• TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

AND
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Which of the following best describes the term traffic?

a. The accumulation of motor vehicles in one street due to accident.

b. The slow movement of motor vehicles due to numerous vehicle passing through the street.

c. The complete cessation of motor vehicles in the street due to volumes of vehicles passing through the street.

d. The movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another
for the purpose of travel.

• PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

 TRAFFIC- movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to
another for the purpose of travel.

 ROADWAY- part of the traffic way over which motor vehicle pass.

 SHOULDER- either side of the roadway, especially along highways.

 TRAFFIC WAY- the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any part is open to the use of the public for
purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom

• TRAFFIC UNIT

- any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as a pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle or animal
which he is using. Applicable also to

- Pedestrians

- Cyclists

- Street cars

- Horse-drawn vehicles

Safe traffic way for travellers, expedite movement of traffic and convenient use of traffic facilities by the users are the results of good

a. Traffic Engineering

b. Traffic Education

c. Traffic Management

d. Traffic Law Enforcement

• TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

• Designed to make the traffic way safer for travellers, expedite the movement of traffic, and to provide convenience to the traffic
facilities users.

• Procedures for coping with streets and highway traffic by improving road efficiency.

* The application of the processes of planning, organizing, directing and controlling to traffic affairs.

• AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

• DOTC-LTO (RA 4136)

• CITY/MUNICIPAL ENGINEERS’ OFFICE

 • DPWH

• LEGISLATIVE(CONGRESS/CITY/MUNICIPAL BOARDS)

• PNP-TMG

• ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS

• COURTS

• PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE

• CITIZEN SUPPORT GROUPS

• MEDIA

• OTHER AGENCIES

• PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

• TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

• TRAFFIC EDUCATION

• TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

• TRAFFIC ECOLOGY-ENVIRONMENT

• TRAFFIC ECONOMY

Achieving safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods, needs the application of knowledge in the practice of planning, deciding
and operating traffic system. This is the idea of

a. Traffic management

b. Traffic law enforcement

c. Traffic engineering

d. Traffic education

• TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

• Measuring traffic and travel or the study of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation.

• Application of knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve safe and
efficient transportation of persons and goods.

• FUNCTIONS

• Fact finding, surveys and recommendation of traffic rules and regulations

• Supervision and maintenance trough the application of traffic control devices

• Planning of traffic regulations

• AGENCIES INVOLVED

• DPWH

• PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS

• MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS

• CHARTERED CITIES
Municipality “A” encounters traffic jam and/or congestion daily from 5 o’clock in the morning up to 7 o’clock in the evening because of
insufficient road capacity and absence of traffic facilities. This problem is categorized under

a. Human errors

b. Physical inadequacy

c. Poor maintenance

d. Lack of budget

• MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC JAM

• PHYSICAL INADEQUACY

• POOR CONTROL MEASURES

• HUMAN ERRORS

• POOR MAINTENANCE

It is aimed at achieving safety by giving exercises and practices on the actual application of traffic safety knowledge. This is called

a. Traffic Management

b. Traffic Engineering

c. Traffic Education

d. Traffic Enforcement

• TRAFFIC EDUCATION

• Process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge.

The area of Traffic Management which entails putting into practice rules and regulations and laws concerning traffic.

a. Traffic Law Enforcement

b. Traffic Enforcement

c. Police Traffic Law Enforcement

d. Traffic Arrest

• TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

• The field that deals mainly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations.

• TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT

The study of potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in the urban environment due to the scale and
density of new urban concentration and new activities carries out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding especially transport
congestion which results therein.

Which of the following adverse effect of traffic system is considered less dangerous but admittedly more vexing and annoying?

A. Vibration

B. Noise pollution

C. Visual intrusion

D. Dirt
 • LAWS AND STATUTES CONCERNING TRAFFIC ECOLOGY

 PD 1181- providing for the prevention, control and ABATEMENT of AIR POLLUTION for motor vehicles and for other purposes.

 LETTER OF INSTRUCTION (LOI) NO. 551

– Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement the pollution control program

 RA 8749- Clean Air Act

• TRAFFIC ECONOMY

• The most recent pillar of traffic which deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy.

• TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

• The process of training road users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic-related accidents

This pertains to the use of multi-disciplinary approaches road engineering and traffic management, education and training of road users and
vehicle design thereby reducing the risk of accidents.

a. Traffic safety

b. Road safety

c. Safety campaign

d. Traffic education

• E’S OF TRAFFIC IN RELATION TO TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

 ENGINEERING – effective construction and maintenance of traffic facilities

 EDUCATION- training and practice

 ENFORCEMENT- minimize the occurrence of accidents due to non-compliance of road users.

• DRIVER’S EDUCATION

 AIMS primarily to teach the rudiments of driving.

 Secondarily aims to:

– Instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities

– Teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.

• INSTRUCTION MODES

 COMPREHENSIVE- Places the student into real life of driving situations from the beginning

 TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION- depends on instruction-student communication

 COMMENTARY DRIVING METHOD- student driver is accompanied by an instructor

student- drives

instructor-comments

 SIMULATED CONDITIONS

– On and off the road training with the use of a simulator

• TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS AND OTHER RELATED STATUTES

 • REPUBLIC ACTS

 RA 4136- LT CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 RA 6539- ANTI-CARNAPPING ACT OF 1972

 RA 5448- ACT IMPOSING TAX ON PRIVATELY OWNED PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES, MOTORCYCLES AND SCOOTERS

 RA 8749- CLEAN AIR ACT

 RA 8750- SEAT BELT LAW

 RA 7924- ACT CREATING THE METROPOLITAN MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

• PRESIDENTIAL DECREES

 P.D. 96- REGULATING THE USE OF SIRENS, BELLS, HORNS, BLINKERS, ETC.

 PD 101- EXPEDITING THE METHODS OF PRESCRIBING, REDIFINING OR MODIFYING THE LINES AND MODES OF OPERATIONS OF
PUBLIC UTILITY MOTOR VEHICLES

 PD 207- DECLARING AS PART OF THE LAWS OF THE PHILIPPINES THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON ROAD TRAFFIC, SIGNS AND
SIGNALS

 PD 612- REQUIRING COMPULSORY INSURANCE FOR ALL TYPES OF MOTOR VEHICLES AGAINST THIRD PARTY LIABILITY AS AN
ADDITIONAL PREREQUISITE FOR REGISTRATION BY THE LTO.

 PD 1686- IMPOSING TAX ON EVERY MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH AIR CONDITIONER.

 PD 1181- ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION FORM MOTOR VEHICLES

 PD 98- REGULATINGG THE ISSUANCE OF LICENSE PLATES OF ALL MOTOR VEHICLES

• EXECUTIVE ORDERS

 E.O. 202- CREATING THE LTFRB

 E.O. 266- PROVIDES FOR THE CREATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT SERVICE AND TRAFFIC ADJUDICATION SERVICE

• IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF RA 4136

• WORDS AND PHRASES

• MOTOR VEHICLE

Shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using public highways.

• What are the exceptions to this provision?

Road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks
and trucks if not used in highways, vehicles which run only on rails, or tracks and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used
exclusively for agricultural purposes.

Trailers having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be propelled by attachment to a motor
vehicle shall be classified as separate motor vehicle with no power rating.

• PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES

 Any pneumatic tire vehicles of type similar to those usually known under the following terms:

– Touring car, command car, speedster, sports car, roadster, jeep, cycle car (except motor wheel and similar small outfits
which are classified with motor cycle), coupe, landaulet, closed car, limousine, cabriolet and sedan

What is the classification of a motor vehicle registered for more than nine passengers?
 A. Automobile C. Motorcycle

B. Jitney D. Truck

What is the classification of a motor vehicle registered for more than nine passengers?

A. Automobile C. Motorcycle

B. Jitney D. Truck

• ARTICULATED VEHICLE

Any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that part of the trailers rests upon the motor
vehicle and a substantial weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle.

Under the definition provided for by the Land Transportation Code, which of the following means every or any licensed operator of a motor
vehicle?

A. Owner C. Conductor

B. Dealer D. Driver

Under the definition provided for by the Land Transportation Code, which of the following means every or any licensed operator of a motor
vehicle?

A. Owner C. Conductor

B. Dealer D. Driver

• OWNER

The actual legal owner of the motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly registered with the LTO.

Dinatuli Supotski is driving his own private motor vehicle (Delica) for hire. As per provision of RA 4136, he is NOT considered a
professional driver since he is driving a private vehicle. This statement is

A. True C. Yes

B. False D. No

Dinatuli Supotski is driving his own private motor vehicle (Delica) for hire. As per provision of RA 4136, he is NOT considered a
professional driver since he is driving a private vehicle. This statement is

A. True C. Yes

B. False D. No

• PROFESSIONAL DRIVER

Every and any driver hired for driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to the public.

Which is true about the ownership of a government-owned motor vehicle?

A. The assigned driver shall be considered as the owner of the said motor vehicle.

B. Any one from the office so long as he knows how to drive and properly licensed can claim ownership of the motor vehicle.

C. The head of office or the chief of the Bureau is the owner of the government-owned motor vehicle.

D. All of the above

Which of the following is considered parking or parked vehicle?

A. Vehicle “X” which properly stops merely to discharge passenger or take in waiting passenger then moves away without delay.
B. Vehicle “Y” which stop properly to unload or load small quantity of freight with reasonable dispatch then moves away without delay.

C. All of the above

D. None of the above.

All passenger automobiles for hire are required to have the registered capacity marked plainly and conspicuously on the sides thereof in
letters and numerals with

A. Not less than 10 cms. In height

B. Not less than 5 cms. In height

C. Not more than 10 cms. But less than 5 cms. In height

D. Not more than 5 m But less than 10 m In height

Generally, Riding running on board is strictly prohibited. Which among the following is allowed to ride on running board?

A. Pedro who is rushing because he will be late for the wedding of his ex-girl friend.

B. Angiwan, the conductor, who is collecting the passengers’ fare.

C. Mutegan who is a policeman going to other places.

D. Turquatro who is a Brgy. Capt. Rushing for an emergency meeting.

• RIDING ON TOP THE MOTOR VEHICLE

Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of motor vehicles.

• What are the required motor vehicle accessories?

• Tires

• Brake

• Horns

• Headlight

• Tail light

• Stop light

• Wind shield wiper

• Red flag

• mufflers

When should the headlights of the motor vehicle be lighted?

A. Not later than 1 hour before sunrise and until 1 hour before sunset.

B. 30 minutes before sunset and until 30 minutes after sunrise.

C. 15 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes after sunrise

D. 1 hour before sunrise and 1 hour after sunset.

TAIL LIGHTS of the motor vehicle should be lighted and visible at least

A. 100 m from the rear of the vehicle.

 B. 50 m from the front of the vehicle.

C. 100 m from the front of the vehicle.

D. 50 m from the rear of the vehicle.

Obet Momet-a unloads a passenger at the center of the street causing impediment to other motor vehichle passing the same
street. Mr. Momet-a commits

a. Illegal loading

b. Illegal discharge of passenger

c. Obstruction of traffic

d. Violation of loading and unloading rules

• It is commonly known as operating a motor vehicle in such a manner as to obstruct, block, or impede the passage of another
vehicle.

OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC

Tim Mckay while driving his car accidentally bumped Ms. Angelica Caasi. In this case, what must be done by Mckay?

a. Stop immediately

b. Show his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law enforcer.

c. Give his true name and address, including that of the owner of the vehicle.

d. Report the accident

e. All of the above

• DUTIES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENT (SEC. 55)

• STOP immediately

• SHOW his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law enforcer.

• GIVE his true name and address, including that of the owner of the vehicle.

• ASSIST injured persons

• TAKE MEASURES to protect belongings of passengers

• REPORT the accident

• All but one are valid reasons for the driver to leave the accident scene without being held liable for hit and run.

a. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed by other person/s by reason of the accident.

b. He surrenders to proper authority

c. He summons the assistance of a physician or nurse to aid the victim.

d. He runs to the hospital to treat injuries he sustained

Since 1997, the LTO issued Ten (10) Commandments of traffic which is not only useful to the public but also to traffic investigators. The No. 1
of the said commandments is:

a. If in doubt, don’t overtake

b. Do not overtake on the right

c. Keep right

d. Safety first

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF TRAFFIC

1. KEEP RIGHT

2. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY- yielding to emergency vehicles, pedestrians, trains, vehicles with right of way, vehicles ahead, large
vehicles, uphill traffic, traffic momentum, straight traffic and traffic signs.

3. VEHICLES SHOULD NOT BE PARKED NEAR INTERSECTION, CROSSWALK, PEDESTRIAN LANES, FIRE STATIONS, FIRE HYDRANT, AND
PRIVATE DRIVEWAYS.

4. IF IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE- in general, the overtaking lane is the left of the overtaken vehicle going the same direction. The
overtaken vehicle is the burden vehicle.

5. THE BUS STOP RULE- buses queue up on a single file in their order of arrival.

6. RULE TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC CONGESTION OR TRAFFIC JAM- keep opposing lanes and intersection open.

7. OBSERVE THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURE- like the busy yellow lane rule, bus stop segregation scheme, truck ban, odd and even
scheme etc...

8. THE PHILOSOHY OF A PINOY DRIVER-motorists should observe equity of the vehicle, doctrine of the last clear chance and the first-come-
first serve or rotunda rule.

9. ON PEDESTRIANS- keep of roadway except to cross on crosswalk or pedestrian lane, wait, embark and alight at bus or jeepney stop.

10. REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY REMINDER- SAFETY FIRST

• REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE

• Classification of registered motor vehicles

• PRIVATE (not for hire)

• PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLES (conveyance of passengers and other commercial goods)

• GOVERNMENT (for official use only)

• DIPLOMAT (foreign diplomats and consuls)

• PLATE NUMBERS

• PRIVATE AHK 123

• PUVs WYZ 143 OR WYZ 143

• GOVERNMENT SJH 007

• DIPLOMATS ZYW 901

• COMMEMORATIVE PLATES

• Special plate numbers issued for specific purposes such fund-raising for government projects and programs.

• SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION

• WITH THIS PLATE NUMBER

WJS 269

• What is the classification of the motor vehicle?

• What month should it be registered?

 • When is the weekly deadline should it be registered?

• LETTER PREFIXES ON PLATE NUMBERS

• Indicate the place of initial registration of the motor vehicle

• Indicate the registration and the possible year model of the registered motor vehicle. (the higher the letters the later the year of
registration and year model)

• SPECIAL PLATES FOR GOV. OFF.

• 1- PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

• 2- VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

• 3- SENATE PRESIDENT, ETC.

• DRIVER’S LICENSE

• A document issued to a qualified driver who possesses the statutory qualification as provided therefore.

DRIVER’S LICENSE

• Is driving in the Philippines as well as the acquisition of driver’s license a matter of right or privilege?

A MATTER OF PRIVILEGE

• When a driver’s license is confiscated for any reason, the traffic enforcer must

• Issue a receipt (TOP)

• TOP is good for 72 hours within which the driver may continue to operate his vehicle.

• Failure to settle the case within 15 days will cause suspension or revocation of license.

• TYPES OF LICENCES

• INTERNATIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE

- issued to a bonafide tourist and transient who are duly licensed to operate motor vehicles in their respective countries.

* They are allowed to operate motor vehicles during their stay but not beyond 90 days of their sojourn in the Philippines.

• Can a foreign license applicant be issued a professional driver’s license?

A. Yes, because that is his right.

B. No, because only student license can be issued to them.

C. Yes, especially if he is an American.

D. NO, only non-professional driver’s license can be issued to them.

• MILITARY DRIVER’S LICENSE

– Issued to enlisted personnel of the AFP operating motor vehicles owned by the government

– No license or delinquency fees shall be collected thereof.

– It shall bear the words “FOR GOVERNMENT VEHICLES ONLY”.

• Can a military driver’s license authorize the holder to operate a privately-owned motor vehicle?

NO, he needs to apply license separately from that of a military driver’s license.
 • PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE

• Issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle whether private use or for hire to the public.

• Requirements:

• 18 years of age

• Present either the ffg:

- STUDENT LICENSE which has been issued in the possession of the applicant for at least 5 months.

- NON-PROFESSIONAL driver’s license that has been issued in the possession of the applicant for not less than 4 months.

• Pass the written examination

• Pass the actual road test.

• Application form filled out by the applicant.

• Payment of the necessary fees.

* Renewable for every 3 years and the identifying color is red.

• In the driver’s written examination, what is the passing score for non-professional? Professional?

• 30 points out of 40 questions for non-prof.

• 50 points out of 60 questions for prof.

• In the actual road test, the applicant is automatically credited 100 points and corresponding points will be deducted for every
violation, what is the maximum deductible point?

A total possible deduction of 30 points

• NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE

• Issued to owners of privately-owned motor vehicles or those not for hire or paid for driving.

• Requirements:

• At least 17 years of age

• Student driver’s permit that has been issued not less than 1 month from the date of application

• Certification

– Physically and mentally sound

– Normal vision and hearing

• Pass the written exam

• Pass the actual road test

• Application form filled out

• Payment of necessary fees

* Renewable for every 3 years and identifying color is green .

Holder of non-professional driver’s license is only authorized to operate which of the following motor vehicle?

A. Motor vehicle up to 4500 kgs GVW

 B. Motor vehicle above 4500 kgs GVW but not more than 1600 kgs GVW

C. Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW

D. Articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kgs GVW

• STUDENT DRIVER’S PERMIT

• Issued to persons who desire to learn how to drive.

*Can not drive a motor vehicle unless accompanied by an instructor who may be either licensed prof. or non-prof.

Kita Liit cannot see clearly when driving at night time because of some eye defect. If you are the licensing personnel of the LTO,
what driver’s restriction will you indicate in his license?

A. D C. B

B. C D. E

Kita Liit cannot see clearly when driving at night time because of some eye defect. If you are the licensing personnel of the LTO,
what driver’s restriction will you indicate in his license?

A. D C. B

B. C D. E

• DRIVER’S CONDITION

A- wear eye glasses

B- drive only with special equipment for upper limbs

C- drive only with special equipment for lower limbs

D- daylight driving only

E- accompanied by a person with normal hearing

• DRIVER’S RESTRICTION CODE

1- motorcycles/motorized tricycles

2- vehicle up to 4500 kgs GVW

3- vehicle above 4500 GVW

4- Automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs GVW

5- Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW

6- Articulated vehicle 1600 kgs GVW and below

7- Articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kgs GVW

8- Articulated vehicle 4501 kgs and above GVW

9- Disabled

• GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND CONDUCT

• SDEED LIMIT AND OTHER RULES ON SPEED

• EXCEPTION TO THE SPEED LIMIT

• A physician or his driver when the former responds to emergency calls.

• The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place of accident or other emergency.

• Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a hospital, clinic or any other similar place.

• The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the armed forces while in use for official purposes in times of riot, insurrection or
invasion.

• The driver of a motor vehicle when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a criminal.

• A law enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic laws.

• The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire department, provided that exemption shall not be construed to allow
useless or unnecessary fast driving of drivers aforementioned.

• OVER TAKING AND PASSING

• IN overtaking another vehicle, a driver should pass at a safe distance to the left of the vehicle being overtaken and shall resume
driving on the right side of the road only after passing clear of the overtaken vehicle.

• The driver of a motor vehicle about to be overtaken must give way to the overtaking vehicle and shall not increase his speed until
the overtaking vehicle has fully passed by.

• RIGHT OF WAY

• The principle referring to the legal or customary precedence (priority in place or time) WHICH ALLOWS one vehicle to cross or
pass in front of another.

• General parking rules

• On cities- motor vehicles will be parked parallel and within 12 inches of the curb.

• Downhill with or without curb-turn wheels to right

• Uphill with curb- turn wheels from curb

• Uphill without curb- turn wheels to curb

• Parking prohibited in specific places

• Within an intersection

• On a crosswalk

• Within six (6) meters of curb lines

• Within four (4) meters of the drive way entrance of any fire station.

• Within 4 meters from a fire hydrant

• In front of a private driveway

• KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTION

• TRAFFIC ARREST

• TRAFFIC CITATION

• TRAFFIC WARNING

• TRAFFIC ARREST

• AN enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody for the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a
charge of law violation before a court.

• When can a traffic violator be arrested?

A. Offense committed is serious

B. Detention is necessary to avoid continued violation

C. There is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear in court

D. All of the above

E. A and C only

• TRAFFIC CITATION

• Having violators appear in court without physical arrest.

• Confiscate the driver’s license and issue a TCT, TOP or TVR to ensure that the violator will appear before the proper authority or
court.

• After confiscation of the driver’s license and issuance of the TOP or TCT, the apprehending officer should advise the violator to
report within what period of time from confiscation?

• Within 72 hours, but not less than 24 hours

• WHERE THE VIOLATOR SHOULD REPORT?

• TRAFFIC COURT- if in Manila and for violation of City’s traffic ordinances.

• CITY/PROVINCIAL PROSECUTOR- if in other chartered cities or provincial capitals without traffic courts, for violation of local traffic
ordinances.

• MUNICIPAL COURT- in Municipalities for violation of local traffic ordinances.

• LTO Central Office (TAS) for Metro Manila or its counterparts (REGIONAL TRAFFIC ADJUDICATION SERVICE - RTAS) for violation of
the Land Transportation Code (RA 4136)

• What are the uses of TOP, TCT, and TVR?

• Serves as a receipt for the confiscation of a vehicle or the driver’s license or the CR/OR of the vehicle.

• Serves as a temporary permit to operate motor vehicle for 72 hours without extension from the time of confiscation or
apprehension. (7 days for TVR)

• It is an official form of judicial or administrative citation to facilitate action on the case for which it is issued.

• It is a record for disposing a case cited therein either administratively or judiciary.

• It is also a receipt for release of the confiscated items after adjudication of the case.

• TRAFFIC WARNING

• An enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a result of
warning alone.

• TYPES OF TRAFFIC WARNING

• VISUAL WARNING

- usually used when you have observed a minor violation but are more importantly occupied at a moment.

• VERBAL WARNING

- A form of safety education.

• WRITTEN WARNING
 - combination of verbal warning and citation. It gives the spirit of verbal warning in the form of citation.

• ROAD CHECK

• Another enforcement activity where it involve the conducting of actual inspection of vehicles, and motorists on the road.

• OBJECTIVE OF ROAD CHECK

• Detect and inspect:

– Faulty vehicle equipment

– Registration and licensing violations

– Intoxicated drivers

– The load or cargo of commercial transportation vehicle for weight.

• TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

• COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES

• ACCIDENT- the occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death or property damage.

• TRAFFIC ACCIDENT- an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.

• MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT

• Events resulting in unintended injury or property damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its
load.

• Included are:

• Accidental injury from inhalation of exhaust gas

• Fires

• Explosion

• Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle while in motion

• Collision between a motor vehicle and a railroad train or street car on stationary rails or tracks

• Failure of any part of the vehicle while in motion.

• Excluded are:

• Collision of a motor vehicle with an aircraft or water-craft in motion

• Injury or damage due to cataclysms (flood or sudden physical change of the earth surface)

• Injury or damage while the motor vehicle is not under its power is being loaded on or unloaded from another conveyance.

• KEY EVENT

- An event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident.

• DEBRIS

- Scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other materials left at the scene of the accident caused by a collision.

• SKID MARKS

- these are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate, usually because brakes are applied strong and wheels
locked.
 • IMPACT

- striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor vehicle with another motor vehicle.

• CONTACT DAMAGE

- Damage to a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some foreign object in a collision or roll over.

- indicated by striation, rub-off of material or puncture.

• FACTOR

- any circumstances contributing to a result without which the result would not have occurred or it is an element necessary to
produce the result, but not by itself sufficient.

• PRIMARY CAUSE

- A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained factor in the cause of an accident or the most easily
modified condition factor.

CAUSE

- The combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any one of which result could not have occurred.

ATTRIBUTE

- any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle or a person that affects the probability of a traffic accident.

MODIFIER

- a circumstance that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily.

• KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• ANY TRAFFIC ACCIDENT OCCURING ON A TRAFFIC WAY INVOLVING PERSONS USING TRAFFIC WAY OR TRAVEL TRANSPORTATION,
BUT NOT INVOVLING A MOTOR VEHICLE IN MOTION.

I.E. Pedestrian and cyclist in a traffic way

• MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• ANY MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT WHICH OCCURS ENTIRELY IN ANY PLACE OTHER THAN A TRAFFIC WAY

i.e. Accident on a private driveway

• MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

• ANY MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT OCCURRING ON A TRAFFIC WAY.

i.e. collision between automobiles on a highway.

• CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT ACCDG. TO KEY EVENT

• RUNNING OFF THE ROADWAY

• NON-COLLISION ON ROAD
 • COLLISION ON ROAD

• RUNNING OFF ROAD

- Characterized by a motor vehicle falling on the roadside or on a cliff along mountainous roads.

• NON-COLLISION ON ROAD

- DOES NOT involve any collision, an example of which is overturning.

• COLLISION ON ROAD

- includes all forms of accident as long as there is collision.

Motor vehicle colliding with:

- pedestrian

- other motor vehicle in traffic

- parked motor vehicle

- railroad train

-bicycle

- Fixed object

- Other object

• CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCDG. TO SEVERITY

• PROPERTY DAMAGE ACCIDENT

• SLIGHT

• NON-FATAL INJURY ACCIDENT

• LESS SERIOUS

• SERIOUS

• FATAL

• PROPERTY DAMAGE ACCIDENT

• THERE is no fatal or injury to an person but only damage to the motor vehicle or to other property including injury to animals.

• SLIGHT

• Only slight damages to properties

• NON-FATAL INJURY ACCIDENT

• This results to injuries other than fatal to one or more persons.

• LESS SERIOUS

- Only less serious injuries to persons

• HIT-AND -RUN INVESTIGATION

• OVER VIEW
 • Evading responsibility is a term commonly applied to a traffic accident in which the driver fails to comply with any of the duties
required by sec. 55 of Ra 4136.

(Unless it fall under the ffg. Exceptions)

• ELEMENTS OF HIT-AND-RUN

• Suspect was driving the vehicle at the time of the accident

• Suspect was involved in an accident resulting in death, personal injury or damage to property

• Failure to do the specified duties under sec. 55 of RA 4136

• Suspect has knowledge of the accident.

• IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS

• The driver who flees the scene of an accident is not necessarily the driver responsible for the accident. His reasons for flight are
often more important than the simple evasion of responsibility.

• The hit-and-run driver often will report the damage to his own vehicle as having been the result of another hit-and-run accident
in which some “other mysterious driver” fled without identifying himself.

• Similarly, it is not unusual for the hit-and-run driver to abandon his vehicle and then report it stolen as means of covering up his
involvement in the accident.

• THE HIT-AND-RUN OPERATOR

• APPREHENSIVE-PANIC DRIVER, FEARFUL DRIVER

- intoxicated drivers, without license, no insurance, his companion in the car is not his/her mate, stolen car or goods in
car; leaving scene of another crime; or wanted for crime.

• PROJECTIONIST-PROJECTS GUILT

- sits as a judge and jury, tries the case himself, finds the other driver at fault refuses to be a party to the accident and
drives off as the offended person

• SNEAK OPERATOR

- this involves minor property-damage only accidents like one that smashes a fender and smashes grillwork in his daily
occupational activities and chalks up his action as the calculated risk shared by all vehicle owners who place their vehicles on the roadway.

• SKIDMARKS

• TOOL IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

• SKIDMARK

• THE result of the sudden application of brakes which results in the locked wheel condition places great pressure between the
brake shoe and the brake drum that the frictional force at this point becomes greater than the frictional force between the tire
and the road surface.

• As a TOOL

• Measurement of the skid marks gives idea on how fast the car which left theses marks going prior to the accident.

• Estimates of speed based on skid marks may lead to convictions; or knowing how to estimate speed correctly may help to keep
an innocent person from being convicted.

• OTHER TIRE MARKS

• CENTRIFUGAL SKID MARK

- a marking on the road left by a rotating tire and wheel of a speeding vehicle on a curve.
 • IMPENDING SKID MARKS

- caused by the forward rotation of the wheels being slower than the forward movement of the vehicle.

- the shadowy beginning of a skid mark along the approach of the vehicle

• YAWN MARKS

- scuffmark made while a vehicle is yawning the mark made on the road by a rotating tire which is slipping in a
direction parallel to the axle of the wheel.

• SKIP MARKS

- a braking skid mark interrupted at a frequent regular intervals; skid mark made by a bouncing wheel on which brakes keep the
wheel from turning.

• GAP MARK

- a braking skid mark which is interrupted by release and reapplication of brakes or which terminates by release of
brakes before collision.

• SIDE SKID MARKS (SCUFF MARK)

- a roadway marking left by the tire and wheel of a vehicle sliding sideways as a result of force other than centrifugal force.