Chapter-2

DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB

2.1. INTRODUCTION:

The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops, supported generally
without beams, by columns with or without flared column heads. A flat slab may be solid slab or
may have recesses formed on the soffit so that the soffit comprises a series of ribs two directions.
The recesses may be formed by removable or permanent filler blocks.

Components of flat slab design:

a) Column strip: Column strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25 I,, but not greater than
0.25 1, on each side of the column centre-line, where I, is the span in the direction moments are
being determined, measured centre to centre of supports and 1, is the -span transverse to 1,,
measured centre to centre of supports.

b) Middle strip: Middle strip means a design strip bounded on each of its opposite sides by the
column strip.

c) Panel: Panel means that part of a slab bounded on-each of its four sides by the centre -line of a
Column or centre-lines of adjacent-spans.

2.2. DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB (IS CODE METHOD):

Design of an interior panel of a flat slab of panel size 4.5m X 6m without providing drop and
column head. (IS: 456)
 Fig2.1. Panel of a flat slab
Size of column= 4KN/m2
Floor finish=1KN/m2
Height of column is 4m above and below the slab.
Grade M20 Concrete and Fe 415 steel

Step-1: Depth of slab

l/d=26x M.F.
Assume Pt=0.4%
M.F. =1.3 (M.F. = Modification Factor)
l/d=26x1.3
6000/d=26x1.3
d=177.51m
Provide overall depth (D) =200mm
d=200-Q/2-clear cover
=200-10/2-20
d=175mm
dl=175mm
ds=175-10=165mm

Step 2: Load Calculation:

(i) Self weight of slab =0.2x25=5KN/m2
(ii) Floor finish=1KN/m2
(iii) Live Load=4KN/m2
Total load=10KN/m2
Factored Load=1.5x10=15KN/m2
D.L=5+1=6KN/m2
L.L.=4KN/m2

Step 3: Calculation of stiffness and αc

Along longer direction:
For slab, Ks=(4xExI)/l
Ks= (4xEx4500x2003) / (6000x12) =2x106E
For column, Kc = (4xExI)/l
Kc= (4xEx300x4003) / (4000x12) =1.6x106E
αc = Kc/Ks=0.8(Calculated)
For shorter direction
Ks = (4xExI)/l
Ks= (4xEx6000x2003) / (4500x12) =3.55x106E
For column, Kc = (4xExI)/l
Kc= (4xEx400x3003) / (4000x12) =0.9x106E
 αc = Kc/Ks=0.254 (calculated)

Step 4: Check for correction due to pattern loading:

Ratio=L.L./D.L.=4/6=0.666>0.5
Check for pattern loading is required.
Check along longer direction
l2 l1
0.5 0.6
0.8 0.7
l2/l1=4500/6000=0.75
L.L./D.L.=Wl/Wd=4/6=0.67
(i) Wl/Wd=0.5, αcmin=0
(ii) l2/l1=0.75, Wl/Wd=1.0
Wl Wd
0.5 0
1 0.683
αcmin=0.6+0.083=0.683
(iii)Wl/Wd=0.67, l2/l1=0.75
αc Calculated > αcmin
=0.8>0.232
No Correction is required.
Check along shorter direction
l2/l1=6000/4500=1.333, Wl/Wd =4/6=0.67
(i) Wl/Wd=0.5, αcmin =0
(ii) l2/l1=1.333, Wl/Wd=1.0
αcmin=0.8+0.0442=0.844
(iii) Wl/Wd=0.67) l2/l1=1.333
αcmin =0+0.285=0.285
αc Calculated > αcmin
=0.254>0.285
Correction for Pattern log loading is required.
Correction:
βs=1+[(2-(Wld/Wll))/(4+(Wld/Wll))]x(1- (αc/αcmin )
=1-[(2-1.5)/(4+1.5)x(1-(0.254/0.285))
=1.01
1% Correction is required.

Step 5: Total design moment longer direction:

Mol=Wln/8
=wxl2xln2/8 (W=wxl2xln2)
Mo=15x4.5x5.62/8=264.6KNm (ln=6-0.2-0.2=5.6)
Along shorter direction:
Mos=(wxl2xln2)/8=15x6x4.22/8=198.45KNm (l n=4.5-
0.15-0.15=4.2)
 Mos=198.45KNm

Step 6: Column strips and middle strips:

Along longer direction
(i) 2x0.25xl2=2x0.25x4500=2250mm
(ii) 2x0.25xl1=2x0.25x6000=3000mm
Provide smaller of two values
Width of column strip=2250mm
Width of middle strip=4500-1125-1125=2250mm
Along shorter direction
width of column strip=2250mm
Width of middle strip=6000-11258-1125=3750mm

Step 7: Reinforcement along longer direction

Mol=264.6KN.m d=175mm
Column strips, width=2250 Middle strips, width=2250
-ve +ve -ve +ve
Mu 0.65x0.75x264.6 0.35x0.60x264.6 0.65x264.6-129 0.35x264.6-55.6
=129KNm =55.6KNm =43KNm =37KNm
Pt% =0.59% =0.235% =0.17% =0.153%
2
Total Ast =2323mm =925.31mm2 =669.38 mm 2
=602.43 mm2
Ast/m =1032.5 mm2 =411.24 mm2 =297.5 mm2 =267.75 mm2
Provided Ast 16 Φ @190 mm 10 Φ @190mm 8 Φ @160mm 8 Φ @160mm
c/c (1058 mm2) c/c (413 mm2) c/c (314 mm2) c/c (314 mm2)

Step 8: Check for two way shear

d/2=165/2=82.5mm
Vu=([6x4.5)-(0.565x0.465)] x15=401.06KN
bo= (2x565) + (2x465)=2060
τv=Vu/bod=40106x103/2060x165=1.18N/mm2
τc'=ksτc ks=0.5+300/400=1.25>1.0
=1x1.11
τc=0.25x√ fcn=0.25x√ 20=1.11
=1.11N/mm2
τv=1.18N/mm2>τc'=1.11N/mm2

Step 9: Design of shear reinforcement

Consider 8Φ stripps, 8 legged, Fe-415 grade
Sv= (0.87x415xAsvxd)/Vus
Asv=8xπ/4x82=402mm2
Vus=Vu-0.5xboxdxks
=401.06x103-0.5x1.11x2060x165x1
=212.41x103N
Sv=0.87xfyxAsvxd/Vus
=0.87x415x402x165/212.41x103
=112.7m≈110mm

2.3. CONCLUSION:

 Drops are important criteria in increasing the shear strength of the slab.
 Enhance resistance to punching failure at the junction of concrete slab & column.
 By incorporating heads in slab, we are increasing rigidity of slab.
 The negative moment’s section shall be designed to resist the larger of the two interior
negative design moments for the span framing into common supports.
 According to Indian standard (IS 456) for RCC code has recommended characteristic
strength of concrete as 20, 25, and 30 and above 30 for high strength concrete. For design
purpose strength of concrete is taken as 2/3 of actual strength this is to compensate the
difference between cube strength and actual strength of concrete in structure. After that we
apply factor of safety of 1.5. So in practice Indian standard actually us es 46% of total
concrete characteristic strength. While in International practice is to take 85% of total
strength achieved by test and then apply factor of safety which is same as Indian standard so
in actual they use 57% of total strength.
 Prefabricated sections to be integrated into the design for ease of construction.
 Chapter-3
DESIGN OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING

3.1. INTRODUCTION:

Rainwater harvesting system, also called rainwater collection system or rainwater catchment
system, technology that collects and stores rainwater for human use. Rainwater harvesting
systems range from simple rain barrels to more elaborate structures with pumps, tanks,
and purification systems. The nonpotable water can be used to irrigate landscaping, flush toilets,
wash cars, or launder clothes, and it can even be purified for human consumption. With water
scarcity a pressing problem for many densely populated regions, rainwater harvesting systems
can supply households and businesses with water for use in dry seasons and lessen the demand
on municipal systems.
Given that rainfall is sporadic and that only a small proportion of global precipitation is easily
available for human use, rainwater harvesting can be an efficient means of capturing
that precious resource. In cities, much of the rain that falls on buildings, roofs, roads, and other
hard landscaping does not percolate into the soil and is instead directed into storm sewers for
disposal. Impermeable surfaces cause urban flooding in many areas and generate contaminated
unusable water that is directed away from potable water resources. During dry months,
local groundwater can be depleted, and many localities struggle to consistently provide enough
potable water to meet demand. Rainwater harvesting for nonpotable functions, such as gardening
and washing clothes, significantly reduces both the demanded amount of the total fresh
water and the strain on stormwater infrastructure. That saving in the demand and supply of
potable fresh water is significant in large cities. Although many localities encourage and even
subsidize rain barrels and other rainwater harvesting systems, some areas, particularly those in
the south-western United States, view rainwater harvesting as a water rights issue and place
restrictions on such collections.
3.2. CASE STUDY
The example of the rainwater tank sizing is based on the proposed construction of 18 storey
office including 3 storey podium and one storey car park for MITI (Ministry of International
Industrial for Malaysia). The rainwater will be collected from the roof of the (office and podium
block) and from the proposed building and directed to the downpipe and rainwater tank located
at ground level of the building (Figure 3.1). Part of the collection consists of the green roof
garden landscapes with the ornamental plant and trees to meet the functional objective of the
building (see Appendix for the detail drawing). The rainwater harvesting system is assumed to be
used as a bathroom cistern flushing for supply up to 1,000 installation of cisterns.

FIG. 3.1; PROPOSED RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

 TABLE 3.1: MAXIMUM TANK SIZE
AVERAGE MONTHLY FLUSHING
TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL
MONTHLY AVERAGE (MM)
- DATA FROM 1983-1997
CATCHMENT AREA
CATCHMENT EFFICIENCY
RUNOFF FORMULA
TANK SIZE
456,000 LITERS (ASSUMES 1000
PEOPLES, 3.8 LITER FROM 6/3
CISTERN
4 FLUSHES PER DAY/PERSON)
2520 MM
JAN 107, FEB 200, MAR 266, APR 293,
MAY 217, JUN 153, JULY
150, AUG 195, SEPT 237, OCT 248, NOV
235 & DEC 219
6000 M2
75%
RUNOFF (LITERS) = 0.75 (EFFICIENCY)
× RAINFALL × ROOF AREA
EG. JAN RUNOFF = 0.75 ×107 × 6000 =
481 500 LITERS
750,000 LITERS

TABLE 3.2: MONTHLY CATCHMENT CALCULATION

MONTH MONTHLY RUNOFF (LITER) VT (LITER)
RAINFALL (MM)
JA9N 107 481 500 25 500
FEB 200 900 000 469 500
MARCH 266 1 197 000 1 210 500
APRIL 293 1 318 500 2 073 000
MAY 217 976 500 2 593 500
JUNE 153 688 500 2 826 000
JULY 150 675 000 3 045 000
AUG 195 877 500 3 466 500
SEPT 237 1 066 500 4 077 000
OCT 248 1 116 000 4 737 000
NOV 235 1 057 500 5 338 500
DEC 219 985 500 5 868 000

PIPE SIZING FOR RAINWATER INSTALLATION

 Pipe sizing for hot water systems is the same as cold water, except cold feed pipe must also be
considered. Useful formulae for pipes:
1. Thomas Box formula
q=√ [(d5xh) / (25xLx105)]
Where, d=pipe diameter (mm)
q=flow rate (l/s)
H=head or pressure (m)
L=effective length of pipe (actual length + allowance for bends, tees, etc.)

Table 3.3: Loading Unit Rating for Various Applications

Dwelling and flats
Loading Unit Rating
W.C. flushing cistern 2 Wash
basin 1 1/2
Bath 10
Sink 3-5
Offices
W.C. flushing cistern 2
Wash basin (distributed use) 1 1/2
Wash basin (concentrated use) 3
School and industrial Buildings
W.C. flushing cistern 2
Wash basin 3
Shower (with nozzle) 3
Public bath 22

Table 3.4: Recommended Minimum Flow Rate at Various Appliances

Type of appliance Rate of flow (litre/s)
W.C. flushing cistern 0.12
Wash basin 0.15
Wash basin with spray 0.04
Taps:
Bath (private) 0.30
Bath (public) 0.60
Shower (with nozzle) 0.12
Sink with 13 mm taps 0.20
Sink with 19 mm taps 0.30
Sink with 25 mm taps 0.60

Table 3.5: Frictional Resistance of Fittings Expressed in Equivalent Pipe Length

 Meter run of pipe
Nominal outside Elbow Bend Tee
diameter (mm)
15 0.5 0.4 1.2
20 0.6 0.5 1.4
25 0.7 0.6 1.8
32 1.0 0.7 2.3
40 1.2 1.0 2.7
50 1.4 1.2 3.4
65 1.7 1.3 4.2
80 2.0 1.6 5.3
100 2.7 2.0 6.8

Table 3.6: Frictional Resistance of Draw-off Taps Expressed as Equivalent Pipe Lengths
Discharge Equivalent length of pipe of same
Fitting (BS 1010) rate tap fully diameter as tap(m)
open
(litre/s)
Copper Galvanised steel
15 mm diameter bib 0.20 2.7 4.00
tap
or pillar tap
20 mm diameter bib 0.3 8.50 5.75
tap
or pillar tap
25 mm diameter bib 0.60 20.00 13.00
tap
or pillar tap

Pipe Sizing Example:

The calculation of main pipe size for rainwater tank serving a typical bathroom of a commercial
building, the appliances in the bathroom consist of 5 W.C. flushing cisterns, 10 wash basins and
5 showers with nozzle. The layout of the system is shown in Figure 3.5.
The calculation of loading rating per unit appliance from Table 3.3. W.C. flushing system (WC)
= 5 units Wash basin (WB) = 10 units Shower (SR) = 5 units
The calculation of total loading
5 WC × 2 = 10 units
10 WB × 1.5 = 15 units
5 SR × 3 = 15 units, Total = 40 units
 Figure 7.5: Example layout of the Plumbing System Serving a Bathroom

The flow rate for 40 units loading is 0.70 liter/s using relationship between design flow rate and
loading unit shown in Figure 7.2 The calculation of head loss due to frictional resistance for
elbow and tee in equivalent pipe length from Table 7.5.
Elbow = 0.7 meter run of pipe
Tee = 1.8 meter run of pipe
The calculation of the effective length of the main pipe serving the appliances in the bathroom.
Assuming the system used 25 mm (O.D) galvanized steel pipe
Actual length of the main pipe = 15 meters
Effective length = actual length + equivalent length
Equivalent length = 4 elbows + 1 tee
Equivalent length = (0.7 × 4) + (1.8 ×1) = 4.6 meters
Effective length = 15 + 4.6= 19.6 meter

The head loss in 25 mm copper pipe due to frictional resistance obtained from Figure 7.4 is0.10.
The head loss due to fitting of stop valve is equivalent to 0.6 (Figure 7.3). Hence, the total head
loss can be calculated as follows:
Total head loss = (19.6 × 0.1) + 0.6
Total head loss = 2.56 meter
The available head is 5 meter, therefore the residual head at appliances distribution point is:
Residual head = 5 – 2.56
= 2.44 meter – the system is adequate.

The calculation of the pipe size using Thomas- Box equation:

Effective length = 19.6
Design pipe flow = 0.70 litre/s
Head = 2.44 m
Therefore
d = 25.04 mm
The pipe size used 25 mm is acceptable.

3.3. RESULT:

The pipe size used 25 mm is acceptable.

 Chapter-4
DESIGN OF G+5 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING USING ETAB

4.1. ABSTRACT:

We are living in the 21st century number of complex and irregular structure and designed to
resists the Earthquake, Wind and needs to analyse, design the structure by the various software
like ETABS, STAAD. Pro, TEKLA and to design the structure in this project we used the
ETABS software due to company suggestion and to find stress analysis in slab, shear force for
the beam and area reinforcement for the column and design the foundation depends upon the
reaction and height of the foundation level depends upon site and safe bearing capacity of the
soil due to stability purpose designed the retaining wall in this project.

4.2. INTRODUCTION:

Structural are design to resist earthquake, wind load and stable the structure in the structure
causes loss of peoples and the high raise buildings stiffness and resists the displacement of the
building by proper designs and detail ductile of the building and is able to design the proper
gravity building, the paper deals the analysis E-TABS. ETABS is 3D structural software Analysis
of Building System. Hence revisions are done depend upon the result given by the analysis Also
after proving the credibility of ETABS b materials in ETABS, and the necessary steps taken
below.

4.3. OBJECTIVE:

To perform analysis and design of the structure without any type of failures.
1. To understand the basic principles of structures by using Indian Standard Codes
2. To understand the parameters of the design for beams, columns, slabs and other structural
components.
3. To prepare the 3D model of the structure by using the E-TABS Software for detailed analysis
and design.

4.3.1. Scope of study:

The scope of the study is to produce good structural work for performing analysis and design for
a residential building.

4.3.2 Loads and Combination:

As per the limit state design of reinforced concrete structures and pre-stressed concrete
structures, the following load combination has been taken:
1. 1.5(D.L+L.L)
2. 1.2(D.L+L.L± Ex)
3. 1.2(D/L+L.L ± Ey)
4. 1.5(D.L±Ex)
5. 1.5(D.L±Ey)
6. 0.9D.l±1.5Ex
7. 0.9D.L±1.5Ey

The live load was taken as 2 KN/m2 since the analysis and design being done for Residential
building as per IS Code 875 part-2 and as there is no need of giving Dead load in E-TABS which
is an advantageous thing. Wall load for 9 inches is given as 12.42 KN/m2 and for inner walls
6.21 KN/m2. Floor finish was given as 0.8 KN/m2.

4.4. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING USING ETAB

Material properties of the structure:

Grade of concrete for slab, beam, column: M20
Column Sizes = 230X350 mm
Beam Size = 230X350 mm
Slab thickness = 150 mm
Number of Stories = 5
Height = 3 meters and plinth height = 1.5 meters
Live Load on slab = 2 kN/sq.m. and Dead load on slab = 1.5 kN/sq.m.
Architectural plan:
The plan was taken from the architecture in Bangalore and been analysed and designed by the
software package E-TABS.
In fig.4.3. it shows the centre line diagram of the building which is considered for analysis in
ETABS.
 Fig 4.3. Centre line diagram of the building which is considered for analysis in ETABS

4.4.1. Methodology/Procedure:

Step - 1: Initial setup of Standard Codes and Country codes

Step - 2: Creation of Grid points & Generation of structure
After getting opened with ETABS we select a new model and a window appears where we had
entered the grid dimensions and story dimensions of our building.
Step - 3: Defining of property: Here we had first defined the material property by selecting
define menu material properties. We add new material for our structural components (beams,
columns, slabs) by giving the specified details in defining. After that we define section size by
selecting frame sections as shown below & added the required section for beams, columns etc.
Step - 4: Assigning of Property: After defining the property we draw the structural components
using command menu. Draw line for beam for beams and create columns in region for columns
by which property assigning is completed for beams and columns.
Step - 5: Assigning of Supports: By keeping the selection at the base of the structure and
selecting all the columns we assigned supports by going to assign menu joint\frame Restraints
(supports) fixed.
Step - 6: Defining of loads: In ETABS all the load considerations are first defined and then
assigned. The loads in ETABS are defined as using static load cases command in define menu.
Step - 7: Assigning of Dead loads: After defining all the loads. Dead loads are assigned for
external walls, internal walls in staad but in E-TABS automatically taken care by the software
i.e., inbuilt.
Step – 8: Assigning of Live loads: Live loads are assigned for the entire structure including floor
finishing.
Step - 9: Assigning of wind loads: Wind loads are defined and assigned as per IS 875 1987 PART
3 by giving wind speed and wind angle. But since this is a G+3 Residential Building having total
height less than 12 meters there is no need of assigning of wind loads or earth quake loads.
Step - 10: Assigning of Seismic loads: Seismic loads are defined and assigned as per IS 1893:
2002 by giving zone, soil type, and response reduction factor in X and Y directions But since this
is a G+3 Residential Building having total height less than 12 meters there is no need of
assigning Seismic loads.
Step - 11: Assigning of load combinations: Using load combinations command in define menu
1.5 times of dead load and live load will be taken as mentioned in above.
Step - 12: Analysis: After the completion of all the above steps we have performed the analysis
and checked for errors.
Step - 13: Design: After the completion of analysis we had performed concrete design on the
structure as per IS 456:2000. ETABS performs the design for every structural element.
 Figure 4.4.1. Model in ETABS

By using centre line diagram the grid system is given by X and Y co-ordinates and spacing
method of grid system is adopted for convenient of user.

4.4. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS:

4.4.1. Shear Force for the analysis part:

Shear and bending moment diagrams are analytical used in conjunction with structural analysis
to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear force and bending moment at
a given point of a structural element such as a beam.
 Figure 4.4.1. Shear force diagram for the structure

4.4.2. Bending Force for the analysis part:

The bending moment diagram indicates the bending moment resisted by the Beam.

Figure 4.4.2. Bending moment diagram for the structure

For area of longitudinal reinforcement, go to design menu in ETABS, concrete frame design and
start design check.

Figure 4.4.3. Longitudinal reinforcement of the structure

4.5. CONCLUSION:

The structure is design based on the E-TABS, and the theory of LIMIT STATE METHOD which
provide adequate strength, serviceability, and durability besides economy. The displacement,
shear force, bending moment variation has been shown. If any beam fails, the dimensions of
beam and column should be changed and reinforcement detailing can be produced.