Physics Project on:-

TRANSFORMER
SUBMITTED BY :-

NAME-ANKIT KUMAR

CLASS -XII

SECTION -A

ROLL-
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ANKIT KUMAR of Class XII’A' D.A.V. CENTENARY
PUBLIC SCHOOL KABIRMATH,KANDHWARA has completed the project
titled Transformer during the academic year 2019-20 towards partial
fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2020,
and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages,
under my supervision.

(INTERNAL) (EXTERNAL)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my SUBJECT TEACHER MR.
SUNIL KUMAR SIR , for hIS vital support, guidance and encouragement,
without which this project would not have come forth. I would also like to
express my gratitude to MY PRINCIPAL MR. V.ANAND KUMAR SIR WHO GAVE ME
CHANCE TO DO this project.

SECONDLY, I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANKS MY PARENTS WHO HELPED ME A LOT IN

FINALIZING THIS PROJECT WITHIN THE LIMITED TIME FRAME.

ANKIT KUMAR
 TRANSFORMER

PRINCIPLE

A Transformer based on the Principle of

mutual induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring
coil.
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting

a low alternating voltage to a high

alternating voltage or a high alternating

voltage into a low alternating voltage.

 CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p 1 & p2 and s1
& s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other.
Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of
alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to s 1 s2, the secondary coil through an open
switch S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary

& secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to
magnetic the iron core is also negligible.
 INTRODUCTION OF
TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.

voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength
of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer
size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one

circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up

transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called
a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both

for high and low current circuits.
 THEORY AND WORKING OF
TRANSFORMER

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating

current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces
a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary
as well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if E p and Es be the instantaneous
vAlues of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primAry And the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer
and

Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant,

we have

Ep = -Np dфь/dt -----------------(1) And

 Es = -Ns dфь/dt ----------------- (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,

we get

E s / Ep = - N s / Np ----------------(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil

p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E

– Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if

Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the

primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / R p

E – Ep = I p R p

When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be neglected so

therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and

Output power at the same instant = Es I s

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power Or

Ep I p = Es I s Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer

As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we
lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step
down transformer steps up the current.

Efficiency:-

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the

input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in

actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore the efficiency
of transformer is less than one.

ENERGY LOSSES:-

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of
a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations. Therefore,

rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S 1S2 is less than
the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and

demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

 USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

· In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.

In the induction furnaces.

· A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

· A step down transformer is used for obtaining large

current.

· A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays

and NEON advertisement.

· Transformers are used in voltage regulators and

stabilized power supplies.

· Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over

long distances.
 · Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Physics for class XII by pradeep

2. www.yahoo.com
3. www.google.com
4. www.live.com
5. www.rediffmail.com