COGNITIVE RADIO (CR)

Presented by:
Sheraz Shafique (322-FET/MSEE/S13)
Rizwan Shabbir (302-FET/MSEE/F12)
1 Adnan Anwar (319-FET/MSEE/S13)
Ghulam Naveed (296-FET/MSEE/F12)
 OUTLINE
Introduction

Background of Cognitive Radio

An Easy Approach to Cognitive Radio

Applications of Cognitive Radio

How is a Cognitive Radio Different from Other

Radios?

Advantages and Limitations of CR

Summary
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 INTRODUCTION
Definition:
Cognitive Radios are used to monitor , sense and detect the
conditions of their operating environment and dynamically
reconfigure their own characteristics to the best match those
conditions such as location and utilization on RF frequency
spectrum at that location.

http://www.imec.be/ScientificReport/SR2007/html/1384122.html
 INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)
Cognitive Radio Means “Smart” and “Alert”
 It knows where it is.

 It knows what services are available

it can identify, then use empty
spectrum to communicate more
efficiently.

 It knows what services interest the

user, and knows how to find them.

 It knows the current degree of needs

and future likelihood of needs of its
user.

 Learns and recognizes usage patterns

from the user.

 Applies “Model Based Reasoning” 4

about user needs.

Mitola, “Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications”, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999,
 BACKGROUND
 The concept of cognitive radio was first proposed by Joseph Mitola III in
1998.
 In order to make the spectrum more useful.
 To make system reliable as well as cost effective.

Mitola, “Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications”, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999,
 AN EASY APPROACH TO COGNITIVE RADIO
 Basic concept of Cognitive Radio (CR)
 Cognition Cycle
 Working Principle of ‘CR’
 Cognitive Radio Prototype Board

http://www.slideshare.net/xgtechnology/what-is-cognitive-radio-presentation
 COGNITION CYCLE (CONT’D)

Level Infer from Context Infer from Radio Model

0 SDR
1 Goal Driven
Orient
Establish Priority
2 Context Aware Generate/Select
Pre-process Normal
3 Radio Aware Alternate
4 Planning
Parse Stimuli Immediate Normal
Urgent Plan Goals
5 Negotiating
6 Learns Environment
New Learn
7 Adapts Plans
8 Adapts Protocols
Observe States
Decide
User Driven
Autonomous States Determine “Best”
(Buttons)
Plan
Determine “Best”
Outside Act Generate “Best”
Allocate ResourcesKnown Waveform
Waveform
7
World Initiate Processes
Negotiate Protocols
Adapted From Mitola, “Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications ”, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp 3-10.
 COGNITION CYCLE
 Cognition is a group of processes which include attention, memory, reasoning,
problem solving and decision making, etc.
 Cognitive radio’s functionality depends on cognition cycle.
 Levels of cognition cycle are
Level Capability Comments
0 SDR (pre-programmed) A software radio
Chooses Waveform According to Goal. Requires
1 Goal Driven
Environment Awareness.
2 Context Awareness Knowledge of What the User is Trying to Do
Knowledge of Radio and Network Components,
3 Radio Aware
Environment Models
Analyze Situation (Level 2& 3) to Determine Goals
4 Capable of Planning
Follows Prescribed Plans
5 Conducts Negotiations Settle on a Plan with Another Radio
6 Learns Environment Autonomously Determines Structure of Environment
7 Adapts Plans Generates New Goals 8
8 Adapts Protocols Proposes and Negotiates New Protocols
Adapted From Table 4-1Mitola, “Cognitive Radio: An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio,” PhD Dissertation
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ‘CR’

http://www.rennes.supelec.fr/ren/rd/scee/themes/scee_cognitive-radio.en.html
 COGNITIVE RADIO PROTOTYPE BOARD
 Baseband/Modem FPGA: XtremeDSPTM slice configuration18-bit x 18-bit
multiplier, at 500 MHz.
 Network Processor FPGA: Packet and network protocol processing are performed using a
Xilinx 4VFX100 FPGA (soft core 32-bit processor @180MHz maximum). 8Mx36
(288Mbit) DRAM II operating at 200MHz (400MHz data rate).
 Host Processor: The MPC8560 processor carefully balances the issues of maximizing
network connectivity and processing power. The processing core is currently benchmarked
as 1850 DMIPS @800MHz.

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1.Xilinx IPcenter: (http://www.xilinx.com/ipcenter/processor_central/microblaze/performance.htm)

 APPLICATIONS OF COGNITIVE RADIO
 Architecture of network-centric CR platform

 CR spectrum utilization & Improved Link Reliability

 Spectrum sensing & Access

 Geo-locations & Network

 Authentication

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http://www.wirelessinnovation.org/Defining_CR_and_DSA
 ARCHITECTURE OF NETWORK-CENTRIC CR
PLATFORM
 Experimentation with various adaptive wireless network protocols.
 Fast RF scanning capability,
 RF transceiver working over a range of frequency bands
 A SDR modem supporting OFDM and QPSK.

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1.Xilinx IPcenter: (http://www.xilinx.com/ipcenter/processor_central/microblaze/performance.htm)

 CR SPECTRUM UTILIZATION & IMPROVED LINK
RELIABILITY
 Cognitive radios will adapt around spurs
(just another interference source) or
teach the radio to reduce the spurs
 Cognitive radio is aware of areas with a
bad signal
 Can learn the location of the bad signal
 Can aid cellular system
o Inform system & other radios
of identified gaps
 Radio takes action to compensate for
loss of signal
 Actions available:
o Power, bandwidth, coding,
channel, form an ad-hoc
network

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Signal Quality Good Transitional Poor
Modified from Figure 1 in Published August 15, 2005 M. McHenry in “NSF Spectrum Occupancy Measurements Project Summary”, Aug 15,
2005. Available online: http://www.sharedspectrum.com/?section=nsf_measurements
 SPECTRUM SENSING AND ACCESS
 Cognitive Radios sense the local spectrum utilization either through a dedicated sensor or
using a configured SDR receiver channel.
 Using this information it may create increased spectrum access opportunities.

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Sharrit, Paul. Internal Overview Briefing. General Dynamics 2004

 AUTHENTICATION
 A Cognitive Radio can learn the identity of its user(s).
 Authentication applications can prevent unauthorized users from using the CR.
 The captured signal is encoded with a Vo-Coder and transmitted

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Russell, Stuart J. and Peter Norvig Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach Second Edition.Pearson Education 2003.
 HOW IS A COGNITIVE RADIO DIFFERENT
FROM OTHER RADIOS? - APPLICATION

Conventional Software Defined Cognitive Radio

Radio Radio
 Can create new
 Supports a fixed  Dynamically waveforms on its
number of systems support multiple own
variable systems,
 Re-configurability protocols and  Can negotiate new
decided at the time of interfaces interfaces
design
 Interface with  Adjusts operations
 May support multiple diverse systems
services, but chosen to meet the QoS
at the time of design  Provide a wide required by the
range of services application for the
with variable QoS signal environment

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Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering

 HOW IS A COGNITIVE RADIO DIFFERENT
FROM OTHER RADIOS?
 Design
Conventional Software Defined Radio Cognitive Radio
Radio  Conventional Radio +  SDR +
 Traditional RF  Software Architecture  Intelligence
Design  Re-configurability  Awareness
 Traditional  Provisions for easy  Learning
Baseband Design upgrades
 Observations

 Upgrade Cycle
Software Defined
Radio
Conventional Radio Cognitive Radio
 Ideally software
 Cannot be made radios could be  SDR upgrade
“future proof” “future proof” mechanisms
 Many different  Internal upgrades
 Typically radios are
external upgrade
not upgradeable  Collaborative
mechanisms 17
upgrades
 Over-the-Air
(OTA)
Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering
 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION OF CR
Advantages Limitations
 Dynamic spectrum access  Centralized
 Self-organizing networks  Signaling Overhead
 Cognitive jamming systems  Complexity
 Cognitive gateways / bridges  Responsiveness
 Real-time spectrum markets  Single point of failure
 Synthetic (Cooperative)  Distributed
MIMO
 Infinite recursions
 Cognitive spectrum
management  Instability (chaos)
 Cognitive routing  Vicious cycles
 Adaptation collisions
 Equitable distribution of
resources
 Byzantine failure
 Information distribution
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http://www.wirelessinnovation.org/Defining_CR_and_DSA
QUESTIONS

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