Donald, Kevin K., Mark Cousins, 1996, Imagining Reality: The Faber Book of
Documentary, London: Faber and Faber.
Martin, Michael, T., (Ed), 1997, New Latin American Cinema, (2 Vols), Detroit, Wayne
State University Press,
Michael, Chanan, 2007, The Politics of Documentary, London: British Film Institute.
Pines, Jim and Paul Willemen, (Eds), 1989, Questions of Third Cinema, London:
British Film Institute.
Ray, Satyajit, 1994, Our Films, Their Films, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
Shohat, Ella and Robert Stam, 1994, Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and
the Media, London: Routledge.
71
MU FS 10424 Gjy≥ kn\na
bqWn‰v 1
Gjy≥ kn\n-ab
- psS s]mXp-[m-cI
- ƒ
tZi-Ø-\na ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI Nn”-ßƒ, bYm-X-Y-Xzw, tlmfn-hpUv kn\n-a-I-
tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-tcm-[w, aq∂mw kn\n-a-bpsS kzXzw, Gjy≥ kn\n-a ˛ {]Xn-k-
‘n-Ifpw AXn-Po-h-\-hpw.
bpWn‰v 2
]q¿thjy≥ kn\na
Pm∏-\okv kn\n-abv°v Hcm-apJw, Pm∏-\okv \yqthhv kn\n-a-bnse bp≤-Ime
hocyw ˛ kap-dmbn, \nwP, I_q°n, t\mlv, amtKm F∂n-h-bpsS kzm[o\w,
Pm∏-\okv B\n-sa. ssN\okv kn\na, B‚n ssd‰nÃv hnπh kn\n-a-Iƒ,
kmwkvIm-cnI hnπ-hhpw \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw, 90 Ifnse hmWn-Py-h-XvI-c-Ww,
tlmt¶mßnse P\-{]n-b- kn-\na˛¢mkn-°¬ Ime-L-´w˛I¨tSm-Wnkv kn\n-
a˛am¿jy¬ B¿Svkv kn\n-a, Xmbvhm\okv \yq kn\n-a. ^nen-ss∏≥kv kn\n-
a. sImdn-b≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ.
bpWn‰v 3
Z£n-tW-jy≥ kn\na
C≥tUm-t\-jy≥ tZiob kn\n-a-I-fpsS DZbw ˛ {]ta-b-ßƒ ˛ Xmbvem‚ v ˛
^nen-ss∏≥kv ˛ _w•mtZiv, {ioe-¶, aym≥am¿, `q´m≥, hnb-‰v\mw, Itºm-Un-
b kn\n-a-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 4
]›ntajy≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ 1
72
Cdm-\n-b≥ kn\na ˛ hnπ-h-Øn\v tij-ap≈ GIo-I-cWw ˛ Inb-d-tÃm-an,
aJva¬_^v, aPoZv aPo-Zn, Pm^¿ ]m\m-ln, Cdm°v ˛ Ip¿Zn-ÿm≥ ˛ Xp¿°n
kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ CuPn-]vjy≥ ˛ kndn-b≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ
bqWn‰v 5
]›ntajy≥ kn\na-Iƒ 2
Ad_v kn\na, ]e-kvXo≥, se_-\≥, kn\n-a-I-fpsS DZbw, hnImkw ˛ Feo
kpsse-am≥, ˛ S¿°n ˛ C{km-tb¬ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ ]mIn-ÿm≥, Ikm-°n-ÿm≥,
tPm¿Pnb ˛ A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥ ˛ A¿ao-\n-b≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ.
klm-bI{KŸ-ßƒ
kmP≥ sXcp-h-∏p-g, 2013, Pm∏\okv kn\na, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Heohv ]ªn-
t°-j≥kv.
a[p, Cd-h-¶-c, 2010, _m¿en hb-ep-Isf De-bv°p∂ Im‰v, tIm´-bw: kmln-Xy-
{]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw.
a[p, Cd-h-¶-c, 2012, temI-kn-\n-a-bpsS aq∂mw IÆv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥
]ªn-tjgvkv.
Anthony, R. Gunaretne and Wimal Dissanayake (Eds), 2003, Rethinking Third
Cinema, London: Routledge.
Armbrust, Walter, 2000, Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in
the Middle East and Beyond, Berkeley & Los Angeles, University of California
Press.
Armes, Roy, 1987, Third World Film Making and the West, Berkeley & Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
Berry, Chris and Feii Lu, (eds.). 2005. Island On The Edge: Taiwan New Cinema And
After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Berry, Chris, (ed.). 2008. Chinese Films in Focus II. London: BFI,.
Bordwell, David. 2000. Planet Hong Kong: Popular Cinema and the Art of
Entertainment. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
Chaubey, A. K.& Ashvin I. Devasundaram (eds.). 2017. South Asian Diasporic
Cinema and Theatre: Re-Visiting Screen and Stage in the New Millennium. Rawat
Publications
Cui, Shuqin. 2003. Women Through the Lens: Gender and Nation in a Century of
Chinese Cinema. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Dabashi, Hamid, 2001, Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present and Future, London:
Verso.
Elizabeth, Ezra and Terry Rowden (eds), 2006, Transnational Cinema: The Film
Reader, London: Routledge.
73
Hill W. John and Pamela Chiurch Gibson, Richard Dyer (Eds), 2000, World Cinema:
Critical Approaches, Oxford University Press.
Hunt, Leon, and Leung, Wing- Fai, ed. 2008. East Asian Cinemas: Exploring
Transnational Connections on Film. London: I.B. Tauris.
Issa, Rose and Sheila Whitaker (Eds), 1991, Life and Art: The New Iranian Cinema,
London: British Film Institute.
James, David E. and Kyung Hyun Kim, (eds.). 2002. Im Kwon- Taek: The Making of a
Korean National Cinema. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Kam Louie and Morris Low, ed. 2003. Asian Masculinities: The Meaning and Practice
of Manhood in China and Japan. London: Routledge Curzon.
Karl, Schoonover, Rosalind Galt, 2000, Global Art Cinema: New Theories and
Histories, London & New York: King John Magical Reels.
Kim, Kyung Hyun. 2011. Virtual Hallyu: Korean Cinema of the Global Era. North
Carolina: Duke University Press.
Lu, Sheldon H. and Emily Yueh- yu Yeh (ed.). 2005. Chinese- Language Film:
Historiography, Poetics, Politics. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Sabine Hake and Barbara Mennel. 2012. Turkish-German Cinema in the New
Millenium. Berghahan Books.
Shafik, Viola, 2000, Arab Cinema: History and Cultural Identity, Cairo: The American
University in Cairo Press.
Tapper, Richard, 2002, The New Iranian Cinema: Politics, Representation and
Identity, Ib Tauris.
74
75
]co£ ˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ; hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
A[y-b\ am[y-ahpw ]co-£b

- pw
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ GXp tImgvkn-
s‚bpw A[y-b\ am[yaw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]co-£bpw aebmfØn-
em-bn-cn-°pw.
{]_-‘w, t{]mP-Œv, ô¬Uvh¿°v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xpw
ae-bm-fØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.
]co£ hyhÿ
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse F√m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ska-
Ã¿ hyh- ÿ - b n¬ {Iao- I - c n®v \nc- ¥ - c - B`y- ¥ - c - a q- e y- \ n¿W- b w \SØn,
tNmbvkv t_bvkvUv s{IUn‰v B‚ v ska-Ã¿ (CBCS) hyhÿbmWv ]n≥Xp-
Scp∂Xv.
aqey\n¿Wbw
B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw 20%
a[yska-Ã¿ ]co£ 20%
ska-Ã-d¥y ]co£ 60%
B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw
]T-\a
- n-Ihv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂Xpw c≠p-Xc- Ø
- n-emWv.
XpS¿]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fn-eqsSbp≈ B`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw ska-Ã¿ Ah-km\
]co-£m-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-w. Hcp tImgvkvImem-h-[n-°p-≈n¬ \nc-¥-c-ambn Hcp
hnZym¿∞nsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v 40 am¿°m-Wv. tImgvkv \S-Øp∂ A[ym-
]-I¿ XmsgImWn-°p∂ Xe-ßfn-emWv A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-tØ-≠-Xv.
lmP¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v
a[y-sk-a-Ã¿ ]co£ ˛ 20 am¿°v
Ass≥sa‚ v ˛ 10 am¿°v
skan-\m¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v
BsI ˛- 40 am¿°v
lmP¿
lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-hmsW-¶n¬ ska-Ã¿ A¥y-]-co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A\p-
h-Zn-°p-∂-X-√.
76
Hmtcm hnj-bhpw ]Tn-∏n°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿ lmP¿ kq£n°p∂Xm-Wv.
lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-™-h-cpsS t]cv t\mókv t_m¿Un¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-w.
lmP¿ \ne 65% apI-fnepw 75% Xmsg-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v saUn-°¬
k¿ń-^n-°-‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]co£ Fgp-Xm≥ Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°pw.
lmP¿ 65% Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°v Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw ]co-£- Fgp-Xm≥
A-\p-hmZw sImSp-°p∂X√.-
a[y-sk-aÃ
- ¿ ]co£
ska-Ã¿ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp B`y-¥c ]co£ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ass≥sa‚ v
a[y- s k- a - Ã ¿ ]co- £ bv ° v apºmbn hnZym¿∞nIƒ Ass≥sa- ‚ v
ka¿∏n®ncn-°-Ww.
skan-\m¿
F√m ska-Ã-dnepw F√m- hn-j-b-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS skan-\m¿ \n¿_-
‘-amWv.
AXXp hn-jbw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I¿ tNmZy-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]co£m ]cn-
tim-[-I-cm-Im\pw A¿l-cm-Wv.
hIp-∏-≤y-£≥, AXXv hnj-bw ]-Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I≥, Uo≥ ip]m¿i
sNøp∂ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ Hc-≤ym-]-I≥ F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ ]m\en\mWv sshhm,
{]mŒn-°¬ F∂o ]co-£-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e.
tNmZy°S-em-kns‚ LS\
Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw Xøm-dm-°p∂ tNmZy-°-S-em-kn¬ hnhn[ `mK-ßƒ D≠m-
bn-cn-°pw. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ Hcp am¿°v hoX-ap≈ 10 tNmZy-ßƒ.
c≠mw `mK-Øn¬ A©p-am¿°p-ho-X-ap≈ 8 tNmZy-ßfn¬ \n∂v Bsd-Æ-Øn\v
DØcw Fgp-X-Ww.
aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬ 10 am¿°v hoX-ap≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cs≠-Æ-Øn-
\p-Ø-c-sa-gp-X-W-sa∂mWv \n_-‘-\-.
]co£m kabw ˛ 60 am¿°n-\p-≈ ]co-£m-k-abw aq∂p aWn-°q-dmbn \nP-
s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cn°p-∂p.
a[yska-Ã¿ ]co-£bv°v samØw kne-_kns‚ 50% ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-
bp≈XmWv tNmZy-t]-∏-¿. A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-
°pw tNmZy-t]-∏¿.
ska-Ãd¥y ]-co-£-bv°p≈ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ kne-_kv apgp-h≥ Dƒs∏-Spw.
77
kne-_-knse F√m bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tNmZy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
F√m ska-Ã-dnepw B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw _mly-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw
\n¿_-‘-am-Wv. Ah-km\ ska-Ã¿ ]co-£-bpsS tNmZym-hen ]q¿Æ-ambpw
]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈ A≤ym-]-I-cmIpw Xøm-dm-°pI.
{]mIvSn-°¬ hnj-b-ßƒ, t{]mPIv‰v dnt∏m¿´v, {]_‘w XpS-ßn-b-hbpw B`y-
¥c _mly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°pw.
`n∂-tijn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°p≈ ]co£m klm-bw

aq∂p aWn-°q-dp≈ ]co-£-bn¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ kabw A[n-I-ambn ImgvN-˛-
{ihW ]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v e`n-°pw.
]mm-Im≥ th≠ 40% am¿°v GsX-¶nepw kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ e`n-°msX h∂m¬
Cu hn- Z ym¿∞n- I ƒ°v G.O. (Ms.)No:13/2013/H.Edn. Dated 16.01.2013 {]Imcw
samØw am¿°ns‚ 25% tamU-td-j≥ A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂X - mWv.
k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw bYm-k-abw ]co£m hyh-
ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øpw.
t{KUv \n›-bn-°¬
B`y-¥c -˛- _mly aqey\n¿W-b-Øn-\p-tijw AXXv hn`m-K-ß-fnse A≤ym-
]-Ik- a- n-Xnbpw ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp∂ ]cn-tim-[I
- cpw tN¿∂ kan-Xn-bmWv Hmtcm
tImgvkn-s‚bpw icm-i-cn-am¿°v \nP-s∏-SpØn t{KUv \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. O, A+, A,
B+, B, C+, C, F, AB F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvX t{KUp-I-fp≠v. F tXm¬hnsb kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂p. C bpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ t{KUp-Ifpw hnP-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂p. XpS-¿∂p≈ aqey-\n¿W-bhpw ska-Ã¿ Ah-km\ ]co-£m-^-ehpw kwbp-
‡-ambn IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv t{KUv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. H∏w Xs∂, Hcp hnj-
b-Øn¬ Pbn® Ipń-I-fpsS am¿°ns‚ icm-i-cn-bpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°pw.
t{KUv t{KUv t]mbn‚ v % am¿°v
O 10 100 %
A+ 9 90 - 99.9 %
A 8 80 - 89.9 %
B+ 7 70 - 79.9 %
B 6 60 - 69.9 %
C+ 5 50 - 59.9 %
C 4 40 - 49.9 %
F 0 Less than 40
AB 0 Absent
t{KUv t]mbn‚pw, s{IUn‰v t]mbn‚pw Xmsg-Im-Wn°pw {]Imcw IW-°n-se-
Sp-°-Ww.
78
Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ icm-icn t{KUv Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ coXn
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw/tImgvkn\pw t\Sp∂ t{KUns\ AXXv hnj-b-Øns‚
s{IUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆwsIm≠v KpWn-®p-In-´p∂ êamWv B hnj-b-Øns‚
s{IUn-‰v t]mbn‚ v. F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ambn e`n-°p∂ s{IUn‰v t]mbn‚ v
samØw t\Snb s{IUn-‰p-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p-∂-XmWv SGPA.
SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)

Hcp ska-Ã-dnse icm-icn t{KUv t]mbn‚ v (SGPA) IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg-]-
dbpw {]Im-camWv.
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw t\Sp∂ s{IUn‰v t]mbn‚ v Iqń In´p∂ êsØ B
ska-Ã-dn¬ t\Sp∂ samØw s{IUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂
ê-amWv SGPA.
SGPA (Si) = S (Ci x Gi) / SCi
Ci - Hmtcm tImgvknsebpw s{IUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw.
Gi - Hmtcm tImgvknepw t\Sp∂ t{KUv.
Course Credit Grade letter Grade point Credit Point

(Credit x Grade)
Course 1 4 A 8 4 x 8 = 32
+
Course 2 4 B 7 4 x 7 = 28
Course 3 4 B 6 4 x 6 = 24
+
Course 4 4 C 5 4 x 5 = 20
Course 5 4 C 4 4 x 4 = 16
20 120
Thus, SGPA = 120/20= 6

CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average)
Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw t\Sp∂ s{IUn‰v t]mbn‚ns\ B

ska- Ã - d n¬ t\Snb SGPA AXp- h sc t\Snb samØw s{IUn- ‰ p- I - f psS
FÆwsIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂ ê-amWv CGPA.
CGPA =S(Ci x Si)/SCi
Si - tImgvkns‚ SGPA
Ci - ska-Ã-dnse samØw s{IUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw

Semester - 1 Semester - 2 Semester - 3 Semester - 4
Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20
SGPA : 6.9 SGPA : 7.8 SGPA : 5.6 SGPA : 6.0
79
-t\Sp∂ hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ°v UnÃn-wKvj-t\m-Sp-IqSnb ^Ãv¢mkpw,
CGPA 10, 9
9¬ Xmsg 6.5 hsc ^Ãv¢mkpw 5 apX¬ 6.5 hsc hcp- ∂ - h ¿°v
sk°‚ v¢mkpw, 4 apX¬ 5 hsc-bp-≈-h¿°v tX¿Uv ¢mkp-amWv e`n-°p-I.
]co-£m-ê{]Jym-]\w
]co-£-I-gn™v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ c≠m-gvN-°p-≈n¬ hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ ]co-
£m-êw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-pw. êw{]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®v, aq∂p {]hr-Øn-Zn-hk
- ß
- ƒ°p-
≈n¬ ]cm-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hIp-∏≤ - y-£s\ tcJm-aqew ]cmXn Adn-bn-
t°-≠X - m-Wv. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kz¥w DØ-c-°-S-emkv ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-
ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]cm-Xn- D∂-bn® hnZym¿∞nsb A≤ym-]I kan-Xn-bpsS ap∂n¬
hnfn-®p-h-cpØn ]cmXn t\cn¬tI´v hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ DNn-X-amb ]cn-lmcw
ImWpw. XpS¿∂pw hnZym¿∞n°v ]cm-Xn-bp-s≠-¶n¬, CBCS sk√n¬ ]cmXn
\¬Imw. CBCS Ub-d-IvS¿/]co-£m-I¨t{Sm-f-dpsS \S-]Sn A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
am¿°v jo‰v/t{KUv Im¿Uv

k¿h-I-em-imebpsS kotem-Sp-Iq-Snb AwKo-IrX am¿°v jo‰v/t{KUv Im¿Uv
F√m ska-Ã-dn-s‚bpw dnk¬‰mbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \¬Ipw. am¿°v jo‰n¬/
t{KUv Im¿Un¬ hnh-c-ßƒ c≠p-`m-j-bn¬ (ae-bm-f-Øn-epw, Cw•o-jn-epw)
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-pw.
s{]mtam-j≥
a[y- sk-a-Ã¿ ]co-£, skan-\m¿, Assk≥sa‚ v F∂o am\-Z-fi-ßƒ
]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-h¿ tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xmbn Icp-Xp-I-bn-√. Ahsc
A¥y ]co£ Fgp-Xm-\-\p-h-Zn-°-p-Ibn√. AØcw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]p\x-{]-
th-i\w t\S-Ww. ASpØ ska-Ã-dn¬ B tImgvkp-s≠-¶n¬ AXn¬ tNcmw,
As√-¶n¬ ]pXnb tImgvkn¬ tNtc-≠n-hcpw.
e`n-°p∂ t{KUv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°n√.
tImgvkv Pbn-°p-hm≥ 40% am¿°v e`n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. tXm‰ hnj-bß
- f
- psS t{KUv,
t{KUv Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xm-Wv.
]p\x]-cn-tim-[\
DØ-c-°-S-emkv ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ Bh-iy-am-b-h¿ ]co-£m-êw {]kn-≤o-I-
cn®v Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ \n›nX ôk-S®v cko-Xn-s\m∏w I¨t{Sm-f¿°v
At]£ \¬IWw. B ]cn-tim-[-\m-êw A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
]co£m Xnb-Xn-Iƒ
F√m -]-co-£-I-fp-sSbpw Xnb-Xn-Iƒ A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ t\ctØ {]Jym-
80
]n-°pw. Hcn-°¬ Ie-≠-dn¬ {]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xn-Iƒ am‰p-∂-X-√.
]co£m {Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ
Xmsg ]d-bp-∂ Imcy-ßƒ ]co£m{Ia-t°-Sp-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p∂Xm-Wv.
1. A°m- Z - a nIv Ie- ≠ - d n¬ {]Jym- ] n® ]co- £ m- Xn- b - X nbpw, ]co£m
kabhpw \n¿_-‘-amtbm kzm[o\w sNep-Øntbm am‰m≥ {ian-°p-I.
2. ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sctbm A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm
òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, \n¿t±-i-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
3. ]co£m kq{]-≠ns\ [n°-cn-°pI, A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.
4. ]co£m kq{]-≠n-s\-tbm, ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-
I-sc-tbm, A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm kzm[o-\n-°pI.
5. kpK-a-amb ]co£m \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-Xw kr„n-°pI.
6. ]co-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ, samss_¬ t^m¨, a‰v Ce-
Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]I-cW-ßƒ F∂nh A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]co£m apdn-bn¬
sIm≠p-h-cn-I.
7. ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-I, Is≠-gp-Xp-I, DØ-c-°-S-emkv At\ym\yw ssIam-
dpI, ssIam-dm≥ {ian-°p-I, ]co-£-sb-gp-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-
I, \n›nX ka-b-Øn\p ap≥]v ]co£m apdn-bn¬ {]th-in®v tai-bnepw
Nph-cnepw Ccn-∏n-S-Ønepw Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-gp-Xp-I, ]co£m thf-bn¬ N¿®-
sN-øpI, Bƒam-dm´w, \n¿±njvS ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX amdn-
bn-cn-°pI, ]co£ _ln-jvI-cn-°pI hgn ]co-£bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-
Øn- ∏ n\v hnLm- X - a p- ≠ m- h p- ∂ as‰- s ¥- ¶ nepw {]hrØn- I ƒ F∂nh
A®S°ewL-\-ambn IW-°m°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
]co£m {Ia-t°-Sp-ambn _‘s∏´ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]co-£m A®-S°
kan-XnbmWv ssIImcyw sNøp-I. ]co£m tI{µ-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw kml-N-
cy-Øn¬, kºq¿W {Iat°Sv \S-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬, B ]co£ Akm-
[p-hm-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°p≠v. ]p\x-]-co£ \n¿t±-in-
°m\pw {Ia-t°-Sn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc A®-S-°-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m\pw
sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.
]co£m {Ia-t°-Sp-If
- psS Xo{hXb\p-kcn®v in£m-\S- ]
- S- n-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°p∂XmWv
1. taen¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-√m-sb-∂p-d-∏p-\¬Ip∂
km£y-]{Xw hnZym¿∞n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn®v hm-ßp-∂Xm-Wv.
2. {Ia-t°Sv \S-Ønb hnj-b-Ønse am¿°pw, t{KUpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-I.
3. B ska-Ã-dnse apgp-h≥ ]co-£-I-fnepw am¿°pw t{KUpw Ipd-hp hcp-
81
ØpI.
4. {Ia-t°Sv \S-Øn-b hnj-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ t{KUv \¬Ip-I.
5. B ska-Ã-dnse F√m ]co-£-I-fnepw Ipd™ t{KUv \¬IpI.
6. B ska-Ã-dnse XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂sXm-gn-hm-°pI.
7. AUvan-j≥ Akm-[p-hm-°pI.
8. \n›nX Ime-tØ°v as‰mcp ÿeØpw ]T-\-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°mØ
Xc-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°pI.
9. ÿnc-ambn Hcn-SØpw {]th-i\w e`n-°m-Ø-X-c-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-ime
hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-I.
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ am¿K-tcJ
1. ska-Ã¿ Ah-km-\-]-co£ Fgp-Xm≥ 75% lmP¿ \n¿_-‘-am-Wv, Hmtcm
hnj-b-Øn\pw Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw 75% lmP¿ Cs√-¶n¬ ]co£ Fgp-
Xm- \ p≈ tbmKyX D≠m- h n- √ . ]pXnb ska- Ã ¿ ôk- S ®v ska- Ã ¿
Bh¿Øn-°ms\ C°q-´¿°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≈q. G-sX-¶nepw hnj-b-Øn\v
75% lmP-dn¬ Ipd-hp-s≠-¶n¬ B hnjbØn¬ ]T\w ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-
t°-≠n-hcpw.
2. Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ Ipd-™Xv 16 s{IUn‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hsc ASpØ
ska-Ã-dn-te-°p≈ ÿm\-°-b‰w A\p-h-Zn-°n-√.
3. apJy tImgvkp-I-fn-epw, sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ska-Ã¿ Ah-km\ ]co-
£-bn¬ tXm¬°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kπn-sa‚dn ]co£ A\p-h-
Zn°pw.
4. kπn-sa‚dn ]co£bnepw tXm‰m¬ tImgvkm-h¿Øn-°ms\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-
I-bp-≈q. AXm-b-Xv, ho≠pw B`y-¥c -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-tI-
≠-Xp-≠v. B tImgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v ]ns∂ \S-Øp-tºmƒ B hnZym¿∞n
tN¿∂v ]Tn-°-Ww. sF—nI hnj-b-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ ]gb tImgvkv hn´v
]pXnb tImgvkv sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°pw.
5. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hcpw tImgvkv tXm‰-hcpw tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-
°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn At]-£n-°-Ww. k¿h-I-em-ime \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v
hnt[-b-amtb tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈q. hIp-∏-≤y-£-
\mWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≈pI.
6. Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ kml-N-cy-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.F. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-
bm-°m-\mbn 8 ska-Ã¿ hsc am{Xsa \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn
A\p-h-Zn-°p-bp-≈q. k¿h-I-em-im-ebv°v t_m[yw-h-cp∂ Imc-W-ß-f-Sn-
ÿm-\-am°n Bbn-cn°pw A\p-aXn \¬IpI. Sn.kn. hmßn Ign-™n-´p-
s≠-¶n¬ Cu Cfhv A°q-´¿°v _m[-I-ambn-cn-°n-√.
82
7. sF—n-Ih - n-jb- ß- ƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv A°m-Za
- nI D]-tZ-iI
- c
- p-sS \n¿t±-
i-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
8. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 20 s{IUn-‰n¬ IqSp-X¬ apJy-hn-j-b-ßƒ ]Tn-°m-\-\p-
h-Zn-°n-√. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 8 s{IUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ßƒ
am{Xta Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°q.
9. {]_-‘-apƒs∏sS apJy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 60 s{IUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-ßƒ
\n¿_-‘-ambpw ]Tn-®n-cn-°-Ww. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 12 s{IUn-‰p-
Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-ßƒ ]Tn-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. samØw 72 (60+12)
s{IUn‰v t\SWw. ]T-\-an-Ihv ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿°v 80 s{IUn-‰p-hsc A\p-
h-Zn-°pw.
10. B`y-¥c/_mly ê-sØ-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ êw {]kn-≤o-I-
cn®v aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tcJm-aqew hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°-Ww.
11. B`y-¥c ê-sØ-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I-tbm-K-Øn-\p-tijw hIp-∏-≤y£s‚
Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-Ipw. AXv A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
12. _mlyêsØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-I-fn-t∑-ep≈ hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚
Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ AXr-]vXn-bp-≈-h¿°v ta¬\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn ]cmXn CBCS
Ub-dI - vS¿/]co£m I¨t{Sm-f¿°v \¬Imw. Ub-dI - vS¿/]co£m I¨t{Sm-
fdpsS Xocp-am\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.
13. ska-Ã¿ Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn-\pap≥]v A≤ym-]-Isc hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. hIp-∏-≤y-£≥- \n›n-X-^mdw
hnX-cWw sNøpw.
14. \n›nX hnj--b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m ]mTy-]-≤Xn-sb-°pdn-t®m hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ°p≈ A`n-{]mbw/\n¿t±iw hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
83

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Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥

tUm. cmPohv taml≥ B¿.

n sI. tkXp-cm-a≥, "D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, sI´p-I-Y-

n imkv{X kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-tImiw

n Zriy-cq-]-I¬]-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI

bqWn‰v 5 (t{]mPIvSv ˛ 2 s{IUn-‰v)

cma-N-{µ≥\mb¿, ]∑\, (FUn.), Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\-ßƒ, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

bqWn‰v 4 & 5 (t{]m-PIvSv ˛ 2 s{IUn-‰v)

bqWn‰v 4 & 5 (t{]m-PIvSv ˛ 2 s{IUn-‰v)

MU FS 10314 Ne-®n-{Xw \h-am-[y-a-kµ¿`-Øn¬

MU FS 10316 Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ kºZvhyhÿ

{]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w: GsX-¶nepw Hcp Ne-®n-{X-Im-c-s‚tbm kao-]-Im-eØv

{][m-\-]m-Ty-hn-j-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´, Kth-jWkz`m-h-ap≈ Hcp {]_‘w

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v _ncp-

ÿew : Xncq¿ hnZym¿∞n-bpsS H∏v

ÿew : Xncq¿ H∏v

{]kvXpX Kth-j-W-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±iw \¬Inb s{]m^-k¿

A[y-b\ am[y-ahpw ]co-£b

`n∂-tijn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°p≈ ]co£m klm-bw

SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)

Course Credit Grade letter Grade point Credit Point

Thus, SGPA = 120/20= 6

Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw t\Sp∂ s{IUn‰v t]mbn‚ns\ B

Ci - ska-Ã-dnse samØw s{IUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw

am¿°v jo‰v/t{KUv Im¿Uv

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