Saskatchewan Drilling Waste

Management Guidelines, Part II

Information Guideline GL 99-01

Petroleum Development Branch
December 1, 1999
 Acknowledgements
Q Director of Petroleum Development Branch
Q Senior Project Engineer, Engineering Services
Q SEM Area Managers and Field Officers
Q Head office staff
Q PanCanadian Resources for providing the facility
Q Petrovera Resources for assisting with registration
Q Members of SPIGEC

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 Mandate
Q Consolidate 7 guidelines into one
Q Update and improve existing guidelines
Q Articulate PDB environmental protection goals
Q Scientifically sound and defensible
Q Saskatchewan solution
Q Incorporate state of the art technology
Q User friendly and accessible

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 Environmental Protection Goals
Q Pollution Prevention
– reduce, reuse and recycle
– encourage the use of WPF and new technologies
Q Hazard Reduction
– substitute hazardous chemicals with non-toxic alternatives
Q Minimize Impact to Environment
– protect the environment and realize net benefits to the environment
– apply scientifically rigorous screening process
– cradle to grave waste tracking and file system
– responsibility on the responsible people (operators)
– involve landowners and stakeholders in the decision making process

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 Drilling Mud Functions
Q Particle Removal
– removes drill cuttings away from the wellbore face generated by
the drilling bit and transports cuttings and any particles which may
fall into the wellbore from its wall (cavings) up to the surface
Q Wellbore Stability
– in absence of casing, drilling mud must be capable of holding up
the wellbore and prevent the intrusion of formation fluids during
drilling
Q Wall Building Characteristics
– part of the solid phase of the drilling mud is left behind and
deposited as a “filter cake” on the wellbore, building a wall of
filter cake
Q Drilling mud assists to convect heat and provides lubrication

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 Drilling Mud Types
Q Fresh Water based systems
– fresh water is the continuous phase
– Native mud system: water and formation solids
– Clear water: clear water (floc.) / formation solids
– Gel/Polymer/Gel Polymer: water, bentonite (gel), polymers and
chemical additives
Q Salt based system
– saline water is the continuous phase
Q Hydrocarbon based systems
– oil, fresh or saline water emulsified in the oil is the
continuous phase
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 Mud Additives
Q Fresh water based mud system:
– basic form of gel system contains water, bentonite as viscosifying
agent, caustic soda to promote yielding and carboxymethylcellulose
(CMC) control fluid loss
– polymers provides additional viscosity without increasing the mud
density(e.g., xanthan gums, guar gums, polyanionic cellulose,
hydroxyethlycellulose and polyacrylamides)
Q Salt based systems:
– salt saturated gel system (e.g., KCl 20,000 - 40,000 mg/L)
Q Hydrocarbon based systems:
– diesel, distillates, crude oil, mineral oil and low toxic mineral oil
– invert mud system (KCl-polymer and diesel emulsion)

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 Mud Additives
Q Mud additives enhance performance:
– pH control additives: NaOH, CaOH, Na2CO3
– bactericides: glutaraldehyde
– corrosion inhibitors and oxygen scavengers: ZnCO3
– defoamers: aluminum stearate and alcohol
– lubricants: mineral oil, graphite or walnut hulls
– shale control inhibitors: sodium aluminate and partially
hydrolyzed polyacrylamide
– thinners and dispersants: sodium acid pyrophosphate
(SAPP), lignosulfonates
– weighting materials: barite (barium sulphate)
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Chemistry Tidbits

Q sodium acid pyrophosphate

(SAPP)
Q carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
Q guar gum
Q xanthan gum
Q aluminum silicate
Q calcium sulphate
Q potassium chloride (KCl)
 Drilling Waste Screening
Analytical
Requirements

Physical Chemical Detailed Chemical

Parameters Parameters Parameters

SG, Saturation% pH, EC, SAR, TDS, Metals: B, Cd, Cu,

Nitrogen Pb, Ni, V, Zn
TEH: C11-C60 GC/FID
Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4
Land treatment
NO3+NO2-N
Microtox test is not
Oil in Moist Soil D&S required!
% dry weight

Field tests for hydrocarbon are acceptable if efficacy is verified by lab tests. Other
lab tests (o+g, mo+g) may be acceptable, contact SEM. If analytical data is in
dispute, T.E.H. C11-C60 by GC/FID will be considered to be the confirmatory method.
Why do we measure
for these parameters
in the drilling wastes?
 SALINITY

Relationship between EC and plant response is well known

EC (dS/m at 25°C) Crop Response

0-2 almost negligible effects
2-4 yields of very sensitive crops restricted
4-8 yields of most crops restricted
8-16 only tolerant crops yield satisfactorily
>16 only very tolerant crops yield satisfactorily
Adapted from Bernstien, L., Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 13, 295, 1975

Accumulation of soluble salts curtails crop growth by

increasing osmotic potential of soil solution, inducing toxicity or
nutrient imbalances

Salinity is a measure of the total concentrations of

soluble salts and determined by EC (electrical
conductivity)
 Effect of Sodium Ions on Soil
Q High concentrations of sodium ions can displace calcium and
magnesium ions from cation-exchange sites on the clay particles.
The clay will disperse, disrupting the desired soil aggregate
structure and forming a hardpan soil, thus impeding water and air
movement into the soil.

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 Effect of Sodium Ions on Soil
Q Effect of sodium on soil is measured by
Sodium Adsorption Ratio:
SAR=[Na+]÷([Ca2+]+[Mg2+])0.5 mmol/L
SAR=[Na+]÷(([Ca2+]+[Mg2+])/2)0.5 meq/L

Q Soils with SAR value greater than 13 is

commonly considered sodic
Q Sodicity is a problem associated with
topsoil

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 Hydrocarbons
Q Elevated levels of certain organic compounds may be
toxic, negatively impact the soil (hydrophobic) and
change taste and quality of water:
– Oil in moist samples by toluene extraction (% dry weight) by
Dean Stark method
– Total Extractable Hydrocarbons for Land Treatment:
Q C11 to C22 < 1000µg/g
Q C23 to C60 < 4000µg/g
– TEH must be quantified by appropriate solvent extraction
(e.g., soxhlet extraction) followed by GC/FID with carbon
histogram

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 Inorganic Compounds
Q Trace metals such as boron in soil water can limit
certain crop growth
Q Some trace metals poses toxicity to plants, animals
and human at elevated concentrations, e.g.,
cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, vanadium
Q Inorganic compounds can pollute water (nitrate)
Q Some trace elements are important nutrients for
plants, animals and human, e.g., copper, calcium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulphate, zinc

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 Containment of Drilling Fluids

Q Earthen Sumps
– shall be used to contain freshwater drilling fluids
– shall not be used to contain salt, hydrocarbon
based mud systems or cuttings generated from
underbalanced drilling conditions
– appropriate hydrogeological and subsoil
condition must be present
– use of sumps may be prohibited on certain lands,
refer to your surface lease agreement
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 Earthen Sump Requirements

SUMP CROSS
SECTION
drilling wastes

Impermeable subsoil material

is 1m thick layer of continuous Impermeable
clay (for purpose of the min. 1m thick
Subsoil continuous layer
guideline). Kw=10-8 m/s is an Kw=10-8 m/s of clay
arbitrary criteria and used
when a dispute rises about the
integrity of the sump.
water table
 Containment of Drilling Fluids
Q Synthetically Lined Sumps
– freshwater drilling fluids only
– containment using earthen sump is not possible
– liner should be compatible with drilling fluids,
provide sufficient strength and durability for the
intended application
– use of sumps may be prohibited on certain lands,
refer to your surface lease agreement

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 Containment of Drilling Fluids
Q Mud Tank must be used:
– sensitive lands, high groundwater table, soil or
subsoil conditions are not suitable
– storage of hydrocarbon or salt based mud systems
or cuttings generated from underbalanced drilling
– specified in the surface lease agreement
– instructed by SEM e.g., well license, written
correspondence or by authorized SEM officer

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 Containment of Drilling Fluids
Q Closed drilling fluid handling system must
be used:
– when it is reasonable to believe that explosion
hazards will be created or harmful gases will be
emitted due to drilling activities
– drilling underbalanced, through a sour
formation or with a low flash point drilling
fluids (flash point less that 61°C)

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 Containment of Drilling Fluids
Q Closed drilling fluid handling system is
recommended:
– when using refined petroleum hydrocarbon
based drilling fluids with a flash point greater
than 61°C (petroleum distillates, diesel)
– operator shall exercise highest level of due
diligence to prevent explosion, fire, harmful gas
emission or deleterious impact on environment

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Closed Drilling Fluid Handling System Components

Mud-Gas Separator

Rotating Blow-Out
Preventer is Required

Enclosed Tank

certain modification may be allowed, a written request must be made to SEM Field Office to obtain
written approval prior to modification
 Containment of Drilling Fluids
Q Remote Sumps
– may be used in areas where it is not practical to
contain drilling fluid on lease e.g., sensitive land,
multi-well program
– must obtain prior approval from SEM field office:
Q letterof application with intent to use remote sump
Q length of time sump is to be used
Q survey plan of the remote sump lease
Q written consent from the landowner
Q minimum two working day review period
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 Containment of Drilling Fluids
Q General Requirements
– all sumps shall be decommissioned within 12
month of rig release, unless permission is
obtained from SEM Field Office
– sump shall be filled in as per GL 99-01and lease
restored (SPIGEC Guideline No. 2)
– placing hazardous wastes, waste dangerous goods
and garbage in sump/tank is strictly prohibited
(SPIGEC Guideline No.1)

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 Sampling Sumps

Q Number samples required for

three phases of drilling wastes in
Total
Liquid the sump:
Phase – sump area ≤ 500m2 requires
Phase samples from five location
– sump area >500m2 requires
one sample location/100m2
maximum of 10 sample locations
Solid
Phase

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 Sampling On Lease Receiving Soil
Q On-lease receiving soil:
statistically
significant – prior to the application of
drilling wastes
– soil horizon (50 cm deep) or
Sample incorporation depth
soil horizon
whichever is greater
– collect representative
subsamples, mix into one
pH, EC, Na, Ca, composite sample
1 kg
Mg, K, Cl, SO4 &
SAR
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 Sampling Off-Lease Receiving Soil
Q Off-lease receiving soil:
20m – 1 composite sample per 8 ha
– 10m radius sample area with
known coordinates
8ha
– 10 random cores (subsamples,
15cm deep) within the sample area
– large project, 4 sampling sites per
pH, EC, Na, Ca, project, (project = 64.76 ha on land
Mg, K, Cl, SO4 & with same geo-chemical trait and
landowner)
SAR
1 kg

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 What is the guideline based on?
Q The loading rates is based on numerous research:
– Effect of land application of oil and gas drilling waste on soils and crops
in Kindersley and Estevan Regions in Saskatchewan, E-902-10-B-87,
February 1987
– Effect of land application of oil and gas drilling waste on soils and crops
in Lloydminster and Swift Current Regions in Saskatchewan, E-902-2-E-
99, February 1988
– Greenhouse and pot trials on drilling waste, ARC, RRTAC 89-6
– Alberta Drilling Waste Sump Chemistry Study, LCRC, RRTAC 92-6
– Drilling Waste Disposal, CRC, RRTAC 93-5
– CCME Interim CSQG 1991 and CSQG 1997
– SEM GL 86-01, Draft Guidelines 96-01 and AEUB Guide-50
– SPIGEC Remediation Guidelines GL No. 4

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 On-Lease Landspreading
Q Drilling waste is spread on-lease and incorporated into the
subsoil
Q Typical methods includes:
– ripping subsoil, spreading and incorporating the waste
– spreading (squeezing) the waste on lease, drying and
incorporating
Q solids and total phases from freshwater based drilling waste
are permitted for landspreading
Q hydrocarbon, salt based drilling waste and cuttings from
underbalanced drilling is prohibited from landspreading

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 On-Lease Landspreading Criteria
Q Key Disposal Criteria (for metals, TDS refer to guideline):
– maximum of 1000m3/ha of drilling waste, no thicker than 10cm
– incorporate at 3:1 subsoil to waste ratio
– trace element spread rates must be less than B(10kg/ha),
Cd(1.5kg/ha), Cr(100kg/ha), Cu(200kg/ha), Pb(100kg/ha),
Ni(25kg/ha), V(100kg/ha), Zn(300kg/ha)
– trace elment lifetime loading rate, by any combination of
disposal of method must not exceed: B(10kg), Cd(3kg),
Cr(200kg), Cu(400kg), Pb(200kg), Ni(50kg), V(200kg),
Zn(600kg)
– total dissolved solids application rate
Q 3500 kg/ha if incorporated less than 30 cm
Q 5000 kg/ha if incorporated greater than 30 cm

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 On-Lease Landspreading Criteria
– chloride loading limits
Q 800 kg/ha if incorporated less than 30 cm
Q 1200 kg/ha if incorporated greater than 30 cm
Q lifetime loading limit of 1600 kg per disposal site (incl. other)
– sodium loading limits
Q 500 kg/ha if incorporated less than 30 cm
Q 750 kg/ha if incorporated greater than 30 cm
– nitrogen loading limit of 400kg/ha
– hydrocarbon levels prior to spreading cannot exceed 2% and
after spreading and incorporation it must be less than 0.1%

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 Residual Solids Disposal (RSD)
Q RSD occurs when small amounts of drilling waste solids
and shale's, after all of the fluids are pumped out and
disposed of, is stabilized by mixing with subsoil
Q Goal of RSD is to incorporate the waste into subsoil below
major rooting zones and above the water table
Q SEM does not permit mix-bury-cover of total drilling wastes
(solids + fluids)
Q only freshwater based drilling waste are permitted for RSD
Q hydrocarbon, salt based drilling waste and cuttings from
underbalanced drilling are prohibited from landspreading

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 RSD Disposal Criteria
Q RSD key disposal criteria (refer to guideline details)
– min. of 1m of clay layer separating waste from GW
– min. of 3:1 subsoil to waste mix ratio (v/v)
– min. of 1m clay cap
– after mixing chloride must be less than 2000mg/kg and lifetime
loading limit of 1600 kg/disposal site
– trace elment lifetime loading rate, by any combination of
disposal of method must not exceed: B(10kg), Cd(3kg),
Cr(200kg), Cu(400kg), Pb(200kg), Ni(50kg), V(200kg),
Zn(600kg)
– nitrogen loading limit of 400kg/ha
– hydrocarbon levels prior to spreading cannot exceed 2% and
after spreading and incorporation it must be less than 0.1%
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 Information Requirements
Q Operators must submit completed SEM FORM
A-1 Notification of Drilling Waste Disposal to the
appropriate field office at least 2 working days
prior to starting the disposal work. Applies to:
– On Lease Landspreading
– Residual Solids Disposal
– Off Lease Landspraying
– Waste Processing Facilities (simplified process,
no tests required)

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 Off-Lease Disposal
Q Surface application is only approved on stubble
fields and cultivated lands
Q Landowner consent is required on all off-lease
disposal
Q No Hazardous waste or WDG is allowed for
surface application
Q Surface application on vegetated land is prohibited
except as outlined Section 6.3

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 Off-Lease Landspraying
Q Off-Lease Landspraying After Completion of Drilling
occurs when freshwater based drilling waste is sprayed at
low volumes on cultivated lands or stubble field and then
incorporated into the soil
Q It is conducted in a manner that preserves the soil chemical,
physical and biological quality, limit accumulation of salts
and protects the surface and ground water
Q Only freshwater based drilling mud systems are approved
Q Hydrocarbon, salt based drilling waste and cuttings from
underbalanced drilling are prohibited from landspraying

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 Off-Lease Landspraying Criteria
Q Key disposal criteria
– receiving soil (prior to spraying):
Q EC ≤ 2
Q SAR ≤ 6
– max. slope of 5%
– drilling waste application rate:
Q ≤ 40m3/ha and 100m from water body for summer
Q ≤ 20m3/ha and 200m from water body for winter
– trace element spread rates must be less than B(5kg/ha),
Cd(1.5kg/ha), Cr(100kg/ha), Cu(200kg/ha), Pb(100kg/ha),
Ni(25kg/ha), V(100kg/ha), Zn(300kg/ha)
– chloride ≤ 400kg/ha
– sodium ≤ 250kg/ha
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 Off-Lease Landspraying
– nitrogen ≤ 200kg/ha
– TDS ≤ 1800kg/ha
– hydrocarbons (waste with hydrocarbon > 0.5%):
Q in drilling waste prior to spraying ≤ 4%
Q after spraying and incorporation ≤ 0.5%.
Q must be incorporated within 2weeks of landspraying
Q designed to discourage winter application of HC
– drilling waste must be incorporated into the topsoil as soon as
practical (cultivated and stubble field)

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 Landspraying While Drilling
Q Landspraying is conducted while drilling is underway due
to limited storage space available in sumpless drilling
Q Freshwater based drilling waste is sprayed at low volumes
on cultivated lands or stubble field and then incorporated
into the soil
Q Following mud systems are allowed for LWD:
– freshwater gel and polymers
– gypsum (CaSO4)
– nitrate gypsum
– K2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4 (special conditions apply)

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 LWD Prohibition
Q Waste prohibited for LWD:
– freshwater based drilling waste with
hydrocarbon concentrations >2%
– uncertainty about chloride, metal or other
chemical additives w.r.t. compliance with the
guideline
– any hydrocarbon, salt based drilling waste and
cuttings from underbalanced drilling

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LWD Sampling Requirements
Q Individual samples must be
collected and tested from each
surface hole sections of the hole:
– source water
– surface hole section
final mud – fast hole section
mix
fast hole – final mud mix after conditioning
after
conditioning at TD (mud up)
at TD – any activities that potentially
(mud up)
changes the chemistry of the mud
– onus on operator to take adequate
samples
 LWD Testing Requirements
Parameter Suggested methods
EC EC meter
SAR SAR = [Na]/[Ca + Mg]0.5
TDS TDS meter or estimates (ECX700)
Na, Ca, Mg field salinity kits or instrument
hydrocarbon, if >0.5% field instruments and kits

Q Intent is to allow the operators to use commercially

available rapid field test kits and methods
Q SEM recommends comparing field tests with lab
analysis from on a regular basis to ensure accuracy
 LWD Disposal Criteria
Q Key disposal criteria
– receiving soil (prior to spraying):
Q EC ≤ 2
Q SAR ≤ 6
– max. slope of 5%
– drilling waste application rate:
Q ≤ 40m3/ha and 100m from water body for summer
Q ≤ 20m3/ha and 200m from water body for winter

– sodium ≤ 250kg/ha

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 LWD Disposal Criteria
– nitrogen ≤ 200kg/ha
– TDS ≤ 1800kg/ha
– hydrocarbons (waste with hydrocarbon > 0.5%):
Q in drilling waste prior to spraying ≤ 2%
Q after spraying and incorporation ≤ 0.5%
Q must be incorporated within 2weeks of landspraying
Q soil must be tested immediately after incorporation
Q one-time disposal method
– drilling waste must be incorporated into the topsoil as
soon as practical (cultivated and stubble field)

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 LWD Special Conditions
Q Applies to potassium sulphate and ammonium
sulphate based drilling systems:
– recommended loading rate for sulphate (S-SO4):
Q 33 kg/ha for oilseed crops (e.g. canola)
Q 22kg/ha for cereal crops (e.g. wheat)
Q ideally spread in spring or fall
Q prior approval form SEM field office is required if
loading rates are to be exceeded

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 LWD Information Requirements
Q Pre-drilling notification
– submit a letter 2 working days prior to LWD
disposal work to the field office:
Q intent to use LWD
Q mud system type
Q licensee, license #, well location, spud date, contact
name & phone number
Q disposal company name, contact and phone number
Q off lease LWD location, landowner name, phone
number
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 LWD Information Requirements
Q Post Disposal Notification:
– submit SEM Form A-1 within 30 days of drilling
completion
– mapped location of the spray area
– analytical results for each section of the hole (EC SAR
Na, Ca, Mg, HC)
– soil test result for hydrocarbon ( hydrocarbon
concentrations greater than 0.5% in the drilling waste)
– copy of the landowner consent

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 Land Treatment
Q Land treatment is (bio-physical) treatment method
utilizing the soil biological system to degrade,
transform and assimilate the hydrocarbon
Q One waste site per one land treatment area
Q Land treatment (landfarming) is restricted to
suitable hydrocarbon based or hydrocarbon
contaminated drilling waste

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 Land Treatment
Q All land treatment must be conducted Off-Lease
lands, with following exceptions:
– low toxic mineral oil is used as drilling system
– treatment takes places in a contained area with
liner and leachate collection systems (e.g.,
bioreactor, composting)
– approved by SEM
– landowner consent is required on and off-lease
land treatment

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Contained Treatment Area
 Land Treatment Criteria
Q On Topsoil: (refer guideline for metals)
– loading rate: Cl <400kg/ha, Na <250kg/ha
– closure criteria:
Q TEH, C11-C22 1000ug/g and C23-C60 4000ug/g
Q EC ≤ 2, SAR ≤ 5
Q On subsoil:
– loading rate: Cl <800kg/ha, Na <500kg/ha
– closure criteria:
Q TEH, C11-C22 1000ug/g and C23-C60 4000ug/g
Q EC ≤ 4, SAR ≤ 8
Q trace element spread rates must be less than B(5kg/ha),
Cd(1.5kg/ha), Cr(100kg/ha), Cu(200kg/ha), Pb(100kg/ha),
Ni(25kg/ha), V(100kg/ha), Zn(300kg/ha)
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 Land Treatment Information
Requirements
Q Pre drilling notification
– applies to hydrocarbon, salt based drilling
systems and underbalanced drilling
– submit waste mgmt plan 3 working days prior to
spudding to SEM field office
– submission must address storage, processing,
handling, treatment and disposal

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 Land Treatment Information
Requirements
Q Detailed disposal plan:
– submit detailed plans as per section 5.3, one
copy to head office and one copy to field office
– written approval required
Q Post Closure report
– submit closure report confirming closure
criteria have been met

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 Waste Processing Facility
Q SEM regulate upstream waste processing facilities
Q SERM regulate industrial effluent works (mixed
waste facilities) and landfills
Q WPF is the most preferred disposal method
Q WPF employ state of the art containment and waste
management systems
Q Guideline is designed to provide positive incentives
for using WPF

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 Waste Processing Facility List
Company Name Location Approval Facility Type
Number
CCS Inc. Gull Lake IEW 967 Treater/SWD

CCS Inc. Kindersley WPF 99-01 Treater/SSWD

CCS Inc. Marshall PO99-357 Industrial

Landfill
CCS Inc. Unity PO-1 Cavern

Newalta Corporation Halbrite IEW 949 Rev7 Treater/SWD

Plains Environmental Inc. Melville WPF 98-02 Cavern

Enviroilease Services Ltd. Estevan AL04/09/99 Encapsulation

.
 Encapsulation
Q Encapsulation is a relatively new
technique used to manage salt
based systems
Q Very stringent containment
methods and monitoring are
incorporated
Q Currently one waste management
company is approved
Q They have carried out long term
pilot study to research and refine
the technique

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 New and Innovated Technologies
Requires approval through SEM
head office. EAA and other
permits may be also required.

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 Drilling Waste Management
Drilling Mud Systems

Freshwater Salt Based Hydrocarbon

WPF WPF WPF

New Technology Encapsulation New Technology

Off Lease LS/LWD New Technology Bioremediation

On Lease LS SWD Land Treatment

RSD Solids Washing Thermal

Landowner Approval Required

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 Other Features
Q Glossary
Q Regulatory Contact List
Q Loading Rate Calculations
– Computer Software Overview
Q SEM FORM A-1
– New Waste Tracking System

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