Lecture # 1 - 4

EE:430 Power Distribution & Utilization

Dr. Muhammad Shoaib Khalid

Assistant Professor, EE
FAST NU
Introduction
The economic importance of
distribution system is very high, and
the amount of investment involved
dictates planning, design, construction
and operation.
Electric Power System Overview
System Planning
Growing demand

➢ Generation Planning

➢ Transmission Planning

➢ Distribution Planning
(Demand Type, Load factor, Customer Load Characteristics)
Distribution System Planning
Planning Objectives
➢ Voltage Levels
➢ Voltage Dips
➢ Flickers
➢ Service Continuity
➢ Reliability
Distribution System Planning
Basic Requirements to Attain Planning Objectives

1. Modification in Sub-transmission Networks

2. Location and Sizes of Substations
3. Service Area of Substations
4. Location of Breakers and Switches
5. Sizes of Feeders and Laterals
6. Voltage Level and Voltage Drop in the System
7. Location of Capacitors and Voltage Regulators
8. Loading of Transformers and Feeders
Distribution System Planning
Other Important Considerations

1. Time and Location of Energy Demands

2. Duration and Frequency of Outages
3. Cost of Equipment
4. Increasing Fuel Costs
5. Increasing/Decreasing Prices of Alternative Energy Sources
6. Changing Socioeconomic Conditions
7. Growing Demand for Goods and Services
8. Unexpected Local Population Growth/Decline
9. Changing Public Behavior
10. Energy Conservation
11. Changing Environmental Concerns
12. Changing Economic Conditions
13. Inflation/Recession
14. Regulation of Federal, State and Local Governments
Factors Affecting System Planning
Load Forecasting
Factors Affecting System Planning
Substation Expansion
Factors Affecting System Planning
Substation Site
Factors Affecting System Planning
Substation Site Selection Procedure
Factors Affecting System Planning
Total Cost of Distribution System
Expansion
Present Distribution System Planning
Techniques
Typical Process
Present Distribution System Planning
Techniques
Ad-hoc Techniques
1. Load Flow Programs
2. Radial or Loop Load Flow Programs
3. Short-Circuit Programs
4. Fault Current Calculation Programs
5. Voltage Drop Calculation Programs
6. Total System Impedance Calculation
Programs
Present Distribution System Planning
Techniques
Other Tools
1. Load Forecasting
2. Voltage Regulation
3. Regulator Setting
4. Capacitor Planning
5. Reliability
6. Optimal Siting and Sizing Algorithms
Present Distribution System Planning
Techniques
Acceptability Criteria

1. Service Continuity
2. The Maximum Peak Load Voltage Drop to the most Remote
Customer on the Secondary
3. The Maximum Allowable Voltage Dip Occasioned by the
Starting of Motor of Specified Starting Current
Characteristics at the most Remote Point on the Secondary
4. The Maximum Allowable Peak Load
5. Service Reliability
6. Power Losses
Distribution System Planning Models
Mathematical Models

1. Optimum Substation Locations

2. Optimum Substation Expansions
3. Optimum Substation Transformer Sizes
4. Optimum Load Transfers between Substations and
Demand Centers
5. Optimum Feeder Routes and Sizes to Supply the given
Loads subject to numerous Constraints to Minimize
the present worth of the Total Costs Involved
Distribution System Planning Models
Operational Research Techniques in Performing Planning Tasks

1. The Alternative Policy Method

2. The Decomposition Method
3. The Linear Programming, Integer Programming and Mixed
Integer Programming Methods which Linearize Constraint
Conditions.
4. The Quadratic Programming Method
5. The Dynamic Programming Method
6. Genetic Algorithm Method
Future Power Networks
Thanks