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Lecture 2

Impact of jets on plane plates


Impact of jets on plane plates

 A jet is a stream of fluid emerging from a nozzle, the jet has some velocity and hence it

possesses a certain amount of kinetic energy. If this jet strikes an obstruction placed in its

path, it will exert a force on the obstruction. This impressed force is known as impact of

jet.

 Following assumptions were made while analyzing the impacts of jets : -

Stationary surface or plate is smooth (friction is very small or trivial). No loss of energy

due to impact of the jet. Jet will move over the plate after striking with a velocity equal to

initial velocity. Negligible variation in elevation of the incoming and outgoing jets.

Uniform distribution of velocity throughout. Pressure everywhere is atmospheric.

 The jet of water striking the plate will move along the plate. However, the plate is kept at

right angles to the jet; hence, the jet after striking will be deflected through 90 0, that is,

the jet after striking the plate will leave tangentially to the plate as shown in the figure

below.

Fixed plate

Jet axis

Nozzle 900
Y
Pipe

O X

Figure 6.2 Impact of jet on a plane plate


 Force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of jet (along x- direction),

= { − }

= { − 0} = = → ( )

Reaction of the vane on the jet (as per Newton’s third law) is given by,

= ← ( )

Example 6.2: A jet of water of 10 cm diameter impinges normally on a fixed plate with velocity
of 20 m/s. Find the force exerted on the plate.

Solution:

Given: Diameter of the jet = 0.10m; area of the jet, a= 7.854 x10-3 m2; velocity of the jet, v=
20m/s;

Using the relation for force exerted by the jet on the plate,

F = ρav = 1000 ∗ 7.854 x 10 ∗ 20 = 3141.6 N

Example 6.3: A jet of water of 10cm diameter is discharging under a constant head of 100m.
Find the force exerted by the jet on a fixed plate. Take coefficient of velocity 0.9.

Solution:

Given: Diameter of the jet, d= 0.1m; area of the jet, a= 7.854 x 10-3 m2; head of water, h= 100m;
coefficient of velocity, Cv= 0.9;

Velocity of the jet is given by,

v=C 2gh = 0.9 ∗ √2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 100 = 39.86

Using the relation for force exerted by the jet,

F = ρav = 1000 ∗ 7.853 x10 ∗ 39.86 = 12477.0 N


Plane surface kept inclined to the jet
 If the surface is inclined at an angle to the jet (Fig. 6.3), the jet velocity can be resolved

into two components, one normal to the surface and other parallel to it. Since, water

leaves the surface tangentially; there is no component of force in that direction after

impinging. Q1

Y
Fn
FY θ
Jet axis FX
X

θ
Stationary plate
Nozzle
Pipe

Q2

Figure 6.3 Plate kept inclined to jet

 The normal force or thrust on the surface is given by

= { sin − 0}

= sin

Fn is resolved into two components, in two directions, one parallel to the jet

direction( − ), and other perpendicular to the jet direction ( − )

it is given as

= sin
Or, =

Similarly, = cos

Or, = sin cos

Or, = 2

 If =900; i.e. the jet impinges on the surface normally then

= = =0

 As the liquid strikes the plate, it is divided into two portions Q 1 and Q2. The values of Q1

and Q2 can be derived as follows:

Applying Impulse-momentum equation in the direction tangential to the plate, we get,

0= cos − [ − ]

But, from continuity of flow,

+ =

On solving we get,

= (1 + cos )
2

= (1 − cos )
2
Ratio of discharge is given by,

1 + cos
=
1 − cos
 When, =900; then, division of discharge will be equal. That is Q1 =Q2.

Example 6.4 A jet of velocity of 10 m/s strikes a flat plate inclined at 300 with the axis of jet.
If the cross sectional area of the jet is 10 cm2, find the force exerted by the jet on the plate.
Also, calculate the components of the force in the direction normal to the jet. Find also the
ratio in which the discharge gets divided after striking the plate.
Solution: Data given:

Velocity of jet, = 10 m/s; = 300; cross-sectional area, = 10x10-4 m2; ρwater= 1000 kg/m3;
To find normal force exerted by the jet on the flat plate:

Using the relations, we have,

= sin

= 1000 (10 10 ) 10 sin 30

= 50

To calculate the division of discharge:

= sin

= 50 sin 30 = 25

= cos

= 50 cos 30

= 43.30

1 + cos
= = 13.928
1 − cos

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