Paaras Thakur

Periodic properties
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JEELIVE
Example Which of the following electronic configuration is associated with the
biggest jump in the second and third I.E. ?
a) 1s2 2s2 2p2
b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
d) 1s2 2s2 2p1
Example Which of the following represents the correct order of increasing first
ionization enthalpy for Ca, Ba, S, Se and Ar?
(a) S < Se < Ca < Ba < Ar
(b) Ba < Ca < Se < S < Ar
(c) Ca < Ba < S < Se < Ar
(d) Ca < S < Ba < Se < Ar

(AIEEE 2013)
Example Which of the following series correctly represents relations
between the elements from X to Y? X→Y
(a)3Li → 19K: Ionization enthalpy increases.
(b) 9F → 35Br: Electron gain enthalpy with negative sign increases.
(c) 6C → 32Ge: Atomic radii increases.
(d) 18Ar → 54Xe: Noble character increases. (JEE Main 2014)
Example The rst four successive ionization energies for an element are 6.113, 11.871,
50.908, 67.01 (in eV) respectively. The number of valence shell electron is ____
Electron Affinity or Electron Gain Enthalpy
 Electron Affinity or Electron Gain Enthalpy

It is the energy released when one mole of electron is added to one mole of an
element in its isolated gaseous state (ground state). It is also called
electron gain (eg) enthalpy, ΔHeg

(E.A.)2 is always +ve . because of electrostatic repulsion between anion and

electron (having same charge).
Electron Affinity or Electron Gain Enthalpy
 Electron Affinity or Electron Gain Enthalpy

Electron affinity depends upon the following factors:

It decreases when radius increases. However, this is having the following
exceptions.
Δeg H of Cl > ΔegH of F, Δeg H of S > ΔegH of O ΔegH of P >
ΔegH of N

• It increases across a period when Zeff increases.

• EA of half-filled and full-filled electronic configuration is less (mostly
endothermic).
• EA order for addition of electron in different orbitals having the same principal
quantum number is: s > p > d > f.
Example Find the process which is endothermic.
(a) N → N3− (b) Li+ → Li (c) H → H− (d)
Ca2+ → Ca+
Example Which of the following process involves absorption of energy?
(a) S(g) + e- → S-(g)
(b)S- + e- → S2-(g)
(c) Cl(g) + e- → Cl-(g)
(d) O + e- → O-(g)
Electronegativity
 Electronegativity

It is the tendency of the atom to attract electrons (bond pair) towards

itself when combined in a compound.

● Electronegativity for an individual atom in a non- bonded state doesn’t have

any meaning.
● Electronegativity depends on bonding conditions.
● Electronegativity of any given element is not constant; it varies depending
on the element to which it is bound.
 Electronegativity

Pauling scale: Linus Pauling developed a method for

calculating relative electronegativities of most
elements. According to Pauling:
Electronegativity
 Electronegativity

Mulliken’s scale : Electronegativity χ (chi) can be regarded as the average of

the ionisation energy (IE) and the electron affinity (EA) of an atom (both
expressed in electron volts).

Mulliken’s values were about 2.8 times larger than the Pauling’s values.
 Electronegativity

Electron Gain Enthalpy Electronegativity

It is the tendency of an atom to attract It is the tendency of an atom to attract

outside electrons shared pair of electrons.

It is the property of an isolated atom It is the property of bonded atom

It is the absolute electron attracting It is the relative electron attracting

tendency of the atom. tendency of an atom

It has units like kJ/mol and Ev/atom It has no units

 Electronegativity

● Charge on cationic species increases, Electronegativity increases.

● Charge on anionic species increases, Electronegativity decreases.

 Application of Electronegativity

1. Nomenclature
2. Metallic and Nonmetallic Nature
3. Partial Ionic Character in Covalent bonds: If difference of electronegativities
of the two elements is 1.7 or more, then ionic bond is formed between them
whereas if it is less than 1.7, then covalent bond is formed. (HF is exception
in which bond is covalent although difference of electronegativity is 1.9)

1. Bond Strength & Stability: As the difference in the electronegativities

between two bonded atoms in a molecule increases, the bond strength and
stability increase. For example H–F > H–Cl > H–Br > H–I
Application of Electronegativity
Example The set representing the correct order of ionic radius is:
(a) Li+ > Be2+ > Na+ > Mg2+
(b) Na+ > Li+ > Mg2+ > Be2+
(c) Li+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > Be2+
(d) Mg2+ > Be2+ > Li+ > Na+

(AIEEE 2009)
Example The ionic mobility of alkali metal ions in aqueous solution is maximum for
(a) K+
(b) Rb+
(c) Li+
(d) Na+

(AIEEE 2006)
Example Which one of the following constitutes a group of the isoelectronic Species?
(a) C22-, O2-, CO, NO
(b) NO+ , C22-, CN-, N2
(c) CN− ,N2 ,O22- , CO22-
(d) N2, O2-, NO+, CO

(AIEEE 2008)
Example The correct sequence which shows decreasing order of the ionic radii of the
elements is
(a) O2− > F− > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+
(b) Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > F− > O2−
(c) Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > O2− > F−
(d) Na+ > F− > Mg2+ > O2− > Al3+

(AIEEE 2010)