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A Review Paper on Pin Fin Efficiency Enhancement

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue)
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

A Review Paper on Pin Fin Efficiency Enhancement

Nasir Nisar Sheikh

Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Dev Bhoomi institute of technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
nasirnisar1995@gmail.com

Bhushan Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Dev Bhoomi institute of technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
bhushan.sid83@gmail.com

Nitish Kumar Saini

Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Dev Bhoomi institute of technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
nitishsaininov@gmail.com

Abstract
From the past few decades no of efforts have made by
researchers to enhance the rate of heat transfer with the use of
pin fins by varying number of parameters. The parameters like
fin spacing, fin geometries, temperature distribution, height,
length have been reviewed in this paper. The paper provides
some brief reviews about the ways of improving the rate heat
transfer by use pin fins. Main motive of the paper is to provide
some brief knowledge about the efficiency improvements that
can be made in pin fins to increase heat transfer rate.
Keywords: fin spacing, fin geometries, temperature
distribution, height, length, heat transfer rate.
Introduction
The fins also referred extended surfaces are used for enhancing
the heat transfer rate, when they are exposed to convection heat
transfer. From Newton’s law of cooling Qconv = hAs(ts - t∞) it can
be concluded that heat transfer can be increased by two ways
either by convective heat transfer coefficient(h) or by
increasing surface area of the material. Convective heat transfer
coefficient (h) can be increased by use of pump or fan or by
increasing surface area of existing one replaced by larger one.
But in practical this approach may not be useful as it may
decrease the overall efficiency of system due economic
constraints. So alternate is to surface area by attaching extended
surfaces or fins to surface from which heat is to be extracted.
Figure 1: schematic diagram of 9x7 circular pin fin array
Finned surfaces can be manufactured by the process like
welding, extruding or wrapping a thin metal sheet on a surface
Fins increase the heat transfer from surface by exposure of a
large surface area to the convection, radiation and conduction
within the material of fin. Use of fin can be sometimes the most
economical solutions to heat transfer problems.
Advantages and disadvantage of fins
Fins proved to be efficient method of enhancing heat transfer
from any surface exposed to fluid nearby. They provide heavy
duty without any regular maintenance besides they provide
economic and cheaper way to increase the rate of heat transfer
and cool down the surface from which heat is to be extracted.
With advantages there are some few disadvantages too,
attaching fins to any surface increases the weight and may
sometimes decrease the overall efficiency. They can be used
only where a surface is in direct contact with the fluid nearby.
Application
Fins are extensively used for the application of enhancing and
increasing the rate heat transfer from the surface. Their
applications are in wide range. Some of the applications are
mentioned as, they used in the form of arrays for cooling down
electronic equipments. They are used in IC engines where
engine is exposed directly to air like two wheelers and air crafts.
They are used in compressors as well. Fins are also used in the
evaporator and condensation components of the refrigeration
and air conditioning. Besides they are used in dry type cooling
towers, condensers and economizers of thermal power plant.
Figure 2 shows fins or extended surfaces attached to
transformer for the heat transfer at higher rate.

Page 108 of 112

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue)
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Figure 2: fins on the surface of transformer
Literature review
Vikas Bansal et al. presented paper on effect of slot on
performance of circular pin fin. The study was based on
theoretical and computational analysis of circular pin fin made
of copper and aluminum. Effect of slot in cross section of
circular pin fin along its length on its performance was
observed. It was observed that the introduction of slot improves
heat transfer rate the fin and reduces cost of pin fin arrays. They
also observed aluminum pin fin with one slot transfers .more
heat as compared to heat transfer by copper pin fin without slot.
The result ended the conclusion that increasing number of slots
increases heat because the surfaces area increases and volume
decreases, so lesser material is required and hence lesser cost.
Pardeep Singh et al. [2] analyzed the Heat Transfer through
Fin with Extensions (such as rectangular extension, trapezium
extension, triangular extensions and circular segmental
extensions). They compared heat transfer performance of fin
with same geometry having different extensions and without
extensions. They concluded with the result that use of fins with
extensions, provide greater heat transfer, Fin with extensions
provide nearly 5 % to 13% more improvement in heat transfer
as compared to fin without extensions. They also found that
effectiveness of fin with rectangular extensions is higher than
other extensions and choosing the minimum value of ambient
fluid temperature provide the greater heat transfer rate
enhancement.
Balendra Singh et al. analyzed the experimental observation
and simulation for rectangular UN notched fin for different
thermal loads. The result of the distribution of temperature,
velocity vector plot, Nusselt no. and the heat transfer
coefficient & heat transfer coefficient increased constantly in
all cases but inverted triangular notched fin was giving
maximum heat transfer rate. They concluded with the result,
Page 109 of 112
that heat transfer rate of inverted triangular notched fin has
been increased by almost 50.51% as compared to rectangular
unnotched fin. They also find that the increase in average heat
transfer rate of inverted triangular notched fin is 50.51%,
inverted trapezoidal notched fin is 36.81%, inverted circular
notched fin is 37.98%and inverted rectangular notched fin is
26.01% with respect to plane rectangular fin. Hence, they
showed efficiency of inverted triangular notched fin is better
than others.
N Sahati, F durst demonstrated the enhancement of heat
transfer in the present work by using small cylindrical pins on
surfaces of heat exchangers and simple relationships were used
for the conductive and convective heat transfer to derive an
equation that showed which parameters permit the achievement
of heat transfer enhancements. Experiments were reported that
demonstrate the effectiveness of the results of the proposed
approach.
LaxmikantChewanet.al conducted the trails for various
material materials on fins by varying Reynolds number and
results were obtained. The results showed that with increase in
Reynolds number the efficiency and effectiveness of the pin fin
decreases. They found aluminum to be most effective among
brass, brass with knurling, brass with holes and mild steel.
A A Wartyet al. Investigated the performance of pin fins made
of three different materials aluminum, brass and stainless steel.
They evaluated the influence of design parameter such as
length, diameter and material of pin fin on thermal efficiency
of natural convention heat sink by experimental setup. The
results found to be efficiency of aluminum was maximum
followed by brass and then stainless steel.
Yatendra Singh Tomar et al. studied the comparative
performance of pin fin arrays under the forced convection heat
transfer. The parameters like height, diameter, longitudinal
pitch and spacing of pin fins were validated by CFD analysis.
The circular pin fin array of 6x8 was studied under the air flow
velocity of 2.5 m/s. The results showed as transverse pitch of
circular pin increases its thermal resistance decreases.
karanSangaj el al. [8] various parameters like
shape(rectangular, circular, tapered, conical, parabolic) ,
geometry and material(copper, aluminum, mild steel, brass and
stainless steel) of pin fin were compared in ANSYS.The results
showed copper circular hollow pin fin and copper rectangular
pin fin to be optimum pin fins. It was found that copper and
aluminum pin fins with same shape have nearly equal heat
transfer. So it was concluded that aluminum to be optimum
material for pin fin due to economic constraints.
Fan Bailin et al. the temperature field and efficiency were
analyzed for pin fin radiator. It was found that distribution of
temperature field for pin fins depend on length, diameter and
spacing etc. and radiator efficiency mainly depends on
convective heat transfer resistance, so optimization of radiator
structure was achieved by reducing thermal resistance.
ShrenikkumarOswal et al. the comparative study on the
parameters like maximum temperature, pressure and velocity
on thermal performance of fin for five high powers at 33 watt
dissipating devices was analyzed. It was concluded that for
minimum temperature at heat sink it is better to use aluminum
heat sinks with elliptical pin fins and for minimum pressure
drop flat fin heat sink was optimum choice. It was also found
that circular pin fin transfers more heat than elliptical pin fins
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue)
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
but pressure drop is more. Also heat transfer enhances with
increase in approach velocity, number of pin fins and Reynolds
number.
Meheran Ahmadi et al. experimentally and numerically
investigated steady state heat transfer by natural convection on
vertically mounted rectangular interrupted fins. A test on
twelve aluminum heat sinks of different geometries was studied
to investigate fin spacing and fin interruptions. Their results
showed that adding fin spacing and interruptions to vertically
mounted rectangular fins improves its thermal performance.
They showed that an optimum interruption length exits that
enhances heat transfer from vertically mounted fins.
Md Shamim hossain et al. experimentally investigated heat
transfer analysis and fabrication of pin fin array. Seven fins
made of aluminum metal were used for fabrication pin fin
arrangement. The fins of same length and diameter were
arranged in inline manner. Heat transfer by free and forced
convection was studied and accordingly efficiency was
recorded. It was shown that for forced convection pin
efficiency decreases with increase in heat transfer coefficient
and was observed that for free convection with increase in heat
transfer coefficient the efficiency of pin fin increases.
L.Tarchi et al. Experimentally investigated fins based on four
different internal trailing edge cooling geometries. The
comparison was carried out for innovative configurations and
standard fins. Mach number of 0.3 was taken for heat transfer
and pressure loss measurements, while as Reynolds number
was varied from 9000 to 27000 for circular pin fin configuration
with an innovative pentagonal configuration and for two
elliptical configurations. Results exposed that pentagonal
configuration produces a non-uniform heat transfer
coefficientsand span-wise configuration generates higher heat
transfer coefficients and pressure losses.
wandongbai et al. Carried out numerically investigation on rib
tabulators vortices effect on fin arrays. The rib configurations
of four types were evaluated in the upstream of pin fin arrays.
The simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer was done on
ANSYS CFX software. Results concluded that secondary flows
created by ribs prejudiced the flow field and heat transfer
distribution of pin fin arrays. Highly noticeable change was
found for a heat transfer distribution in the span wise direction.
The attendance of ribs improved the heat transfer and reduced
the pressure losses in pin fin arrays.
Liang Huang et al. carried out experimental investigation on
heat transfer of a tube with three types of pin fin shapes namely
elliptical, circular and drop shaped fins. The investigation was
done for Reynold number ranging from 0.5×105 to
4.1×105.Heat transfer and pressure drop measurements of pin
fin and tube surfaces was carried out experimentally by
Naphthalene sublimation. Experiments showed that local heat
transfer coefficients were lower on pin fins than that of tube
surfaces in certain conditions and with increase in Reynolds
number the local heat transfer coefficients increased for pin fins
than that for smooth tube. Heat transfer coefficient didn’t
showed to be much difference for the above mentioned three
types of fins. For pressure drop a varying resistance was found
for different types of pin fins, but drop shaped suffered lesser
pressure loss because of its geometry and also heat transfer
enhancement was better than other shapes.
M Khoshvaght-Aliabadi et al. conducted experiment on
Page 110 of 112
performance of pin fin miniature heat sink (PFMHS) of
different pin shapes. Al2O3water nanofluidThermo-fluidic
properties were tested for all cases and results were compared
with water. From experimental results it was concluded that pin
fin shapes effects the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics
of pin fin miniature heat sink. At varying Reynold number 100
to 900 the highest overall heat transfer coefficient and pressure
drop were noted and it was seen that hydrothermal performance
of circular and hexagonal pin fin miniature was decent. The
addition of small fractions of AL2O3 nanoparticles to water
improves overall heat transfer coefficients of pin fin heat sinks.
Cheng-hung huang et al. estimated the design of pin fin array
optimal shape and perforation diameter. In addition height and
diameter of pin fin was also taken to be in consideration as
design parameters. The theatrical design showed that height of
pin fin becomes shorter and diameter and perforation becomes
higher to make Nusselt number higher and base plate
temperature lower. Experimentally results followed the
numerical results too on pin fin arrays.
Karl Lindqvist et al. analyzed the computational fluid
dynamic ofhelically wrapped fin tube bundles for the
evaluation of its thermal and hydraulic performances.
Experiment was conducted for two plain fins and two serrated
fins. The experimental and numerical observation of heat
transfer and pressure drop was close to each other. The
evaluation of fins was done bysemi-empirical correlations for
Nusselt and Euler numbers on the selected geometries. The fin
efficiency was evaluated by taking constant heat transfer
coefficient and in general fin efficiency decrement depends on
fin material, geometry and average heat transfer coefficient.
Results showed efficiency of reduced domain modeling, while
as geometric periodicity of the heat exchanger array is
subjugated to decrease computational cost.
Mostafa H Sharqawy et al. presented paper on analysis of
straight fins with combined heat and mass transfer for different
configurations of heat and mass transfer. The temperature
distribution on a fin surface was analyzed when it was fully wet
and study of optimum fin dimensions along with effect of
atmospheric pressure was also done. Their work introduced a
modified fin parameter which can be calculated without
knowing fin tip conditions and linear approximation model was
developed for the relation of temperature and humidity ratio on
a fin surface.
Bayramsahin et al. experimentally investigated the
performance of a heat exchanger by using square perforated pin
fins. Heat transfer improvement followed by pressure drop on
a flat surface was recorded. Heat transfer, friction factor and the
corresponding improved efficiency was found by numerically
using the correlation equations. Results were concluded that
using square pin fins improves the heat transfer. Further results
showed that friction factor can be increased by decreasing the
fin spacing ratio and clearance ratio. Higher efficiencies can be
achieved by decreasing Reynolds number. So in general heat
transfer enhancement mainly depends upon the parameters like
fin spacing, fin height and Reynold number.
Arun K. Saha et al. investigated numerically natural
convection on inline array pin fins of heat exchanger was
performed. Effect of space between fins and the grashof
number on the flow and accordingly heat transfer was found.
From the simulations, it was found that the vorticity and
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue)
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
recirculation flows were increasing with increase in grahof's
number. So heat transfer enhances with increase in grashof's
number and at a constant pitch heat transfer also increased as
thermal boundary thickness is becoming thinner.
Shao-shu chu et al. investigated heat transfer from cylindrical
pin fin with variable biot number using hybrid numerical
technique. The general solutions for the dimensionless transient
responses were obtained with help of Laplace transformation.
It was found temperature lagging occurs due to variable boit
number.
Mohammad reza et al. analyzed the design of multiscale
annular fins that were attached to the pin fin. Geometrical
optimization and design were investigated and the results
showed that thermal performance can be increases by varying
geometrical variables.it were also found that for optimum
design for low weight materials the annular part diameter must
be more than that of pin fin diameter to which the annular part
is attached.
S c haldar et al. presented paper on thermal analysis by laminar
and free convection of cylindrical pin fin which is attached to
horizontal plate is studied. Fluid was allowed to move from one
end which rises vertically and finally leaving through the top.
It was found that with increase in diameter of fin, the heat flux
of fin base decreased. The heat transfer calculated from other
previous published results for the said work was compared and
it was found that with increase in base plate temperature
percentage difference decreased when compared to each other.
Younghwan joo et al. compared the heat transfer of plate fin
with pin fin heat sinks in free convection. They provided a
validated new correlation of heat transfer coefficient for the
optimization of pin fin heat sinks. It was found that for total
heat dissipation plate fin heat sinks proved to better than pin fin
heat sinks, while for heat dissipation per unit mass the reverse
is true.
Jaideep pandit et al. various geometries and pin fin height
ratio to the channel of thermoelectric generator for automobile
applications were examined to improve the efficiency. It was
found that diamond shaped pin fins proved to be better than
other shapes for thermal efficiency. It was also found that pin
fin to channel height ratio at 0.5 showed maximum efficiency.
Shyy-woei chang et al. numerically investigated free
convention flow of pin fin array with dimples. To find velocity,
temperature and nusselt number governing equations like
navier stoke equation, and energy equations were used. Height
transfer by natural convection was analyzed by keeping Prandtl
number fixed and varying Raleigh’s number. It was found that
both local and average nusselt number increased with increase
in Raleigh number especially for dimpled pin fin array.
satyaprakash Das et al. evaluated performance of trapezoidal
pin fins. They presented some graphs from which thermal
performance of trapezoidal pin fin can found. In addition
volume and optimum heat dissipation can be found from their
solutions.
M Almogbel et al. presented a paper on optimization of
cylindrical pin fin assembly in a tree shape. The optimization
was done for different tree shaped pin fin models. It was found
a tree model with tapered fins showed higher global
conductance. Results also revealed that more optimum models
looked more natural.
R F Babus Haq et al. experimentally investigated the thermal
Page 111 of 112
performance of pin fin using forced convection. Circular pin
fins were implanted on a base plate. Different parameters like
spacing diameter ratios, material of fins were changed in order
to gain the maximum heat transfer. The results concluded that
pin fins in a flow direction showed maximum heat transfer rate
and also increased with increase in thermal conductivity of pin
fin material used.
E A M Elshafei et al. conducted experiment on a heat sink
made up of pin fins by free convention and changing geometric
configurations and orientation. It was found that increase in
Rayleigh number and average heat transfer coefficient for
sideward orientation Nusselt number is higher than upward
facing orientation and for low Rayleigh number the results were
opposite.
Saroj yadav et al. numerically investigated the different pin
fin models in a forced convection with air as working fluid.
From their work it was revealed that with increment in inlet
velocity the heat transfer enhances. It was also found that heat
transfer coefficient and Nusselt number holds good for
elliptical and kite shaped pin fins.
T Bello Ochende et al. investigated multiscale pin fin
arrangement for heat transfer enhancement using laminar
forced convention. Optimization was done on different
geometric parameters and it was found that heat transfer gets
enhanced when pin fin height and diameter are non-uniform in
nature.
Seth A Lawson et al. experimentally investigated the heat
transfer and pressure drop from pin fins by effect of fin spacing
between 5000 to 30000 Reynold number. From their results it
was shown that pressure loss mainly depends on spanwise pin
fin spacing rather than streamwise spacing while as for heat
transfer opposite holds good. So heat transfer can be enhanced
by decreasing pressure loss.
Dipankar Bhanja et al. investigated the heat transfer
enhancement by porous pin fins in a free convection. For
solution to governing fin equation Adomian decomposition
method was used. It was found that with increase in nusselt
number and porosity ratio fin efficiency decreases and with
increase in radius to length ratio fin efficiency increases. The
parameters like porosity ratio, Raleigh number thermal
conductivity ratio enhances heat transfer.
Conclusion
After going through some of research papers on pin fins, the
conclusion came out that efficiency of pin fin can be increased
in several ways depending upon parameters. Several ways and
techniques have been developed by researchers in order to
enhance the heat transfer by pin fins. It was found that in
materials of fins aluminum proved to be more efficient than
others. Adding spacing and interruptions can also enhance the
efficiency. Introduction to notches and slots can also be useful
to improve the efficiency of pin fins. By increasing Reynolds
number heat transfer by pin fins can be increased. Also pin fins
of elliptical geometry can also improve the rate of heat transfer
as compared to other geometries like annular and eccentric fins.
Adding coating to fins can also improve heat transfer. A pin fin
array with dimples is another case of enhancing heat transfer
through pin fins.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 14, Number 9, 2019 (Special Issue)
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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