STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Lesson 1: Introducing Statistics

Laureano C. Ang Jr.

QUESTIONS – SET A

•How old is our teacher?

•Is the vehicle of the Mayor of our
city/town/municipality bigger than the
vehicle used by the President of the
Philippines?
•How many days are there in December?
QUESTIONS – SET A

•Does the Principal of the school has a post

graduate degree?
•How much does the Barangay Captain
receive as allowance?
•What is the weight of my smallest
classmate?
QUESTIONS – SET B

• How old are the people residing in our town?

• Do dogs eat more than cats?
• Does it rain more in our country than in Thailand?
• Do math teachers earn more than science teachers?
• How many books do my classmates usually bring to
school?
QUESTIONS – SET A

•Could be answered by a piece of information

which is considered always true.
•There is a correct answer which is based on a
fact.
•Don’t need the process of inquiry to answer this
kind of questions.
QUESTIONS – SET B

•Needs observations or data to be able to

respond to the question.
•Need to get the observations or responses of all
those concerned to be able to answer the
question (in some questions).
•Need to get observations from all those
concerned or you get representative groups
from which you gather your data.
STATISTICAL PROCESS/STATISTICS
•a science that studies data
•using data to find an answer or a solution to a
problem or an inquiry

USE IN DECISION MAKING

ORIGIN
The word “statistics” actually comes from the
word “state” — because governments have
been involved in the statistical activities,
especially the conduct of censuses either for
military or taxation purposes.
STATISTICS
•characterize persons, objects, situations, and
phenomena;
•explain relationships among variables;
• formulate objective assessments and
comparisons; and
•more importantly make evidence-based
decisions and predictions.
 “Do dogs eat more than cats?”
1. plan or a design on how to collect the data
(minimize any bias in responding to the
query)
2. get representative group of dogs and
another representative group of cats
(animal weight, amount of food in grams
eaten per day and breed of the animal)
Statistical Process in Solving a Problem
1. Planning or designing the collection of
data to answer statistical questions in a
way that maximizes information content
and minimizes bias;
2. Collecting the data as required in the
plan;
3. Verifying the quality of the data after
they were collected;
Statistical Process in Solving a Problem
4. Summarizing the information extracted
from the data; and
5. Examining the summary statistics so that
insight and meaningful information can be
produced to support decision-making or
solutions to the question or problem at
hand.
WORK AS A
TEAM!!
 WHAT TO DO????
1. Identify which of the following questions
are answerable using a statistical process.
2. For each of the identified questions in
Number 1 that are answerable using a
statistical process, describe the activities
involved in the process.
 ANSWERABLE USING STATISTICAL
PROCESS OR NOT?
1. What is a typical size of a Filipino family?
2. How many hours in a day?
3. How old is the oldest man residing in the
Philippines?
4. Is planet Mars bigger than planet Earth?
5. What is the average wage rate in the
country?
 ANSWERABLE USING STATISTICAL
PROCESS OR NOT?
6. Would Filipinos prefer eating bananas
rather than apple?
7. How long did you sleep last night?
8. How much a newly-hired public school
teacher in NCR earns in a month?
9.How tall is a typical Filipino?
10. Did you eat your breakfast today?
 ANSWERABLE USING STATISTICAL
PROCESS OR NOT?
1. What is a typical size of a Filipino family?
2. How many hours in a day?
3. How old is the oldest man residing in the
Philippines?
4. Is planet Mars bigger than planet Earth?
5. What is the average wage rate in the
country?
 ANSWERABLE USING STATISTICAL
PROCESS OR NOT?
6. Would Filipinos prefer eating bananas
rather than apple?
7. How long did you sleep last night?
8. How much a newly-hired public school
teacher in NCR earns in a month?
9.How tall is a typical Filipino?
10. Did you eat your breakfast today?
STATISTICAL PROCESS
a. What is a typical size of a Filipino
family?
• getting a representative group of Filipino
families and - ask the family head as to how
many members do they have in their family
•from the gathered data which had undergone
a quality check a typical value of the number
of family members could be obtained
STATISTICAL PROCESS
c. How old is the oldest man residing in
the Philippines?
• getting the ages of all residents of the
country
•from the gathered data which had
undergone a quality check the highest
value of age could be obtained
STATISTICAL PROCESS
e. What is the average wage rate in the
country?
• getting all prevailing wage rates in the
country
•from the gathered data which had
undergone a quality check a typical value
of the wage rate could be obtained
STATISTICAL PROCESS
f. Would Filipinos prefer eating
bananas rather than apple?
•getting a representative group of Filipinos and
ask each one of them on what fruit he/she
prefers, banana or apple?
•from the gathered data which had undergone
a quality check the proportion of those who
prefers banana and proportion of those who
prefer apple will be computed and compared
STATISTICAL PROCESS
i. How tall is a typical Filipino?
• getting a representative group of Filipinos
and measure the height of each member of
the representative group
•from the gathered data which had
undergone a quality check a typical value
of the height of a Filipino could be obtained