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Working Method:
A proof of P(n) by the method of induction involves the following two steps:
Step-1: Show that P(1) is true.
Step-2: Assuming that P(k) is true for some k N, show that P(k + 1) is true.
Then from the step 1 and 2, it follows that the proposition P(n) holds good n N.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
n ( n 1)( 2n 1)
(1) n² = nN
6
(2) 102n1 + 1 is divisible by 11
(3) 72n 42n is divisible by 33
(4) 11n+6 + 122n+9 is divisible by 133
Proof: P(1) = 117 + 1211
= 112 · 115 + 122 · 129 [133 = 112 + 12 = 122 – 11]
= 115 [133 – 12] + 129[133 + 11]
= 133(115 + 129) + 12 · 11[114 – 128]
= 133(115 + 129) –12 · 11[128 – 114]
(8) If x is not an integral multiple of 2, use mathematical induction to prove that
cos x + cos 2 x + ..... + cos n x = cos n 2 1 x sin nx2 cosec x2 . [JEE’94, 4]
(9) For every natural number n , prove by mathematical induction that
4n + 15 n 1 is divisible by 9 . [REE’94, 6]
Home Work:
n ( n 1)(2n 7)
(1) 1.3 + 2.4 + 3.5 + ...... + n (n + 2) = where n N.
6
1 1 1 1 n
(2) ......... where n N.
2.5 5.8 811
. (3n 1)(3n 2) 6n 4
(3) 3n
2 1 is divisible by 7
(4) 32n + 7 is divisible by 8
(5) n3 + (n + 1)3 + (n + 2)3 is divisible by 9
(6) 5n+3 + 113n+1 is divisible by 17
(7) 52n+1 + 3n+2 2n1 is divisible by 19
(8) 6n+2 + 72n+1 is divisible by 43
10 n 1 9n 10
(10) 3 + 33 + 333 + ..... + (333.....n times) = n N.
27
[Sol. Let P(n) be
10 n 1 9n 10
3 + 33 + 333 +....to n terms = ....(A)
27
Step-I : Let n = 1
Then L.H.S. of (A) = 3 and
10 2 9 10 81
R.H.S. of (A) = = =3
27 27
(A) is true for n = 1.
Step-II: Suppose P(k) is true,
10 k 1 9k 10
i.e. 3 + 33 + 333 +....to k terms = ....(B)
27
Now 333 .... 3 (3 written k + 1 times)
= 3 × 10k + 3 × 10k – 1 + 3 × 10k – 2 +....+ 3 × 101 + 3 × 100
= 3(10k + 10k – 1 +....+ 101 + 1)
3(10 k 1 1) 3(10 k 1 1)
= = ....(C)
10 1 9
Add 33....3(k + 1 3's) to both sides of (B).
3 + 33 +....+ 333...(k + 1 terms)
10 k 1 9k 10 3(10 k 1 1)
= , using (C)
27 9
10 k 1 9k 10 9 10 k 1 9 10 k 1 (1 9) 9(k 1) 10 10 k 2 9(k 1) 10
= = = ....(D)
27 27 27
(D) shows that P(k + 1) is true if P(k) is true.
Steps I and II show that P(n) is true n N. ]
n 4 n 3 11n 2 n
(11) is a natural number n N.
24 4 24 4
Historical Development:
(x + y)2 = (x + y)(x + y) = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
Earlier people used to multiply the brackets to expand the given binomial of known
index. Then came the Pascal's triangle.
(x + y)5 = x5 + x4y + x3y2 + x2y3 + xy4 + y5
n
Proof: (x + y)n = n Cr x n r y r
r 0
k 1
R.H.S. = ( k Cr k C r1) x k1r yr
r 0
k 1 k 1
x k C r x k r y r y k C r 1x k ( r 1) y r 1
r 0 r 0
x P(k) + *
(for the 1st bracket kCk + 1 = 0 and for 2nd bracket kCr – 1 = 0 for r = 0)
* Let r–1=t
k
y k C t x k t y t = y P(k )
t 1
R.H.S. = (x + y)P(k) = (x + y)(x + y)k = (x + y)k + 1 = L.H.S. Hence proved.]
(4) Observations / General highlights of Binomial Theorem :
(i) Number of terms in the expansion of (x + y)n is (n + 1) i.e. one more than the index.
or we can also say it using beggar method n coins and 2 beggars.
n + 1C (n + 1) times.
1
Find the number of terms in the expansion of (x + y + z)8;
[Hint: 8 + 2C2 = 10C2 = 45 Ans. ]
(ii) Sum of the indices of 'x' and 'y' in each term in the expansion of (x + y)n is 'n'.
(iii) nC nC nC
..........nCn are called binomial coefficients or combinatorial coefficients
0, 1, 2,
and may be simply written as C0, C1, C2, ....... Cn.
(x + y)n = nC0 xn y0 + nC1 xn – 1 y + nC2 xn – 2 y2 + ...... + nCn xn – n yn.
Find the sum of all the combinatorial coefficient.
i.e. nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + ...... + nCn = 2n.
Put x = 1 and y = 1 to get sum of all the binomial coefficient.
In (x + 2y)2 find the sum of all the coefficients.
(x + 2y)2 = x2 + 4xy + 4y2
sum of all coefficient = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9
we can also get it by putting x = y = 1
(1 + 2)2 = 9
Tr 1 n Cr · x n r · y r
(A) Particular term :
7
y
(i) Find the fourth term in the expansion of 2 x .
2
(ii) 6 2 3
Find the coefficient of x in (1 + 3x + 3x + x ) 15 [Ans. 45C6]
[Sol.
(i) Tr + 1 = nCr xn – r yr n=7
3
7C y
T3 + 1 = 3 (2x)4 = – 35 × 2x4y3 = – 70x4y3 Ans.
2
(ii) Tr + 1 = 45Cr xr
r=6 coefficient is 45C6 ]
1
r
(2)6 r
[Sol. Tr + 1 = 6Cr (2x2)6 – r = 6Cr · · x12 – 2r – r
3x (3) r
12 – 3r = 3; 3r = 9 r = 3
T4 or the fourth term will have x3
12
2 1
(ii) Find the value of the term is independent of x in the expansion of x .
x
r
1
[Sol. Tr + 1 = 12Cr (x2)12 – r = 12Cr x24 – 3r ; 24 – 3r = 0 r=8
x
T9 is independent of x
T9 = 12C8 = 495 Ans. ]
10
C5
maximum value = Ans. ]
25
(C) Middle Term :
11
2 1
(i) Find the middle term in the expansion of 2 x
3x
[Sol. No. of terms = 12
6th and 7th are the middle terms. Middle term has greatest binomial coefficient.]
7
1
(ii) Find the middle term / terms in the expansion of x .
x
[Sol. Number of terms is 8
middle terms are 4th and 5th term
3 4
7C
1
1 35
T4 = 3 x4 = 35x; T5 = 7C4 x3 = ]
x x x
2n
1
(iii) Middle term in the expansion of x is
x
( 2n )! 2 · 6 ·10......(4 n 2)
(A*) (B*)
n!· n! n!
n 1 n 2 nn 2n
(C*) · ...... (D*) [1 · 3 · 5 · ..... (2n – 1)]
1 2 n n!
[Sol. Number of terms = 2n + 1
middle term is (n + 1)th term
1 ( 2n )!
Tn + 1 = 2nCn xn · = 2nCn = (A)
xn n!· n!
2n n !(1· 3..........(2n 1))
= (D)
n ! n!
1· 2 ·3......n ( n 1)(n 2)...(n n )
= (C)
n!· n!
2 · 6......(4n 2)
= (B) ]
n!
n n
nC C1 C2
now 0, , are in A.P..
2 4
n n (n 1) n (n 1) n (n 1)
1, , ; n=1+ (n – 1) = n=8
2 8 8 8
8 r
1 2 x 1 4 8 r
hence we have x 2 ; Tr+1 = 8 C x 4
r
·x 2 · r
2
8r r
for integral powers of x, must be an integer
2 4
16 2r r 16 3r
must be an integer r = 0, 4, 8
4 4
3 terms with integral power (D)]
(D) General Problems :
(i) Find the value of (1 + 7 7
2 ) + (1 – 2)
[Sol. (1 + 7 7 = 2[7C0 + 7C2 ( 2 )2 + 7C4 ( 2 )4 + 7C6 ( 2 )6 ]
2 ) + (1 – 2)
= 2[1 + 21 · 2 + 35 · 4 + 7 · 8]
= 2[1 + 42 + 140 + 56]
= 2[239] = 478 Ans. ]
n 12 12 n
=–1 and =–1
3 3
n – 12 = – 3 n = 9 n = – 3 + 12 = 9
n = 9 Ans. ] n
1
(v) If the sum of all the coefficients in the expansion of x is 4096 then find the
x
greatest binomial coefficient.
[Sol. 2n = 4096; n = 12
No. of terms = 13
Middle term is 7th and middle term has greatest binomial coefficient i.e. 12C6.]
20
13 1
(vi) In the expansion of 4 1 4 which of the following hold good?
6
(A*) number of irrational term = 19 (B*) middle term is irrational
(C*) number of rational term = 2 (D) none
r 40 2 r r r 160 11r r
20 1 3 20 r 1 20
[Sol. Tr + 1 = C r ·( 4 ) 14 = Cr ·2 3 ·2 4 ·3 4 = 20
Cr ·2 12 ·3 4
6
160 11r r
for rational terms and – must be integer, r [0, 20]
12 4
r
for to be an integer r Î {0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20}
4
160 11r
for to be an integer r {8, 20}
12
common solution is r = 8 or r = 20
only 9th and 21st terms are rational.
remaining 19th term are irrational and middle term is 11th which is irrational
A, B, C are all correct. ]
(vii) In the expansion of y = 1 + (1 + x) + (1 + x)2 + ....... (1 + x)19.
if the coefficient of xp is the greatest coefficient then find the value of p (p N).
(1 x )20 1 (1 x )20 1
[Sol. y = =
1 x 1 x
Now coefficient of xp in y is same as coefficient of xp+1 in (1 + x)20 – 1
Bansal Classes Page # 8
which is 20Cp+1 and it is greatest
p + 1 = 10 p = 9 Ans. ]
(viii)101/bin If the expansion, (3x8 – 2x6 + x5 + 2x4 – x2 + 1)5 a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ......+a40x40,
20
then the sum a 2r equals
r 0
Tr 1 36 4r
Tr = 3r ; Tr + 1 Tr so log as 36 – 4r 3r; 36 7r
Tr 1
T according as 20 – 2r 3r
Tr r
20 5r or 4 r
T2 > T1 ; T3 > T2 ; T4 > T3 ; T5 = T4 ;
T6 < T5
T4 and T5 are numerically greatest terms. ]
64 64
range of 'x'. [Ans. x ,2 2, ]
21 21
2
3x
[Sol. Given (1) T4 > T3 and (2) T4 > T5 : Tr + 1 =10Cr 210 – r
8
3 4
3 | x | 10 3| x | 4!· 6!· 2 3 | x | 4 · 2 3 | x |
Solving (2) 10C (2)7
6
> C4(2) ;
3
8 8 3!· 7! > 8 ; 7 > 8
64 64 64 64
> | x |; |x|< x
21 21 21 21
3 2
3 | x | 10 3| x |
Solving (1) 10C3 27 > C2 28
8 8
2!·8! 3 | x |
·
3!· 7! 8 > 2 | x | > 2
x (– , – 2) (2, )
64 64
(1) (2) is x , 2 2, ]
21 21
n
x 2
(4) Find the index 'n' of the binomial if the 9th term of the expansion has
5 5
numerically the greatest coefficient (n N). [Ans. n = 12]
n r 2
nC x 2
[Sol. (1) T9 > T10 & (2) T9 > T8 ; Tr + 1 =
2 5
5
n 8 8 n 9 9
nC
x 2 x 2
(1) 8 5
> nC9
5 5 5
don't consider x.
n! x n! 2 9
; put x = 1 to get > 2 9 > 2n – 16 n < 12 · 5
8 ! n 8 ! 5 9 ! n 9 ! 5 n 8
n 8 8 n 9 7 n 9 n 8
x 2 x 2 n 7 2 1
(2) nC
8 5 > nC7 ; · >
5 5 5 8 5 5
2n 14 1
or
8 ·5 > 5 ; 2n – 14 > 8 2n > 22 n > 11
n = 12 (n N) ]
EXAMPLES:
(2n)!
(1) Prove that C02 C12 C22 C32 ....... C2n = 2nCn = (To be remembered)
n!n!
[Sol. (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + .................. + Cnxn
(x + 1)n = C0xn + C1xn–1 + C2xn–2 +........ + Cnx0
coefficient of xn in (1 + x)n × (1 + x)n will give C02 C12 C22 ....... C 2n
and coefficient of xn in (1 + x)2n is also equal to 2nCn
C02 C12 C22 C32 ....... C2n = 2nC
n Hence proved ]
(2n )! (2n )!
i.e. =
(n 1)!(n 1)! (n 1)!(n 1)! ]
(3) Find the sum of the series (using Fredril Karl Gauss)
S = 1 · nC1 + 2 · nC2 + 3 · nC3 + ........... + (n – 1) nCn – 1 + n · nCn.
[Ans. n · 2n – 1]
[Sol. Method-I:
S = 0 · nC0 + 1 · nC1 + 2 · nC2 + ........... + n · nCn
S = n · nC0 + (n – 1) · nC1 + (n – 2) · nC2 + ........... + 0 · nCn
—————————————————————————
2S = n [ nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + ..........+ nCn ]
n n
S= ·2 S = n · 2n S = n · 2n – 1 Ans.
2
C0 C1 C1 C2 C 2 C3 C Cn
(7) × × × .........× n 1
C C C C
0 1 2 n 1
n nC n n n 1 C n
(n 1)(n 1 r )! n (n 1)
r 1 C r
[Sol. P= = n r
= =
r 1
n
Cr 1 r 1 C r 1 r 1 r (n 1 r )! r 1 r
1 1 1 1 ( n 1) n
P = (n + 1)n ...... = ]
1 2 3 n n!
n 1 n r
(8) If an = n then find the value of n .
r 0 Cr r 0 Cr
0 1 2 n
[Sol. S = n
n
n
........ n
C0 C1 C2 Cn
n n 1 n 2 0
S= n
........
C0 n C1 n C2 n
Cn
———————————————
n n n n n ·an
2S = n
........ ; 2S = n · an S= Ans. ]
C0 n C1 n C 2 n
Cn 2
3n 1
(c) a1 + a3 + a5 + ........ + a2n – 1 = ((a)– (b) c)
2
3n 1
(d) a0 + a2 + a4 + ........ + a2n = ((a)+ (b) d)
2
S = nC0 · sin nx · cos 0x + nC1 · sin (n – 1)x · cos 1x + ..... + nCn · sin 0x · cos nx
—————————————————————————————————
2S = nC0 sin (0x + nx) + nC1 · sin x ( n 1) x + ............ + nCn · sin nx 0 x
2S = [nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + ...... + nCn] sin nx
S = sin nx · 2n – 1 ]
(11) Use binomial theorem to prove that 11n – 10n – 1 is divisible by 100 n N.
[Sol. (10 + 1)n – 10n – 1
(1 + 10)n – 10n – 1
[1 + nC1 (10) + nC2 (10)2 + nC3 (10)3 + ........ + nCn (10)n ] – 10n – 1
x 1 x 1 3 x 1
n 1
y = (x + 2)n – 1 1 ..... ;
x 2 x 2 x 2
n 1 r 3 r 7 r 15 r
r n
(15) Evaluate the sum: ( 1) · C r ...... m terms
r 0 2 4 8 16
n r n n r r
r n 1 r n 3 r n 7
[Sol. ( 1) · C r ( 1) · C r ( 1) · C r .........m terms
r 0 2 r 0 4 r 0 8
n n n n n n
1 3 7 1 1 1
= 1 1 1 ....m terms = ...m terms
2 4 8 2 4 8
n
1 1
=
2n
1
3n
1
....
mn
; ·
n
1 1 1 2 mn 2m n 1
= mn n ]
n
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 (2 1)
2
(16) Coefficient of x2y3z4 in the expansion of (ax – by + cz)9.
[Sol. Tr + 1 = 9Cr(ax – by)9 – r (cz)r
for coefficient of z4 r=4
T5 = 9C4 (ax – by)5 c4 z4
= 9C4 {5C3 (ax)2 (– by)3 } c4 z4
= 9C4 5C3 (ax)2 (– by)3 c4 z4
= – 9C4 5C3 a2 b3 c4 x2 y3 z4
9!
coefficient of x2b3c4 is a 2 b3c 4 ]
4!· 3!· 2!
(17) Coefficient of x4 in the expansion of (2 – x + 3x2)6
[Sol. (2 – x + 3x2)6 = [2 + x(3x – 1)]6
Tr + 1 = 6Cr 26 – r xr(3x – 1)r
r = 2, r = 3, r = 4
r = 2,
T3 = 6C2 24 x2(3x – 1)2
here coefficient of x4 is
6C 24 × 9 = 15 × 16 × 9 = 2160
2
r = 3,
T3 = 6C3 23 x3(3x – 1)3
here coefficient of x4 is
6C 23 × x3 3(3x)(–1)2 = 6C · 8 · 9 = 20 × 72 = 1440
3 3
(1) If n N then prove that the integral part of the number N = 3 7 n is an odd integer..
I
[Sol. N = 3 7 n I integral part & F positive fractional part. 0< F<1
F
Consider 3 7 is a positive positive proper fraction
I + F + F' = 3 7 n + 3 7 n
2 C0 3 C 2 3 7 ........
n n n n 2 2
I + F + F' = even integer
but I is an integer
F + F' must also be an integer and 0 < F + F' < 2
F + F' = 1
I = Even integer – 1 I = odd integer ]
I
(3) Let N = (2 + 3 )6 then the value of N(1 – F).
F
[Sol. F + F' = 1 where F' = (2 – 3 )6
(2 + 3 )6 (F') = [(2 + 3 ) (2 – 3 )]6 = 1 ]
(5)
If N = 7 4 3 n = p + (n N) where p is the integral part of N and p is the
positive proper fraction then find the value of (1 – )(p + ).
[Sol. 7 4 3 n ' positive proper fraction
and + ' = 1
1 – = '
'(p + ) (7 + 4 3 )n (7 – 4 3 )n = (49 – 48) = 1 Ans. ]
Home work: Exercise-I(A) Q.1 to Q.15, Exercise-1(B) complete.
2n 2n
r
(6) If a r ( x 2) = br (x 3) r and ak = 1 r n then prove that bn = 2n + 1Cn + 1.
r 0 r 0
[Sol. Let x–3=y and x–2=1+y
2n 2n
a r (1 y)r = br yr
r 0 r 0
In RHS bn is the coefficient of yn. and
LHS is a0 + a1(1 + y) + a2(1 + y)2 + an(1 + y)n + an + 1(1 + y)n + 1 + ...... + a2n(1 + y)2n
and an = an + 1 = an + 2 = ........ = a2n = 1
bn is coefficient of yn in (1 + y)n + (1 + y)n + 1 + ..... + (1 + y)2n
bn = nCn + n + 1Cn + n + 2Cn + .............. + n + nCn
bn = n + 1Cn + 1 + n + 1Cn + n + 2Cn + ...... + n + nC
n
bn = n + 2C + n + 2C + n + 3C + ...... + n + nC
n+1 n n n
bn = n + 3Cn + 1 + n + 3C
n + ................... + n + nC
n
bn = n + nCn + 1 + n + nCn
bn = 2n + 1Cn + 1
1 10
(iii) S= C0 – 10C1 + 10C2 · 2 – 10C3 · 22 + ...... + 10C10 29 = ??
2
1 10
[Sol. S = [ C0 – 10C1 · 2 + 10C2 · 22 – 10C3 · 23 + ...... + 10C10 210]
2
1 1
S= (1 – 2)10 S= ]
2 2
(7) Find the sum of all the coefficient of all the integral power of 'x' in the expansion of
1 2 x 40 .
[Sol. 1 2 x 40 = 40C0 + 40C1 ( 2 x )1 + 40C2 ( 2 x )2 + ....... + 40C40 ( 2 x )40
1 2 x 40 = 40C0 + 40C1 (– 2 x )1 + 40C2 (– 2 x )2 + ...... + 40C40 (– 2 x )40
1 2 x 40 + 1 2 x 40 = 2[40C0 + 40C2 ( 2 x )2 + ....... + 40C40 ( 2 x )40]
put x=1
340 1 40
= C0 + 40C2 · 22 + 40C4 · 24 + ...... + 40C40 · 240 ]
2
Binomial theorem for any index (negative or fractional) i.e. n Q
|x|<1
n (n 1) 2 n (n 1)(n 2) 3
(i) (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x x ........
2! 3!
n (n 1) 2 n (n 1)(n 2) 3
(ii) (1 + x)–n = 1 – nx + x x ........
2! 3!
n (n 1) 2 n (n 1)(n 2) 3
(iv) (1 – x)–n = 1 + nx + x x ........
2! 3!
|x|<1
(1) (1 + x)–1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + ...........
(2) (1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ...........
(3) (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ...........
(4) (1 – x)–2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + .................
(5) (1 + x)–3 = 1 – 3x + 6x2 – 10x3 ...................
(2) (1 – x)–3 = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 ...................
EXAMPLES:
(1) Find the range of x for which this expansion is valid (8 + x)4/3.
4 4 4 4
x 3 x 3 x
[Sol. (8 x ) 3 83 1
; 161 ; Now < 1; | x | < 8
8 8 8
–8<x<8 ]
3(4) x 2 3· 4 · 5 x 3
[Sol. (1 – x)–3 = 1 + 3x + ........
2! 3!
( r 2)! x r (r 2)( r 1) x r r + 2
= = = Cr xr Ans.]
2 r! 2
1 1 2 1 1 1 3
1(2 x ) 1 2 (2 x )
8 2 2 2 2 2
[Sol. (1 + 2x)–1/2 = 1 x ......
2 2! 3!
1 1 1 1 r
1 2 ...... (r 1) (2 x )
Tr + 1 = 2 2 2 2
r!
1 1 1 1
(1) r 1 2 ...... r 1 2r x r
= 2 2 2 2
r!
(1 1 x 2 ) x 1·3 x 3 1·3 ·5 · 7 x 5
(4) If 0 < x < 1 then prove that = .......
2 2 2 · 4 6 2 · 4 · 6 · 8 10
1 1 1 x 1 x
[Sol. LHS =
2
2 2 1 x2 =
2
1 x 1 x 2 =
2
x 1·3 x 3 1·3 ·5 · 7 x 5
= .......
2 2 · 4 6 2 · 4 · 6 ·8 10
Approximation:
If x is so small so that its square and higher power can be neglected.
5
2x 12
1 (4 2x )
Find the value of 3
( 4 x )3 2
10 x x 1 2 3 2 x 3 2 10x x 3x
[Sol. 1 3 21 2 4 1 = 1 21 4 3 2 1
4 3 4 8
10 x x 3x 17 x 3x 9 x 17 x 51x 2
1 2 1 3 1 3
3 2 8 6 8 8 6 24
= =
8 8 8
(27 x 68x )
3 3 95x 3 95x
= 24 = 8 24 · 8 = ]
8 8 192
Important :
Coefficient of xr in the expansion of (1 – x)–n, n N is n + r – 1Cr . (used in P&C)
n (n 1) 2 n (n 1)(n 2) 3
Proof: (1 – x)–n = 1 + nx + x x ......
2! 3!
BINOMIAL SERIES
1 1 1· 3 1 1· 3· 5 1
(3) Find the sum: S = 1 – · · · .........
2 2 2 · 4 2 2 2 · 4 · 6 23
n (n 1) 2
[Sol. (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x .......
2!
1 n (n 1) 2 3
nx = – ....(1) and x = ....(2)
4 2! 32
n 1 3
(2) (1)2 =
2n 2
n – 1 = 3n n = – 1/2, x = 1/2
1 2 1 2
1 3 2
S = 1 Ans. ]
2 2 3
1 1· 3 1· 3· 5
(4) If x = ........ find the value of x2 – 2x = ?
3 3 · 6 3· 6 · 9
or find the value of x2 + 2x = ?.
1 1· 3 1· 3· 5
[Sol. y = x + 1 = 1 + ........
3 3 · 6 3· 6 · 9
n (n 1) 2
let y = (1 + z)n = 1 + nz + z .......
2!
1 n (n 1) 2 1· 3
nz = ....(1) and z = ....(2)
3 2! 18
(n 1) 3 9
(2) (1)2 = × n – 1 = 3n; n = – 1/2
2n 18 2
and n = 1/2, z = – 2/3
1 2 1 2
2 1
y = 1 3
3 3
EXPONENTIAL SERIES:
x x 2 x3
ex =1+ .........
1! 2! 3!
x x 2 x3 x 4
e–x = 1 .........
1! 2! 3! 4!
x2 x4
ex + e–x 2
= 1 .........
2 ! 4!
x x3 x5
and ex – e–x = 2 .........
1! 3! 5!
put x=1
1 1 1
e=1+ .........
1! 2! 3!
EXAMPLES:
2 4 6 8
(1) Find S = 1! 3! 5! 7! .....
[Sol. We have
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
S = 1 + 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7 ! .....
1 1 1 1
....
2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 !
4 6
expansion of ax = ex ln a 2 + 3 ! 5 ! + .............
( x ln a ) ( x ln a ) 2 ( x ln a )3
ax = ex ln a =1+ 1! + + + ...... ]
2! 3!
(1 22 ) 2 (1 23 ) 3
(2) Find (1 + 2) ln 2 + ln 2 + ln 2 + ........
2! 3!
2 ln 2 (2 ln 2)2 (2 ln 2)3 ln 2 ln 2 2 ln 3 2
[Sol. 1! ....... + .......
2! 3!
1! 2! 3!
e2 ln 2 – 1 + eln 2 – 1
4 – 1 + 2 – 1 = 6 – 2 = 4 Ans. ]
2 3 2 3
1
...... 1 ......
2 2!·4 3!·8 2 2!·4 3!·8
1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 23
(4)(a) Find 1 + + ......
2! 3! 4!
n3
(b) n!
n 1
[Sol.
1 2 2 2 .....2 n 1 2n 1 2n 1
(a) Tn = = (2 1) n !
n! n!
2n
1 2 22 23 1 1 1
S=
n!
– n! = 1 1! 2! 3! ..... – 1 1! 2! 3! .....
n1 n1
= e2 – e Ans.
n3 n2 (n 2 1) 1 (n 1) 1 (n 2) 3 1
(b) n! = (n 1)! (n 1)! (n 2)! (n 1)! = (n 2)! (n 1)!
n 1
1 3 1
= (n 3)! (n 2)! (n 1)! = 5e]
x x 2 x3 x 4
(1) ln(1 + x) = ....... ;
–1 x1
1 2 3 4
[Proof: y = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + x4 – ........ (diff. coefficient of)
1
y=
1 x
x x
1
y dx 1 x dx
0 0
x
2
(1 x x x 3 x 4 ......) dx = ln (1 + x)
0
x x3 x5
ln(1 + x) – ln(1 – x) = 2 .......
1 2 3
1 x x x3 x5
ln = 2 ....... ]
1 x 1 2 3
EXAMPLES:
1 1 1
(1) Find the value of S = ...... .
2·3 4·5 6· 7
1 1 1 1 1 1
[Sol. S = ......
2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1
S = – 1 ......
2 3 4 5 6 7
S = – (ln 2 – 1); S = 1 – ln 2 ]
1 1 1 1
(2) Find the value of S = 2 ........ .
2 · 2 2 3 · 23 4 · 2 4
1 (1 2) 2 (1 2)3 (1 2) 4
[Sol. ........
2 2 3 4
3
ln 1 = ln = ln 3 – ln 2 ]
2 2