Digital Circuits and Systems Lab

Laboratory report submitted for the partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
Communication and Computer Engineering

by
Ronit Jain -Roll No. 18ucc066

Course Coordinator
Dr. Kusum Lata

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur

November 2019
Copyright
c The LNMIIT 2019
All Rights Reserved
 Contents

Chapter Page

1 Experiment - 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Coding Techniques used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Simulation and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 Traffic Light Controller using state Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

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 Chapter 1

Experiment - 10

/sectionName of the Experiment Traffic Light Controller using state Machines

1.1 Theory

State Machines And Traffic light:

State machines which are also known as finite state machines are circuits that can performs different
sets of sequences of operation maneuvered by a clock and other inputs.The state machine can be di-
vided into
1)Completely specified FSM
2)Incompletely specified FSM
Unlike the other, the CS FSM is one which every internal states are defined for each and every input
possibilities.The type of output of the CSFSM can be categorised as
(i) Mealy Model : where output is dependent upon the present states and the inputs.
(ii) Moore Model : where output is dependent upon present states only.
For designing states machines, once the type of CSFSM has been decided the state diagram showing
the sequence of operation can be obtained and its state table can be easily obtained. Furthermore the
state table can be minimized by using either row matching method or implication chart method. Once
the final state table is obtained designing the system can statrt.
The controller to be designed controls the trac lights of a busy highway (HWY) intersecting a side road
(SRD) that has relatively lighter trac load.

1.2 Coding Techniques used

The lights are assumed to be at a four-way intersection with one street going north-south and the
other road going east-west.we use a 3 Hz clock to drive this state diagram then a delay of 1 second
is achieved by staying in a state for three clock cycles. Similarly, a delay of 5 second is achieved by

1
staying in a state for fifteen clock cycles

1.3 Simulation and Results

1.3.1 Traffic Light Controller using state Machines

Figure 1.1 Schematic of the Traffic Light Controller using state Machines

2
Figure 1.2 Project Summary of the Traffic Light Controller using state Machines

Figure 1.3 Simulation of the Traffic Light Controller using state Machines

3
1.4 Summary
A tabular comparison of all the implementations in terms of area and power usage.

Entity name No. of FF used No. of LUT used No. of IO used No. of BUFG used Total On chip
Traffic Light Controller 3 9 8 1 3.545W

Table 1.1 comparision of Area and power requirements.