INTRODUCTION

1.1 POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED (PGCIL)

The Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID), is an Indian state-owned

Maharatna company headquartered in Gurugram , India and engaged mainly in Transmission of
Power. POWERGRID transmits about 50% of the total power generated in India on its
transmission network. Its former subsidiary company, Power System Operation Corporation
Limited (POSOCO) handles power management for National Grid and all state transmission
utilities. POWERGRID also operates a telecom business under the name POWERTEL. Shri
Kandikuppa Sreekant serves as the Chairman and Managing Director of the company.

Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) was incorporated on 23 October

1989 under the Companies Act, 1956 with an authorized share capital of Rs. 5,000 Crore
(subsequently enhanced to Rs. 10,000 Crore in Financial Year (FY) 2007-08) as a public limited
company, wholly owned by the Government of India.

Its original name was the 'National Power Transmission Corporation Limited', and it was
charged with planning, executing, owning, operating and maintaining high-voltage transmission
systems in the country. On 8 November 1990, the National Power Transmission Corporation
received its Certificate for Commencement of Business. POWERGRID started functioning on
management basis with effect from August, 1991 and subsequently it took over transmission
assets from NTPC, NHPC, NEEPCO, NLC, NPC, THDC, SJVNL etc. in a phased manner and it
commenced commercial operation in 1992-93. In addition to this, it also took over the operation
of existing Regional Load Dispatch Centers (RLDCs) from Central Electricity Authority.
National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) was established in 2009 for overall coordination at
National level.

Based on its performance POWERGRID was recognized as a Mini-ratna category-I Public

Sector Undertaking in October 1998. It is conferred with the status of "Navratna" by the
Government of India in May 2008 and "Maharatna" status in October 2019. POWERGRID, as
the Central Transmission Utility of the country, is playing a major role in Indian Power Sector
and is also providing Open Access on its inter-State transmission system.

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1.2 VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVE

VISION:-

World Class, Integrated, Global Transmission Company With Dominant Leadership in Emerging
Power Markets Ensuring Reliability, Safety and Economy.

MISSION:-

We will become a Global Transmission Company with Dominant Leadership in Emerging Power
Markets with World Class Capabilities by:

 World Class: Setting superior standards in capital project management and operations for
the industry and ourselves
 Global: Leveraging capabilities to consistently generate maximum value for all
stakeholders in India and in emerging and growing economies.
 Inspiring, nurturing and empowering the next generation of professionals.
 Achieving continuous improvements through innovation and state of the art technology.
 Committing to highest standards in health, safety, security and environment
OBJECTIVE:-

 Undertake transmission of electric power through Inter-State Transmission System.

 To ensure development of an efficient, coordinated and economical system of inter-state
transmission lines for smooth flow of electricity from generating stations to the load
centers.
 Efficient Operation and Maintenance of Transmission Systems.
 Restoring power in quickest possible time in the event of any natural disasters like super-
cyclone, flood etc. through deployment of Emergency Restoration Systems.
 Provide consultancy services at national and international levels in transmission sector
based on the in-house expertise developed by the organization.
 Participate in long distance Trunk Telecommunication business ventures.
 Ensure principles of Reliability, Security and Economy with a cleaner, safer, healthier
Environment of people, both affected and benefited by its activities.

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1.3 LOGO OF PGCIL

IMAGE1.1 LOGO OF PGCIL

1.4 ONE NATION ONE GRID

The Indian Power system for planning and operational purposes is divided into five regional
grids. The integration of regional grids, and thereby establishment of National Grid, was
conceptualized in early nineties. The integration of regional grids which began with
asynchronous HVDC back-to-back inter-regional links facilitating limited exchange of regulated
power was subsequently graduated to high capacity synchronous links between the region.

Evolution of National Grid

 Grid management on regional basis started in sixties.

 Initially, State grids were inter-connected to form regional grid and India was demarcated
into 5 regions namely Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern region.
 In October 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected.
 In March 2003 WR and ER-NER were interconnected .

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  August 2006 North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4 regional grids Northern,
Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids are synchronously connected forming central
grid operating at one frequency.
 On 31st December 2013, Southern Region was connected to Central Grid in Synchronous
mode with the commissioning of 765kV Raichur-Solapur Transmission line thereby
achieving 'ONE NATION'-'ONE GRID'-'ONE FREQUENCY'.

1.5 ABOUT PGCIL SITARGANJ 220/132 KV SUB-STATION

The PGCIL SITARGANJ 220/132 KV substation situated in sitarganj, UDHAM SINGH

NAGAR, Uttarakhand the authorities were generous enough to allocate me working project that
deal with the study of existing infrastructure at the 220/132KV sub-station which supply power
to PITCUL, to TANAKPUR, TO BAREILY

 This sub-station is connected to TANAKPUR and BAREILY sub-station and also to

pitcul.
 There is a DOUBLE MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS SCHEME.
 It is 220/132 KV sub-station.
 There are three existing transformer, each of capacity of 100MVA.
 There are two lighting masts which protect the sub-station
 Three lighting arrester on both side of incoming and outgoing supply line and six lighting
arrester for each transformer protection.
 The wave trap is inserted between the carrier coupling point of CVT and the station
equipment.
 CVT is used to measure the line voltage and also CVT is connected in station bus for bus
voltage measurement.
 CT is used for step down the current
 There are seven bays on HV side and nine bays on LV side. Bay is the combination of
one circuit breaker and two isolators.
 ONE MAIN AND ONE TRANSFER BUS scheme in 132KV side

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1.6 DIFFERENT REGION OF PGCIL

IMAGE 1.2 DIFFERENT REGION OF PGCIL

It is divided into five region

1: NORTHERN REGION

2: WESTERN REGION

3: SOUTHERN REGION

4: EASTERN REGION

5: NORT EASTERN REGION

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1.7 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Single line diagram is a simplified notation for representing a three phase power system.
Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformer bus bars, and conductor are shown by
standardized symbol. It is a form of block diagram graphically depicting the paths for power
flow between entities of the system but it is a common convention to organize the diagram with
the same left-to-right, top-to-bottom sequence as the switchgear or other apparatus represented.

IMAGE 1.3 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF PGCIL SITARGANJ

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2 OVERVIEW OF TRANSFORMER

2.1 INTER CONNECTED TRANSFORMER :-

POSITION IN SWITCHYARD : These transformer were connected between the 220KV and
132KV and it’s a instrument which used to convert 220KV to 132KV for transmission purpose.

CONSTRUCTION

Core of Transformer :- It is used to place the primary, secondary and tertiary windings of
transformer in it with physical isolation between windings. Similarly core provides the path for
magnetic flux flow through it for transformation of power with step down voltage.

Windings of transformer :- ICTs consists of two windings tertiary winding as a LV winding of

33KV and main windings as HV and LV both. Actually main winding is used for both input
HV(220KV) and LV(132KV). Figure show the basic construction of ICT

IMAGE 2.1 INTER CONNECTED TRANSFORMER

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2.2 Fitting and Accessories

1. Main tank :-the tank of transformer act as a housing of basic core and windings and
provide proper space for insulating medium i.e transformer oil. The thickness ranging
from 1.2mm to 1.5mm the function of corrugated walls is to rise the surface area tank
which is in contact with air. The tap changer arrangement is also inbuilt with tank.
2. Conservator :- the function of conservator is to provide the space for contraction and
expansion of oil in winter and summer respectively.
3. Radiators :- the function of radiators is to limit the temperature of oil and winding by
dissipating heat that is generated due to losses within the transformer while in service.
4. Transformer oil :- it solves two purposes inside the tank of transformer first is to
insulate the tank from basic transformer and second is to provide the cooling of
transformer winding.
5. OLTC (on load tap changer):- the OLTC is provided to change the tap of transformer
as per the requirement of voltage levels. The OLTC is local manual control, local
electrical control and remote electrical control.
6. Earthing Terminals :- the core lamination assembly is connected to core clamping
frame which is in turn connected to tank. Two earthing terminal provide to transformer
tank which are connected to earth.
7. Valves :- every transformer is supplied with drain cum filter valve at the bottom of tank
and filter valve at the top of tank .
8. Bushing :- transformer winding is connected to external circuit through terminal bushing.
The bushing are installed on the top cover with the help of turret or on the side wall. The
lower end of bushing inserted into the tank with proper voltage grading and the hollow
pipe for taking out the winding terminal.
9. Temperature indicators :- these are precious instruments, specially designed for
protection of transformer and perform the following operations. Indicate the maximum
oil temperature and maximum hottest spot temperature of windings. switch on the
cooling equipment when the winding attains a high temperature and off the switch when
temperature is dropped and also operate the alarm and trip circuit.

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10. Cooling fans :- it is used to cool the oil in conservator. These fans automatically start
when oil temperature reaches to 65 degree centigrade.

11. Gas collecting device :- A gas collecting device is fitted at accessible level where the gas
is accumulates in buchholz relay is collected by the displacement of oil in device.

12. Turret CT’s and Neutral side CT’s :- these ct’s are provided for the purpose of
metering, protection and control.

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2.3 TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

 Differential relay test :-when we secondary of CT(220KV) and (132KV) and make it
short then it will show zero in the relay. But if there is any fault in secondary then it will
give some value in the relay and circuit breaker will on and we will cure it and protect
the fault.
 Buchholz relay test :-the relay is connected between the oil conservator tank and main
tank of transformer. This test is perform to protect the transformer from fire which is
caused by different gases in the conservator. When this fault occur at that time signal
indicate in control room and we take action against it.

IMAGE 2.2 BUCHHOLZ RELAY TEST

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 Pressure releasing valve (PRV) test:-this test is perform to protect the excessive
pressure in the main tank. When there is excessive pressure in the main tank due
to overloading at that time the indication were occur in control room and and it
release through PRV and which protect blasting of transformer.

IMAGE 2.3 PRV TEST

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2.4 WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

Winding temperature indicator(WTI) consists of a sensor bulb placed in the oil filled pocket in
the transformer tank top cover. The bulb is connected to the instrument housing by means of two
flexible capillary tubes. One capillary is connected to the measuring bellow of the instrument and
the other to a compensation bellow. The measuring system is filled with a liquid, which changes
its volume with rising temperature. Inside the instrument is fitted with a heating resistance which
is fed by a current proportionate to the current flowing through the transformer winding.

IMAGE 2.4 WTI INDICATOR

2.5 OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

The (OTI)oil temperature indicator consists of a sensor bulb, capacity tube, and a dial
thermometer, the sensor bulb is fitted at the location of hottest oil. The sensor bulb and capacity
tube are fitted with an evaporation liquid. The vapor pressure varies with temperature and is
transmitted to a bourdon tube inside the dial thermometer, which moves in accordance with the
changes in pressure, which is proportional to the temperature. In OTI, there are 2 (two) nos. of
mercury switch i.e ( S1 and S2 ). S1 is used for Alarm and the S2 switch is used for Trip.

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 IMAGE 2.5 OTI INDICATOR

2.6 OIL TESTING

 BREAK DOWN VOLTAGE:-The break down voltage test is used for testing of
oil which we want to fill in conservator and main tank. We take minimum 5
reading to calculate the mean value which is greater then the value given in test
criteria otherwise we have to change the oil. The value for 220KV/132KV is
greater than 75KV.
 MOISTURE CONTENT / TAN-DELTA :-in this test oil sample is taken from
main tank of transformer and oil will drop in a oil testing kit which tell the value
of moisture present in oil. If it is less than 7ppm then it is good for use and we
need not to change.

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 3 NITROGEN INJECTION FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM(NIFPS)

The NIFPS stand for Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection System which is used for protection of
transformer when there is any fault occur in the transformer due to any cause like failure of relay,
fault in lines etc.

IMAGE 3.1 NIFPS OVER VIEW

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 IMAGE 3.2 NIFPS CONSERVATOR

3.1 WORKING

Case1
Differential relay + pressure reliving valve + transformer trip
When there is fault occur in both relay at that time we get the indication in control room then
NIFPS automatically start working. The oil which is present in conservator its 10% oil will come
down in NIFPS oil conservator and there is thick layer of nitrogen which protect the rest oil and
reduce the chances of fire.

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Case 2
Differential relay + buchholz relay + transformer trip
When there is fault occur in buchholz due to different gases then we get indication in control
room and our NIFPS start working automatically. The oil which is present in conservator its 10%
oil will come down in NIFPS oil conservator and there is thick layer of nitrogen which protect
the rest oil and reduce the chances of fire.
Case 3
Line fault
When there is any fault occur in the line /inside the system at that time alarm will turn on and
we take immediate action from control room which prevent fire.
Case 4
Oil drain valve
When there is any leakage in transformer the oil drain valve indicate at control room so that we
take action safe the oil.
4 SWITCH YARD

4.1 Surge Arrester

A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device which conducts the high voltage
surges on the power system to the ground. Also, surge arrester is a device to protect electrical
equipment from over–voltage transients caused by external (lightning) or internal (switching)
events. The energy criterion for various insulation material can be compared by impulse ratio, so
that a surge incident on the surge arrester may be bypassed to the ground instead of passing
through the apparatus

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IMAGE 4.1 SURGE ARRESTER

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4.2 Potential transformer (P.T.)

It is just like a general-purpose step-down transformer. A potential transformer is connected

with its primary in the power line. The secondary provides for the instruments and relays a
voltage which is a known fraction of the line voltage.

4.3 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT)

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is a transformer used in power systems to step
down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for metering or operating a
protective relay.

FIGURE 4.2 CVT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

In its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and
a voltage transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for metering devices or
protective relay.

4.4 Current transformer (C.T.)

A current transformer is a type of transformer that is used to measure AC current. It produces an

alternating current in its secondary which is proportional to AC current in its primary. Current

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Transformer are the current sensing units of the power system. The output of the current
transformers are used in electronic equipment and are widely used for metering and protective
relays in the electrical power industry.

IMAGE4.3 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

4.5 Wave Trap

A line trap (HIGH-FREQUENCY STOPPER) is a maintenance-free parallel resonant circuit,

mounted inline on high-voltage(HV) AC transmission power lines to prevent the transmission of
high frequency (40KHZ to 1000KHZ) carrier signals of power line communication to unwanted
destinations. Line trap are cylinder-like structures connected in series with HV transmission
lines. A line trap is also called a wave trap. The line trap acts as a barrier or filter to prevent
signal losses.

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 IMAGE 4.4 WAVE TRAP

4.6 Isolator

An Isolator is a circuit breaking switch which can only be operated (either open or close) no
load. There are three types of isolators used in this particular sub-station depending upon their
names:

a) Transfer Isolator-: In case of some maintenance work on any of the circuit breaker or
isolator an auxiliary circuit breaker is used (known as bus coupler) a transfer isolator is used to
transfer the supply to the auxiliary bus so that the bus coupler can be used in place of other
circuit breaker. It is also known as tandem isolator.

b) Line Isolator-: A 3-phase isolator connected at the line side is known as line isolator. A line
isolator is an off-load switch that connects the line breaker and the bus. Its sits between circuit
breaker and current transformer.

c) Bus Isolator-: A 3-phase isolator is connected at the bus side is known as bus isolator. There
is no difference in construction and working between line and bus isolator. Bus side isolator is
connected directly in between the main bus. A bus isolator is an off load switch that connects
the line breaker and the bus. It sits between circuit breaker and bus .

4.7 Circuit Breaker

The circuit breaker is one of the most important unit of electrical power system. Circuit breaker
is a mechanical switching device capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under
normal circuit conditions and also making , carrying for a specified time, and automatically
breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short-

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circuits(faults).The function of the circuit breaker is to isolate the faulty part of the power system
in case of abnormal conditions such as faults.

a). SF6 Circuit Breaker-: This circuit breaker is used at both side means at 220KV-132KV
side. As SF6 gas is the arc quenching medium that’s why named as SF6 circuit breaker. Due to
its superior arc quenching properties and better chemical properties than vacuum and air,SF6
finds huge applications in high voltage circuit breakers. SF6 has good dielectric strength and
excellent arc quenching property. It is an inert, non- toxic, noninflammable and heavy gas. At
atmospheric pressure, its dielectric strength is about 2.35 times of air. For 220KV.

For 132KV

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 IMAGE 4.5 Hexafluoride circuit breaker

IMAGE 4.6 GANG OPEERATED CIRUIT BREAKER

4.8 Bus Coupler

This is same as that of other circuit breakers (at both 132kv and 33kv sides) in both construction
and operating mechanism but used when some Figure –3.12 Vacuum Circuit Breaker At Low

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Voltage Side (Feeder Side)maintenance work is to be done at any other main circuit breaker thus
also known as auxiliary circuit breaker.

5. DIFFERENT RATINGS

IMAGE5.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

IMAGE 5.2 CURRENT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

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IMAGE5.3 SURGEARRESTER

ER

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IMAGE 5.4 RATING OF TRANSFORMER

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6. REFERENCES

POWER GRID

GOOGLE

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