2.3 Well Deliverability PDF

2.3.
Well Deliverability
1 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Well Deliverability
Instructional Objectives
1. Pressure loss for multiphase flow in

vertical pipes
2. Define liquid holdup
3. Define and calculate critical rate to
remove liquids

RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE
Psep
ΔP flowline Pwf
GAS
Pwh Flowline
OIL
+WATER
Q
Separator
Tubing
ΔPtubing ΔPres = f(Q)

Reservoir
INFLOW
Pwf
Pr, IPR, K
3 NODE (Pwf)
Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved ΔPres Q
WELLBORE FLOW PERFORMANCE (OUTFLOW)
Psep
ΔP flowline Pwf
GAS
Pwh Flowline
OIL
+WATER
Q
Separator
Tubing
ΔPtubing
ΔPtbg = f(Q)
Reservoir
OUTFLOW
Pwf
Pr, IPR, K
NODE (Pwf)
4 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved ΔPres Q
FUNDAMENTALS OF
FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
FLOW GEOMETRY
L
D P/D L
GENERAL ENERGY EQUATION
 DP   DP   DP   DP 
       
 DL Total  DL  Acceleration  DL  Elevation  DL  Friction

SINGLE PHASE FLOW
BASIC CONCEPTS
PRESSURE DROP IN PIPES – SINGLE FLOW
 DP  
  
 DL  Elevation 144
 DP  v 2
   f
 DL  Friction 2 *144 gd
 DP  Dv 2
  
 DL  Acceleration 2 *144 gDL

SINGLE PHASE FLOW
BASIC CONCEPTS
FLUID VELOCITY
Is the flow rate (q) divided by the pipe cross sectional area (A)
through which the fluid flows at the pressure and temperature
conditions of the pipe element
v
q A
P,T
v=q/A

FRICTION LOSSES CALCULATION
(single phase flow)
(DP/DL)friction = Friction Pressure loss (psi/ft)
 DP  v 2 L f = friction factor
   f  = Fluid density (lbm/ft3)
 DL  Friction 2 *144 gD v = velocity of fluid (ft/s)
L = length of pipe work (ft)
d = inner diameter of pipe work (ft)
g = acceleration due to gravity (ft/s²)
Where f, is the friction factor which is a function of the pipe roughness (ε)
and theReynolds Number (NRe), which is calculated from the following
equation:
Dv where:
N Re 

ρ = the density of the fluid (lbm/ft3)
D = Hydraulic diameter (in)
v = the velocity of the fluid with respect to the object (ft/s)
μ = the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (lbm/ft·s)
Note: µ is the viscosity in lbm/ft-sec

1cps= 0.00067197 lbm/ft-sec

Friction Factor Calculation (single phase flow)
f depends on the flow regime:

64
For laminar flow NRe < 2000 f=
NRe
ε 2.51
For turbulent flow NRe > 2000 √1/ f = - 2 log ( + )
3.71d NRe√ f
The latest equation requires a trial and error process to calculate f
An intial value to start the iterative process can be obtained from the following equation:
f = 0.0056 + 0.5 NRe - 0.32

Moody’s Diagram for
Friction Factor Calculation
104 105

EXERCISE #13
SINGLE PHASE FLOW
Calculate the friction pressure drop in a section of horizontal pipeline of 3000

feet length and 3.937 inches internal diameter, where 5000 STB/D of oil with a
specific gravity of 0.9 and a viscosity of 5 cps oil is flowing. The absolute pipe
wall roughness is 0.006 ft.
q A
v
g= 32.2 ft/sec2
1cps= 0.00067197 lbm/ft-sec
1 Bbl=5,615 Ft3
1 day=86400 sec
v=q/A
ρo = sp.gr.oil x 62.4 lbm/ft3
dvρ
NRe =
ΔP ρv2
µ / 144
f from Moody ( )f = f
ΔL 2gd
ε/d
sol

MULTIPHASE FLOW
PRESSURE GRADIENT EQUATION FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW:
 DP   DP   DP   DP 
       
 DL Total  DL  Acceleration  DL  Elevation  DL  Friction
 DP  m
  
 DP   m vm 2
   f
 DP   m Dvm 2
  

GRAVITY
TERM
 DP  m
  
• Correcting weight of fluid

• Dominant term
• Single phase simple
• Multiphase complex

FRICTION
TERM
 DP   m vm
2
   f
• Increases with flow rate
• Proportional to velocity
• Proportional to relative roughness
• Laminar vs. turbulent flow
• Effect of viscosity
• Effect of mixture density
• Sensitive to gas volumes

ACCELERATION
TERM
 DP   m Dvm
2
  
• Expansion of fluid as pressure decreases
• Smallest term
• Often ignored
• Need to account in high rate

PROPORTION OF TERMS
Proportion of terms in oil well close to
sandface (no significant GLR)
GRAVITY
FRICTION
ACCELERATION
Proportion of terms in oil well significant

GLR close to surface
GRAVITY
FRICTION
ACCELERATION

BASIC CONCEPTS
Mixture Velocity, V (Two-phase flow)
qg v
A
qL
Pipe element with liquid and gas travelling at the same velocity, V
v = (qL+qg) / A

Liquid Holdup
VL
HL 
Vg
VL  Vg
VL  m  H L  L  1  H L  g

No-Slip Liquid Holdup
(Input Liquid Content), λ
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
P,T
AL
RATIO OF THE VOLUME OF LIQUID IN A PIPE ELEMENT THAT WOULD EXIST
IF THE GAS AND THE LIQUID TRAVELED AT THE SAME VELOCITY (NO SLIPPAGE)
DIVIDED BY THE VOLUME OF THE PIPE ELEMENT.
λ = AL /AP = qL / (qL + qg)

No-Slip Liquid Holdup
(Input Liquid Content), λ
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
P,T
AL
RATIO OF THE VOLUME OF LIQUID IN A PIPE ELEMENT THAT WOULD EXIST
IF THE GAS AND THE LIQUID TRAVELED AT THE SAME VELOCITY (NO SLIPPAGE)
DIVIDED BY THE VOLUME OF THE PIPE ELEMENT.
λ = AL /AP = qL / (qL + qg)

However, the gas velocity is higher than the liquid velocity and as a consequence the volume
of liquid in the pipe element increases.
This phenomenon is known as “slippage between phases” , and the volumen fraction occuppied
by the liquid in the pipe element under this conditions is known as“Hold-Up Factor” (HL), and is
dependent on flow pattern, gas and liquid properties, pipe diameter and pipe inclination.
Superficial Gas Velocity, VSG
Is the velocity that the gas phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total cross
sectional area of the pipe alone.
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
AL
vSG = qg / Ap

Superficial Liquid Velocity, VSL
Is the velocity that the liquid phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total cross
sectional area of the pipe alone.
Ag
L
qg v
Ap
qL
AL
vSL = qL / Ap
Vm = Vsl + Vsg
Flow Patterns
Based on observations different flow

patterns may exist due to:
– Input Liquid Content
– Gas and Liquid Velocities
– Viscosities
– Interfacial Tension
– Densities

Vertical Flow Patterns
BUBBLE SLUG CHURN ANNULAR MIST

FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW

2-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Regimes
 Flow regime or Flow Pattern: is a qualitative description of

the phase distribution in a pipe.
 In vertical pipes 5 regimes are generally agreed upon:
1. BUBBLE FLOW: dispersed bubbles of gas in a

continuous liquid phase
2. SLUG FLOW: at higher rates, the bubbles coalesce into

larger bubbles, which eventually fill up the entire pipe
section. Between the large gas bubbles are slugs of
liquid that contain smaller bubbles of gas entrained in
the liquid.

2-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Regimes
3. CHURN FLOW: with further increase in gas rate, the
larger gas bubbles become unstable and collapse,
resulting in a highly turbulent pattern. Both phases
are dispersed. Churn flow is characterized by
oscillatory up-and-down motions of liquid.
4. ANNULAR FLOW: at higher rates, gas becomes the

continuous phase, with liquid flowing in an annulus
coating the surface of the pipe and with liquid
droplets entrained in the gas phase.
5. MIST FLOW: dispersed bubbles of liquid in a

continuous gas phase

Two-Phase Vertical Flow
Analysis and Calculations are
Complex
1 Flow regime (gas distribution)
Mist Flow 2 Proportion gas vs liquid changes
Annular 3 Gas tends to rise faster than liquid
Decreasing Pressure
(slippage)
Flow
Factors affecting DPvert.
1 Mass flow rate
Churn Flow • Oil Rate
• Gas Rate (GLR)
• Water Rate (BSW)
Plug OR
2 Physical properties PVT
Slug Flow • Viscosity
• Surface tension
Bubble Flow 3 Conduit Configuration Size
Bubble • Roughness
Pressure • Concentric?
Single Phase
4 Pressure
Liquid Flow
5 Temperature 27
Generic two-phase vertical flow map
28

CORRELATIONS
• Poettmann & Carpenter
• Fancher & Brown
• Duns & Ross
• Hagedorn & Brown
• Orkiszewski
• Aziz, Govier and Fogarasi
• Chierici et al
• Beggs & Brill
• Duckler Flannigan
• Gray
• H. Mona, Asheim
• Hasan and Kabir

Flow Pattern Map for Vertical Two-phase Flow
Ny,, Superficila liquid velocity number as Proposed by Aziz
ρg 0.333 ρLσw 0.25

10.0 Nx = vSG
ρair ρwσL
BUBBLE SLUG ANNULAR
1.0
ρLσw 0.25
Ny= vSL
ρwσL
0.1
TRANSITION
0.01
0.1 1.0 10.0 100
Nx , Superficial gas velocity number

as Proposed by Duns & Ros
Duns and Ros mathematically defined the flow regime areas as functions of the
following dimensionless numbers:
N vg  Vsg A( L /  )0.25
NvL  VsL A( L /  ) 0.25
Where:
L  Liquid specific gravity

 = Liquid surface tension

as Proposed by Duns & Ros
NvL = Dimensionless Liquid Velocity Number

Nvg = Dimensionless Gas Velocity Number
PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE TRAVERSE CALCULATION
(incrementing pressure drop)
1. Starting with the known pressure value, P1, at location L1, select a length
increment ΔL.
2. Estimate a pressure drop, ΔP, corresponding to the length increment, ΔL.
L2 P2
3. Calculate the average pressure and temperature in the selected pipe
element.
4. Calculate the the fluids PVT properties at the average conditions of P and T.
5. Calculate fluids densities and flow rates at the average conditions.
6. Calculate the input liquid content, λ and the superficial velocities vsl and
vsg.
7. Determine the flow regime pattern.
8. Calculate the hold-up factor, HL, corresponding to the stablished flow ΔL ΔP
regime pattern.
9. Calculate the mixture properties for the calculated hold-up factor.
10. Calculate the two-phase friction factor.
11. Calculate the total pressure gradient in the increment of pipe at the average
conditions of P and T.
12. Calculate the pressure drop corresponding to the selected length increment.
13. Compare the estimated and calculated pressure drop. If they are not
sufficiently close, estimate a new pressure drop an repeat the procedure
from steps 3 through 13.
L1
14. Repeat steps 3 through 13 until the estimated and calculated values are
sufficiently close. P1
15. Calculate a new position L2 = L1 + ΔL and the corresponding pressure P2 =
P1 + ΔP.
16. Repeat steps 1 through 15 until the total pipe length is completely covered.
PRESSURE TRAVERSE
Gilbert was perhaps the first to introduce the approach to oil and gas wells but Mach and Brown popularized the
concept, which is typically referred to as Nodal Analysis™ within the oil and gas industry. The objective of systems
analysis is to combine the various components of the production system for an individual well to estimate production
rates and optimize the components of the production system.
Pressure calculations are often

presented as pressure-traverse
curves, like the one shown in the
figure, for a particular tubing
diameter, production rate, and fluid
properties. Pressure-traverse curves
are developed for a series of gas-
liquid ratios and provide estimates of
pressure as a function of depth.
These curves can be used for quick
hand calculations.

EXAMPLE OF FLOWING PRESSURE TRAVERSE
Pwh Pwf
Pressure calculations are
often presented as pressure-
Pwh = 400 psi
traverse curves, like the one Perf. depth = 5000’
GLR = 200 SCF/B
shown in the figure, for a
particular tubing diameter,
production rate, and fluid
properties. Pressure-traverse
curves are developed for a
series of gas-liquid ratios and
provide estimates of pressure
as a function of depth. These
curves can be used for quick
hand calculations.

Outflow Calculation
(Node at the Bottomhole)
Pwh Pressure Pwf1
Q Q1 Q2 Q3
Depth Equv.
. To Pwh
Pwf2
Pwf Pwf1 Pwf2 Pwf3
Pwf3
Tubing Depth
Q1
Q2
Outflow
Q3
Pwf
Pwf1
Pwf3
Pwf2
q1 q2 q3 Q

Critical Rate To Lift Liquid
• Most gas wells produce some liquids

• Liquids may be
• Vaporized in reservoir gas
• Free liquid in reservoir
• Liquids will accumulate if not lifted to surface
• Accumulated liquids will reduce productivity
• For a given set of conditions, there is a minimum
flow rate to lift liquids

Critical Velocity

  L  g
vt  1.912
14
  
14


  g
12


Nomenclature
vt = terminal velocity of liquid droplet, ft/sec
L = liquid density, lbm/ft3
g = gas density, lbm/ft3
 = interfacial tension, dynes/cm

Critical Rate
3060 pvt A
qc 
Tz
A = area open to flow, ft2
p = flowing pressure, psia
qc = critical rate, Mscf/D
T = flowing temperature, ºR
vt = terminal velocity of liquid droplet,
ft/sec
z = real gas deviation factor, dimensionless

Effect of the Tubing Size
(NODE SELECTED AT THE BOTTOMHOLE)
Pr d1
Pwf
BOTTOMHOLE FLOWING PRESSURE,
d2>d1
INFLOW
IPR
OUTFLOW
0
0
FLOWRATE, Q

Finding Optimum Tubing Size
FLOW RATE, Q
UNSTABLE REGION
DIAMETER FOR
MAXIMUM FLOW RATE
TUBING DIAMETER, d

Horizontal Flow Patterns
Mist
Annular Dispersed
Stratified Wavy
Slug (Intermitent)
Dispersed Bubble

Gas-liquid Mixture Properties
Density of an oil/water mixture
ρL = ρofo + ρwfw where fo = qo / (qo + qw ) y fw = 1 - fo
Density of a gas/liquid mixture
ρm = ρLHL + ρg(1-HL)
Viscosity of an oil/water mixture
µL = µofo + µwfw
Viscosity of a gas/liquid mixture
µm = µLHLx µg (1-HL)
Surface tension of an oil/water mixture
σL = σofo + σwfw
Generic two-phase Horizontal Flow Map
44

CORRELATIONS
• Lockhart y Martinelli
• Baker
• Dukler
• Mandhane
• Eaton
• Beggs y Brill

Flow Pattern Map for Horizontal Two-phase Flow
as Proposed by Mandhane
Dispersed Flow
10.0
Superficial liqiuid velocity, vSL, ft/sec
Bubble Flow
Slug Flow
1.0
Annular Flow
Wave
Flow
0.1
Stratified Flow
0.01
0.1 1.0 10.0 100
Superficial gas velocity, vSG, ft/sec

EXERCISE #13 A
Flow Regime Identification
Oil and gas are flowing in a horizontal section of a 3” ID pipe.

flow rates at flowing conditions are:
Qo (P, T) = 0.070804 ft3/sec and Qg( P, T) = 0.07638 ft3/sec
.
and oil gas flowing densities are:
ρo (P, T) = 49.9 lb/ft3 ρg (P, T) = 2.62 lb/ft3
Calculate :
1) Non-Slip Liquid Holdup (Input Liquid Content), λ.
2) Superficial gas and liquid velocities.
3) Mixture velocity
4) Identify the flow regime from the flow regime map given in the. previous slide
5) Calculate the flowing density of the mixture assumming HL = 1.15 λ
ρm = ρLHL + ρg(1-HL) sol
FLOW PATTERN MAP PROPOSED BY
BEGGS AND BRILL (HORIZONTAL FLOW)
III
100.0
II
FROUDE NUMBER, NFR
I: SEGREGATED
vm2 10.0 II: INTERMITTENT
NFR = III: DISTRIBUITED
gd IV: TRANSITION
1.0 I
IV
0.1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0
INPUT LIQUID CONTENT, λ

Froude (Fr) number is a dimensionless number that relates the effect of the inertia forces and
the gravity forces acting on a fluid
BEGGS AND BRILL CORRELATION
HOLD-UP CALCULATION(*):
SEGREGATED FLOW: HL = 0.98λ0.4846 / NFR0.0868

INTERMITTENT FLOW: HL = 0.845λ0.5351 / NFR0.0173
DISTRIBUTED FLOW: HL = 1.065λ0.5824 / NFR0.0609
TRANSITION FLOW: HL = α HL(segregated) + (1-α) HL(intermittent)
where α(λ) is calculated as follows:
NFR(intermittent) - NFR
α(λ) =
NFR(intermittent) – NFR(segregated)
(*) Liquid Hold-up that would exist if the pipe were horizontal. This value must be
corrected for the actual pipe inclination angle according to the experimental
correlation data (liquid hold-up vs. pipe inclination) given by the authors.

TWO-PHASE FRICTION FACTOR CALCULATION:
ftp = (ftp / fn) x fn fn Moody friction factor calcuted from a two-phase

dvmρm
Reynolds Number: NRe =
3.0
µm
2.5
2.0
ftp/fn
1.5
1.0
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0
50 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved INPUT LIQUID CONTENT, λ

Procedure
vm2
1) NFR = ; λ FLOW PATTERN
(Beggs and Brill Map)
gd
5) friction factor from Moody, fn
2) SEGREGATED FLOW: HL = 0.98λ0.4846/ NFR 0.0868
INTERMITTENT FLOW: HL = 0.845λ 0.5351 / NFR0.0173 λ ftp/fn (from Beggs and Brill graph)
DISTRIBUTED FLOW: HL = 1.065λ0.5824 / NFR0.0609
6) ftp = (ftp / fn) x fn
3) µn = µLλL+µg(1-λL) ΔP ρn vm 2
7) ( )friction = f
ρn = ρLλL + ρg(1-λL) ΔL 2gd
ΔP ρs
8)
ρs = ρLHL + ρg(1-HL) ( )gravity =
ΔL 144
dvmρn
4) NRe =
µn

PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE CALCULATION
(incrementing pressure drop)
P1 ΔP P2
L1 ΔL L2
1. Starting with the known pressure value, P1, at location L1, select a length increment ΔL.
2. Estimate a pressure drop, ΔP, corresponding to the length increment, ΔL.
3. Calculate the average pressure and temperature in the selected pipe element.
4. Calculate the fluids PVT properties at the average conditions of P and T.
5. Calculate fluids densities and flow rates at the average conditions.
6. Calculate the input liquid content, λ and the superficial velocities vsl and vsg.
7. Determine the flow regime pattern.
8. Calculate the hold-up factor, HL, corresponding to the established flow regime pattern.
9. Calculate the mixture properties for the calculated hold-up factor.
10. Calculate the two-phase friction factor.
11. Calculate the total pressure gradient in the increment of pipe at the average conditions of P and T.
12. Calculate the pressure drop corresponding to the selected length increment.
13. Compare the estimated and calculated pressure drop. If they are not sufficiently close, estimate a
new pressure drop an repeat the procedure from steps 3 through 13.
14. Repeat steps 3 through 13 until the estimated and calculated values are sufficiently close.
15. Calculate a new position L2 = L1 + ΔL and the corresponding pressure P2 = P1 + ΔP.
16. Repeat steps 1 through 15 until the total pipe length is completely covered.

PRODUCTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS
ΔP flowline
Flowline
Pwh
Psep
Tank Inflow to node:

Pr – ΔPres – ΔPcomp = Pwf (1)
Outflow from node:

ΔPtubing Psep + ΔPflowline+ ΔPtubing = Pwf (2)
Tubing
INFLOW OUTFLOW
Pwf Pr Pwf
NODE
ΔPcomp ΔPres Q
Well Performance Software
The most noteworthy well performance programs on the

market today are:
– Prosper (Petroleum Experts)
– WellFlo (Edinburgh Petroleum Services)
– Perform (Dwight’s / IHS Energy Services)
– PipeSim (Schlumberger)
In addition to these programs, numerous other well performance

programs have been developed for commercial or private use.

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2.3.

1 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

1. Pressure loss for multiphase flow in

2 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

ΔPtubing ΔPres = f(Q)

GENERAL ENERGY EQUATION

5 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

6 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

7 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Note: µ is the viscosity in lbm/ft-sec

8 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

f depends on the flow regime:

The latest equation requires a trial and error process to calculate f

f = 0.0056 + 0.5 NRe - 0.32

9 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

10 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Calculate the friction pressure drop in a section of horizontal pipeline of 3000

11 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

12 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

• Correcting weight of fluid

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14 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

15 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Proportion of terms in oil well significant

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Mixture Velocity, V (Two-phase flow)

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18 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

λ = AL /AP = qL / (qL + qg)

19 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

λ = AL /AP = qL / (qL + qg)

21 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Based on observations different flow

23 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

BUBBLE SLUG CHURN ANNULAR MIST

24 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

 Flow regime or Flow Pattern: is a qualitative description of

1. BUBBLE FLOW: dispersed bubbles of gas in a

2. SLUG FLOW: at higher rates, the bubbles coalesce into

25 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

4. ANNULAR FLOW: at higher rates, gas becomes the

5. MIST FLOW: dispersed bubbles of liquid in a

26 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

28 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

29 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

ρg 0.333 ρLσw 0.25

30 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

N vg  Vsg A( L /  )0.25

NvL  VsL A( L /  ) 0.25

L  Liquid specific gravity

31 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

NvL = Dimensionless Liquid Velocity Number

Pressure calculations are often

34 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

35 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

36 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

• Most gas wells produce some liquids

37 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

38 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

39 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

40 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

41 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

42 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved