ESTUDIO DE LA DUCTILIDAD DE UNA SECCION

SIMPLEMENTE ARMADA A FLEXION

1. Datos Generales:
b ≔ 40 Ancho de la viga
h ≔ 60 Altura de la viga
r≔5 Recubrimiento
d ≔ h - r = 55 Altura efectiva de la viga

2. Materiales:
Esfuerzo cedente
f'c ≔ 280 ――= 27.459 Resistencia del fy ≔ 4200 ――= 411.879 del acero de
2
concreto
2
refuerzo

Módulo de
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
⎛ ⎞
Ec ≔ ((15100)) ⋅
2
f'c ⎜―― = ⎛⎝2.478 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠ elasticidad del β1 ≔ 0.85
2 ⎟ concreto
⎝ ⎠

Módulo de Relación de
elasticidad del
Es módulos de
Es ≔ 2100000 ―― = ⎛⎝2.059 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ n ≔ ― = 8.311
2 acero Ec elasticidad

εy ≔ 0.002 Deformación cedente εcu ≔ 0.003 Deformación

del acero última del
concreto

3. Estudio: evaluar la variación de la ductilidad de la sección simplemente armada a flexión,

estableciendo una cuantía de acero de refuerzo a tracción, en función a la cuantía balanceada.

ρ1 ＝ 0.115 ⋅ ρb ρ2 ＝ 0.22 ⋅ ρb ρ3 ＝ 0.35 ⋅ ρb ρ4 ＝ 0.50 ⋅ ρb

Falla balanceada:

profundidad del
εcu ⋅ d eje neutro para la
cb ≔ ――― = 33
εy + εcu falla balanceada
 Area de acero
0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ β1 ⋅ cb ⋅ b 2 para la falla
Asb ≔ ―――――― = 63.58
fy balanceada

Asb
ρb ≔ ―― = 0.029 cuantía balanceada
b⋅d

Casos de análisis:

ρ1 ≔ 0.115 ⋅ ρb = 0.003 ρ2 ≔ 0.22 ⋅ ρb = 0.006

2 2
As1 ≔ ρ1 ⋅ b ⋅ d = 7.312 As2 ≔ ρ2 ⋅ b ⋅ d = 13.988

ρ3 ≔ 0.35 ⋅ ρb = 0.010 ρ4 ≔ 0.50 ⋅ ρb = 0.014

2 2
As3 ≔ ρ3 ⋅ b ⋅ d = 22.253 As4 ≔ ρ4 ⋅ b ⋅ d = 31.79

As1 = 7.312 2
Acero de refuerzo

4.1 Estudio de la condición de agrietamiento.

Asec1 ≔ b ⋅ h + ((n - 1)) As1 = ⎛⎝2.453 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2

Área de la sección equivalente.

h2
b ⋅ ―― + ((n - 1)) As1 ⋅ d
2
c1 ≔ ―――――――= 30.545 Profundidad del eje neutro.
Asec1
2 Inercia de la
b ⋅ h3 ⎛h ⎞ 2
seccion
ISE1 ≔ ――+ b ⋅ h ⋅ ⎜―- c1⎟ + ((n - 1)) ⋅ As1 ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c1⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝7.527 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ 4

12 ⎝2 ⎠ equivalente
respecto al eje
neutro.

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fr1 ≔ 2 ⋅ f'c ⋅ ――= 3.282 Módulo de rotura.
2
 fr1 1
ϕA1 ≔ ――――= 0.00045 ― Curvatura de agrietamiento.
Ec ⋅ ⎛⎝h - c1⎞⎠

fr1 ⋅ ISE1
MA1 ≔ ―――= 83.865 ⋅ Momento de agrietamiento.
⎛⎝h - c1⎞⎠

2
As2 = 13.988

Asec2 ≔ b ⋅ h + ((n - 1)) As2 = ⎛⎝2.502 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2

Área de la sección equivalente.

h2
b ⋅ ―― + ((n - 1)) As2 ⋅ d
2
c2 ≔ ―――――――= 31.022 Profundidad del eje neutro.
Asec2
2 Inercia de la
b ⋅ h3 ⎛h ⎞ 2
seccion
ISE2 ≔ ――+ b ⋅ h ⋅ ⎜―- c2⎟ + ((n - 1)) ⋅ As2 ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c2⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝7.813 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ 4

12 ⎝2 ⎠ equivalente
respecto al eje
neutro.

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fr2 ≔ 2 ⋅ f'c ⋅ ―― = 3.282 Módulo de rotura.
2

fr2 1
ϕA2 ≔ ――――= 0.00046 ― Curvatura de agrietamiento.
Ec ⋅ ⎛⎝h - c2⎞⎠

fr2 ⋅ ISE2
MA2 ≔ ―――= 88.487 Momento de agrietamiento.
⎛⎝h - c2⎞⎠

2
As3 = 22.253

Asec3 ≔ b ⋅ h + ((n - 1)) As3 = ⎛⎝2.563 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2

Área de la sección equivalente.

h2
b ⋅ ―― + ((n - 1)) As3 ⋅ d
2
c3 ≔ ―――――――= 31.587 Profundidad del eje neutro.
Asec3
2 Inercia de la
b ⋅ h3 ⎛h ⎞ 2
seccion
ISE3 ≔ ――+ b ⋅ h ⋅ ⎜―- c3⎟ + ((n - 1)) ⋅ As3 ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c3⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝8.152 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ 4

12 ⎝2 ⎠ equivalente
respecto al eje
neutro.

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fr3 ≔ 2 ⋅ f'c ⋅ ―― = 3.282 Módulo de rotura.
2

fr3 1
ϕA3 ≔ ――――= 0.00047 ― Curvatura de agrietamiento.
Ec ⋅ ⎛⎝h - c3⎞⎠
 fr3 ⋅ ISE3
MA3 ≔ ―――= 94.166 Momento de agrietamiento.
⎛⎝h - c3⎞⎠

2
As4 = 31.79

Asec4 ≔ b ⋅ h + ((n - 1)) As4 = ⎛⎝2.632 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2

Área de la sección equivalente.

h2
b ⋅ ―― + ((n - 1)) As4 ⋅ d
2
c4 ≔ ―――――――= 32.207 Profundidad del eje neutro.
Asec4
2 Inercia de la
b ⋅ h3 ⎛h ⎞ 2
seccion
ISE4 ≔ ――+ b ⋅ h ⋅ ⎜―- c4⎟ + ((n - 1)) ⋅ As4 ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c4⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝8.524 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ 4

12 ⎝2 ⎠ equivalente
respecto al eje
neutro.

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fr4 ≔ 2 ⋅ f'c ⋅ ―― = 3.282 Módulo de rotura.
2

fr4 1
ϕA4 ≔ ――――= 0.00048 ― Curvatura de agrietamiento.
⎛ ⎞
Ec ⋅ ⎝h - c4⎠

fr4 ⋅ ISE4
MA4 ≔ ―――= 100.661 Momento de agrietamiento.
⎛⎝h - c4⎞⎠

Hipótesis:

fc ⋅ c ⋅ b
＝――― Compresión. T ＝ As ⋅ fy Tracción.
2
 Estableciendo el equilibro de fuerzas T=C y la relación de deformaciones:

fc ⋅ c ⋅ b Ec ⋅ εc ⋅ c ⋅ b
――― ＝ As ⋅ fy fc ＝ Ec ⋅ εc ―――― ＝ As ⋅ fy
2 2

εc εy εy ⋅ c Ec ⋅ εy ⋅ c 2 ⋅ b
―＝ ―― εc ＝ ―― ――――＝ As ⋅ fy
c d-c d-c 2 ⋅ ((d - c))

Ecuación para determinar el eje neutro de la sección:

c 2 ⋅ ⎛⎝Ec ⋅ εy ⋅ b⎞⎠ + c ⋅ ⎛⎝2 ⋅ As ⋅ fy⎞⎠ - 2 ⋅ As ⋅ fy ⋅ d ＝ 0 A ⋅ c2 + B ⋅ c + D＝0

A1 ≔ Ec ⋅ εy ⋅ b = ⎛⎝1.982 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠ ―― A3 ≔ Ec ⋅ εy ⋅ b = ⎛⎝1.982 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠ ――

B1 ≔ 2 ⋅ As1 ⋅ fy = 602.308 B3 ≔ 2 ⋅ As3 ⋅ fy = ⎛⎝1.833 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠

D1 ≔ -2 ⋅ As1 ⋅ fy ⋅ d = -331.269 ⋅ D3 ≔ -2 ⋅ As3 ⋅ fy ⋅ d = -1.008 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅

A2 ≔ Ec ⋅ εy ⋅ b = ⎛⎝1.982 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠ ―― A4 ≔ Ec ⋅ εy ⋅ b = ⎛⎝1.982 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠ ――

B2 ≔ 2 ⋅ As2 ⋅ fy = ⎛⎝1.152 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ B4 ≔ 2 ⋅ As4 ⋅ fy = ⎛⎝2.619 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠

D2 ≔ -2 ⋅ As2 ⋅ fy ⋅ d = -633.732 ⋅ D4 ≔ -2 ⋅ As4 ⋅ fy ⋅ d = -1.44 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅

Profundidad del eje neutro:

-B + ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
B2 - 4 ⋅ A ⋅ D
c ＝ ―――――――
2⋅A

-B1 + ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
B1 2 - 4 ⋅ A1 ⋅ D1 -B3 + ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
B3 2 - 4 ⋅ A3 ⋅ D3
c1 ≔ ―――――――― = 0.115 c3 ≔ ―――――――― = 0.184
2 ⋅ A1 2 ⋅ A3

-B2 + ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
B2 2 - 4 ⋅ A2 ⋅ D2 -B4 + ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
B4 2 - 4 ⋅ A4 ⋅ D4
c2 ≔ ―――――――― = 0.152 c4 ≔ ―――――――― = 0.211
2 ⋅ A2 2 ⋅ A4
Al obtener la profundidad del eje neutro, se verifica que el concreto tenga un
comportamiento elastico:
fc_límite ≔ 0.70 ⋅ f'c = 19.221 Esfuerzo límite de comportamiento
elástico del concreto.
 εy ⋅ c1
εc1 ≔ ――― = 5.286 ⋅ 10 -4 ⎛⎝εc1 < εcu , “cumple” , “no cumple”⎞⎠ = “cumple”
⎛⎝d - c1⎞⎠

fc1 ≔ Ec ⋅ εc1 = 13.097 ⎛⎝fc1 < fc_límite , “cumple” , “no cumple”⎞⎠ = “cumple”

εy ⋅ c2
εc2 ≔ ――― = 7.644 ⋅ 10 -4 ⎛⎝εc2 < εcu , “cumple” , “no cumple”⎞⎠ = “cumple”
⎛⎝d - c2⎞⎠

fc2 ≔ Ec ⋅ εc2 = 18.941 ⎛⎝fc2 < fc_límite , “cumple” , “no cumple”⎞⎠ = “cumple”

εy ⋅ c3
εc3 ≔ ――― = 0.001 ⎛⎝εc3 < εcu , “cumple” , “no cumple”⎞⎠ = “cumple”
⎛⎝d - c3⎞⎠

fc3 ≔ Ec ⋅ εc3 = 24.909 ⎛⎝fc3 < fc_límite , “cumple” , “no cumple”⎞⎠ = “no cumple”

εy ⋅ c4
εc4 ≔ ――― = 0.001 ⎛⎝εc4 < εcu , “cumple” , “no cumple”⎞⎠ = “cumple”
⎛⎝d - c4⎞⎠

fc4 ≔ Ec ⋅ εc4 = 30.958 ⎛⎝fc4 < fc_límite , “cumple” , “no cumple”⎞⎠ = “no cumple”

 como se puede observar al momento de comprobar los "fc" del caso 3 y 4 no es

menor al fc_límite para entonces se procede a la siguiente consideración en el
:

Primero se calculará para el caso 1 y caso 2 la curvatura y momento cedente:

Luego, se define la resultante de Tracción y Compresión:

T ＝ As ⋅ fy Tracción Resultante.

fc ⋅ c ⋅ b
C ＝ ――― Compresión Resultante.
2

T1 ≔ As1 ⋅ fy = 301.154 T2 ≔ As2 ⋅ fy = 576.12

fc1 ⋅ c1 ⋅ b fc2 ⋅ c2 ⋅ b
C1 ≔ ―――= 301.154 C2 ≔ ―――= 576.12
2 2
 Por último, se obtiene la curvatura cedente y el momento cedente:

εy
ϕy ＝ ――― Curvatura cedente.
((d - c))

⎛ c⎞
My ＝ C ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ Momento cedente.
⎝ 3⎠

εy 1 εy 1
ϕy1 ≔ ――― = 0.0046 ― ϕy2 ≔ ――― = 0.0050 ―
⎛⎝d - c1⎞⎠ ⎛⎝d - c2⎞⎠

⎛ c1 ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⎞
My1 ≔ C1 ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 154.093 ⋅ My2 ≔ C2 ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 287.66 ⋅
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠

Debido a que no cumple, se planteará que el concreto se comporta no

lineal, entonces se entablecerá un modelo bilineal equivalente = elasto-plástico

asumiendo la siguiente deformación

elástica del concreto en el modelo
bilineal equivalente:
 Luego definimos la resultante de traccion y compresión:

2
As3 = 22.253

εcy ≔ 0.0008
⎛ As3 ⋅ fy ⎞ ⎛ εcy ⋅ d ⎞
⎜―――― ⎟ + ⎜――⎟
⎝ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⋅ εy ⎠
c3 ≔ ―――――――― = 17.348 profundidad del eje neutro
⎛ εcy ⎞
⎜1 + ―― ⎟
⎝ 2 ⋅ εy ⎠

⎛ εcy ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c3⎞⎠ ⎞

m ≔ min ⎜――――, c3⎟ = 15.061
⎝ εy ⎠

T ≔ As3 ⋅ fy = ⎛⎝9.166 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ tracción resultante

C1 ≔ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ ⎛⎝c3 - m⎞⎠ ⋅ b = ⎛⎝2.135 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ compresión en zona rectangular

0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ m ⋅ b
C2 ≔ ――――― = ⎛⎝7.03 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ compresión en zona triangular
2
C ＝ C1 + C2

C ≔ C1 + C2 = ⎛⎝9.166 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠

⎛ m⎞
C ≔ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b ⋅ ⎜c3 - ―⎟ = ⎛⎝9.166 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ compresión resultante
⎝ 2⎠

Por úlitmo, se obtiene la curvatura cedente y el momento cedente:

εy 1
ϕy3 ≔ ――― = 0.005 ― Curva cedente
⎛⎝d - c3⎞⎠

⎛ ⎛ ⎛⎝c3 - m⎞⎠ ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ 2 ⋅ m ⎞⎞⎞

My3 ≔ ⎜C1 ⋅ ⎜d - ―――⎟⎟ + ⎜C2 ⋅ ⎜d - c3 + ⎜―― ⎟⎟⎟ = 450.29 ⋅ Momento cedente
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠⎠

Luego definimos la resultante de traccion y compresión:

2
As4 = 31.79 εcy ≔ 0.0008
⎛ As4 ⋅ fy ⎞ ⎛ εcy ⋅ d ⎞
⎜―――― ⎟ + ⎜――⎟
⎝ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⋅ εy ⎠
c4 ≔ ―――――――― = 20.854 profundidad del eje neutro
⎛ εcy ⎞
⎜1 + ―― ⎟
⎝ 2 ⋅ εy ⎠
 ⎛ εcy ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c4⎞⎠ ⎞
m ≔ min ⎜――――, c4⎟ = 13.658
⎝ εy ⎠

T ≔ As4 ⋅ fy = ⎛⎝1.309 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞⎠ tracción resultante

C1 ≔ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ ⎛⎝c4 - m⎞⎠ ⋅ b = ⎛⎝6.718 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ compresión en zona rectangular

0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ m ⋅ b
C2 ≔ ――――― = ⎛⎝6.376 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ compresión en zona triangular
2

C ＝ C1 + C2

C ≔ C1 + C2 = ⎛⎝1.309 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞⎠

⎛ m⎞
C ≔ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b ⋅ ⎜c4 - ―⎟ = ⎛⎝1.309 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞⎠ compresión resultante
⎝ 2⎠

Por úlitmo, se obtiene la curvatura cedente y el momento cedente:

εy 1
ϕy4 ≔ ――― = 0.006 ― Curva cedente
⎛⎝d - c4⎞⎠

⎛ ⎛ ⎛⎝c4 - m⎞⎠ ⎞⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎛ 2 ⋅ m ⎞⎞⎞

My4 ≔ ⎜C1 ⋅ ⎜d - ―――⎟⎟ + ⎜C2 ⋅ ⎜d - c4 + ⎜―― ⎟⎟⎟ = 621.074 ⋅ Momento cedente
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠⎠
 Hipótesis:

profunidad del eje neutro:

β ≔ 0.85

As1 ⋅ fy As3 ⋅ fy
c1' ≔ ――――― = 3.795 c3' ≔ ――――― = 11.55
0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ β ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ β ⋅ b

As2 ⋅ fy As4 ⋅ fy
c2' ≔ ――――― = 7.26 c4' ≔ ――――― = 16.5
0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ β ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ β ⋅ b

Al obtener la profunidad del eje neutro se verifica que el acero esté en cedencia:

εcu ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c1'⎞⎠

εs1 ≔ ――――= 0.0405 ⎛⎝εs1 < εy , “dúctil” , “ frágil”⎞⎠ = “ frágil”
c1'
 εcu ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c2'⎞⎠
εs2 ≔ ――――= 0.0197 ⎛⎝εs2 < εy , “dúctil” , “ frágil”⎞⎠ = “ frágil”
c2'

εcu ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c3'⎞⎠

εs3 ≔ ――――= 0.0113 ⎛⎝εs3 < εy , “dúctil” , “ frágil”⎞⎠ = “ frágil”
c3'

εcu ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c4'⎞⎠

εs4 ≔ ――――= 0.007 ⎛⎝εs4 < εy , “dúctil” , “ frágil”⎞⎠ = “ frágil”
c4'

Luego, se define la resultante de Tracción y Compresión:

T ＝ As1 ⋅ fy Tracción resultante.

a＝β ⋅ c Profundidad del bloque equivalente a compresión.

C ＝ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ a ⋅ b Compresión resultante.

T1 ≔ As1 ⋅ fy = 301.154 T3 ≔ As3 ⋅ fy = 916.555

a1 ≔ β ⋅ c1' = 3.226 a3 ≔ β ⋅ c3' = 9.818
C1 ≔ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ a1 ⋅ b = 301.154 C3 ≔ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ a3 ⋅ b = 916.555

T2 ≔ As2 ⋅ fy = 576.12 T4 ≔ As4 ⋅ fy = ⎛⎝1.309 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠

a2 ≔ β ⋅ c2' = 6.171 a4 ≔ β ⋅ c4' = 14.025
C2 ≔ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ a2 ⋅ b = 576.12 C4 ≔ 0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ a4 ⋅ b = ⎛⎝1.309 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠

También, es factible verificar el comportamiento de la sección, tomando en cuenta la

deformación en el acero a tracción:

εcu ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c1'⎞⎠

εs1 ≔ ――――= 0.04
c1'
⎛⎝εs1 > 0.005 , “contralada por tracción” , “en transición”⎞⎠ = “contralada por tracción”

εcu ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c2'⎞⎠

εs2 ≔ ――――= 0.02
εs2 0.02
c2'
⎛⎝εs2 > 0.005 , “contralada por tracción” , “en transición”⎞⎠ = “contralada por tracción”

εcu ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c3'⎞⎠

εs3 ≔ ――――= 0.011
c3'
⎛⎝εs3 > 0.005 , “contralada por tracción” , “en transición”⎞⎠ = “contralada por tracción”

εcu ⋅ ⎛⎝d - c4'⎞⎠

εs4 ≔ ――――= 0.007
c4'
⎛⎝εs4 > 0.005 , “contralada por tracción” , “en transición”⎞⎠ = “contralada por tracción”

Por último, se obtiene la curvatura última y el momento último:

εcu ⎛ β⋅c⎞
ϕu ＝ ―― Curvatura última. Mu ＝ C ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ Momento último.
c ⎝ 2 ⎠

εcu 1 εcu 1
ϕu1 ≔ ―― = 0.079 ― ϕu3 ≔ ―― = 0.026 ―
c1' c3'

⎛ β ⋅ c1' ⎞ ⎛ β ⋅ c3' ⎞
Mu1 ≔ C1 ⋅ ⎜d - ――⎟ = 160.777 ⋅ Mu3 ≔ C3 ⋅ ⎜d - ――⎟ = 459.114 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

εcu 1 εcu 1
ϕu2 ≔ ―― = 0.041 ― ϕu4 ≔ ―― = 0.018 ―
c2' c4'

⎛ β ⋅ c2' ⎞ ⎛ β ⋅ c4' ⎞
Mu2 ≔ C2 ⋅ ⎜d - ――⎟ = 299.09 ⋅ Mu4 ≔ C4 ⋅ ⎜d - ――⎟ = 628.331 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
 M1 ϕ1
ϕ
ductilidad de la sección
0 0
ϕu1
MA1 ϕA1 μ1 ≔ ―― = 17.195
ϕy1
My1 ϕy1
Mu1 ϕu1

165

150

135

120

105

90

75
M1 (( ⋅ ))
60

45

30

15

0
0 0.008 0.016 0.024 0.032 0.04 0.048 0.056 0.064 0.072 0.08

⎛1⎞
ϕ1 ⎜―⎟
⎝ ⎠
 M2 ϕ2

ductilidad de la sección
0 0
ϕu2
MA2 ϕA2 μ2 ≔ ―― = 8.221
ϕy2
My2 ϕy2
Mu2 ϕu2

300

270

240

210

180

150

M2 (( ⋅ ))
120

90

60

30

0
0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.02 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.04 0.044

⎛1⎞
ϕ2 ⎜―⎟
⎝ ⎠
 M3 ϕ3

ductilidad de la sección
0 0
ϕu3
MA3 ϕA3 μ3 ≔ ―― = 4.89
ϕy3
My3 ϕy3
Mu3 ϕu3

495

450

405

360

315

270

225
M3 (( ⋅ ))
180

135

90

45

0
0 0.003 0.005 0.008 0.01 0.013 0.015 0.018 0.02 0.023 0.025 0.028

⎛1⎞
ϕ3 ⎜―⎟
⎝ ⎠
 M4 ϕ4 ductilidad de la sección
ϕu4
μ4 ≔ ―― = 3.104
0 0 ϕy4

MA4 ϕA4
My4 ϕy4
Mu4 ϕu4

650

585

520

455

390

325

M4 (( ⋅ ))
260

195

130

65

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02

⎛1⎞
ϕ4 ⎜―⎟
⎝ ⎠
M1 ϕ1 M2 ϕ2 M3 ϕ3 M4 ϕ4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MA1 ϕA1 MA2 ϕA2 MA3 ϕA3 MA4 ϕA4
My1 ϕy1 My2 ϕy2 My3 ϕy3 My4 ϕy4
Mu1 ϕu1 Mu2 ϕu2 Mu3 ϕu3 Mu4 ϕu4

650

585

520

455

390 M1 (( ⋅ ))

325 M2 (( ⋅ ))

260
M3 (( ⋅ ))
195
M4 (( ⋅ ))
130

65

0
0 0.008 0.016 0.024 0.032 0.04 0.048 0.056 0.064 0.072 0.08

⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞

ϕ1 ⎜―⎟ ϕ2 ⎜―⎟ ϕ3 ⎜―⎟ ϕ4 ⎜―⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
 ρ1 ＝ 0.115 ⋅ ρb ρ2 ＝ 0.22 ⋅ ρb ρ3 ＝ 0.35 ⋅ ρb ρ4 ＝ 0.50 ⋅ ρb

ρ ρ1 = 0.003 ρ2 = 0.006 ρ3 = 0.01 ρ4 = 0.014

2 2 2 2
As As1 = 7.31 As2 = 13.99 As3 = 22.25 As4 = 31.79
MA MA1 = 83.86 ⋅ MA2 = 88.49 ⋅ MA3 = 94.17 ⋅ MA3 = 94.17 ⋅
My My1 = 154.09 ⋅ My2 = 287.66 ⋅ My3 = 450.29 ⋅ My4 = 621.07 ⋅
Mu Mu1 = 160.78 ⋅ Mu2 = 299.09 ⋅ Mu3 = 459.11 ⋅ Mu4 = 628.33 ⋅

1 1 1 1
ϕA ϕA1 = 0.00045 ― ϕA2 = 0.00046 ― ϕA3 = 0.00047 ― ϕA4 = 0.00048 ―

1 1 1 1
ϕy ϕy1 = 0.005 ― ϕy2 = 0.005 ― ϕy3 = 0.005 ― ϕy4 = 0.006 ―

1 1 1 1
ϕu ϕu1 = 0.079 ― ϕu2 = 0.041 ― ϕu3 = 0.026 ― ϕu4 = 0.018 ―

μ μ1 = 17.195 μ2 = 8.221 μ3 = 4.89 μ4 = 3.104

-la ductilidad esta en fucion de la cuantia de acero, mientras la cuantia de acero

aumenta la ductilidad disminuye.
-Se determina que a mayor cuantía balanceada mayor tendrá que ser
el área de acero de refuerzo en la sección de la viga.
-El momento de agrietamiento es dependiente de la inercia de la sección equivalente
respecto al eje neutro, módulo de rotura, la profundidad del eje neutro y la curvatura
de agrietamiento.
-la sección a evaluar presenta una zona de compresión y otra a tracción,
mostrandose asi los momentos últimos, con la relación que cuando la cuantía
balanceada es mayor, entonces el momento último aumentará conforme aumente la
cuantía balanceada.
-Se observa ademas que cuando el εy ＝ εs se observa que la curvatura de cedencia
se mantiene con las distintas cuantías balanceadas, pero cuando la deformación del
acero es mayor a la de fluencia εs > εy las curvaturas últimas decrecen según las
cuantías balanceadas, es decir es inversamente proporcional (aumenta la cuantia ->
disminuye la curvatura última).
-Se considera también que como ingenieros civiles se busca diseñar para una falla
"DUCTIL" (que pueda ser controlada), entonces no es conveniente sobredimensionar
una seccion de viga (mayor area de acero) por que nos resultada una ductilidad
menor como se puede ver en los resultados As4 = 31.79 2
con ductilidad de
μ4 = 3.104 a diferencia de la 1ra cuantía balanceada con un área de As1 = 7.31 2
y
ductilidad de μ1 = 17.195 , entonces creo que no debemos buscar sobredimensionar
las secciones para garantizar una falla dúctil.
- la norma ACI hace mención a que una ductilidad considerable tiene que ser mayor
a 6, entonces se determina que los casos 3 y 4 no ofrecen una ductilidad confiable lo
cual no recomendable para la aplicación.
-ductility is in use of the steel quantive, while the steel quant
increases ductility decreases.

-It is determined that the higher the higher the balanced amount will
have to be the reinforcing steel area in the beam section.

- The time of cracking is dependent on the inertia of the equivalent

section in relation to the axis neutral, modulus of rupture, the axis
depth neutral and the curvature of cracking.

- The section to evaluate presents an area of compression and other

to traction, mostrandose asi moments last, with the relationship that
when the amount balanced is greater, then the time last will increase
with the increase in the amount balanced.

-It is also observed that when εy ＝ εs is observed that the curvature of

cedence is maintained with the different balanced amounts, but when
the deformation of the steel is greater than that of creep εs > εy the last
curvatures decrease according to the balanced amounts, that is, that
is, inversely proportional (increases the quant -> decreases the
ultimate curvature).

-It is also considered that as civil engineers we are looking to design

for a fault "DUCTIL" (which can be controlled), then it is not advisable
to oversize a beam section (larger steel area) because we result in a
minor ductility as you can see in the Results As4 = 31.79 2
with
μ4 = 3.104 ductility in contrast to the 1st balanced amount with an area
of unlike the 1st balanced amount with an area As4 = 0.318 ⋅ and
ductility of μ1 = 17.195 , then I don't think we should look to oversize the
sections to ensure a ductile failure.

- The norm ACI mentions to that a considerable ductility has to be

bigger than 6, then one determines that the cases 3 and 4 do not offer
a reliable ductility not advisable which for the application.