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Planning Phase
At the end of topics, student should have •Normally carried out by architect to determine the arrangement and layout of
the building
•Must meet client requirement with aesthetic, environmental and economic
consideration

1. Ability to write the project planning process in farm Design Phase

structural construction project (C5,P2,A3).
•Once the building form and arrangements have been approved by local
authorities, the details of the project have to work out by various consultants.
•The step involves: 1. Selection of structural systems, 2. Estimation of loadings,
2. Ability to plan a layout of farm structural buildings 3. Analysis of the structural elements, 4. Design of structural elements, 5.
Detail drawing production
(C6,P2,A3)
Construction Phase
•The plans and design conceived on paper translated into reality.
•A structure may be well-planned, well-designed and well-built

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Client/ Project Conceptual “Fail to plan is planning to fail”

Manager • Planning definition:
o “what” is going to be done, “how”, “where”, by “whom”, and “when”
Layout Plan
Architect
Planning Phase
Detailed Design • Concept determination and feasibility studies
Engineer
o Economic consideration
o Layout and arrangement
Quantity Bill of Quantity o Site suitability
Surveyor • Conceptual Design
Contracting o Perspective pictures
Contractor Scheduling
o Architectural drawings
o Plan and Views drawings

Construction

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 • Investigate different alternatives for investments and • Roughly sketch alternatives to the general approach to
development of the farm and agricultural site, now and in layout, functional planning, design and construction.
the future. • Choose the required layout and prepare preliminary
• Check possible sources of finance for the investment. constructional design and cost calculations.
• The feasibility involves studies of • Alternatively, drawings can be collected from reliable
o user requirements,
sources e.g. research stations.
o site conditions, • Study the drawings and evaluate them regarding the
o requirement from authorities,
functional and technical requirements.
o functional and technical requirements and
o cost.

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• Floor Plan
• Elevation Plan – Front, Rear, Right and Left View
SITE PLAN LOCATION PLAN
• Section Plan
• Component Drawing

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• The aim of quantity surveying is to provide an accurate bill of

quantities, that is a list of the amounts of all materials and
Idealization of the structure into frames and elements labour necessary to complete a construction project.
• Example:
Item Description Unit Quantity Rate Total
Estimation of loads 1 Foundation, 2.01 m3
concrete, mixture 1:3:6
-Cement 50kg 9
-River sand Ton 1.3
Analysis to determine the moments and forces -Crushed stone Ton 2.9

2 Ground Slab, 6.3 m3

-Cement 50kg 14.0
Design of structural elements -River Sand Ton 2.3
-Crushed stone Ton 5.0
-Gravel Ton 10.1
-Sand Ton 1.2
Production of detail drawings.

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 • Scheduling definition: • The following seven tasks are required for the erection of a
o “what” will be done, and “who” will be working building roof structure.
• relative timing of tasks & time frames • Some of the tasks can be completed simultaneously; the
o a concise description of the plan overhang with soffit can be constructed while the deck is
being installed.
• Preparations of a time schedule for the production of the 1. Place & secure trusses, 2 days
building. 2. Install roof deck, 7 days
• Preparation of construction drawings, and specifications 3. Apply vapor barrier, 2 days
regarding production methods and assembly and
installation instructions. 4. Apply roof cladding, 2 days
• Using Bar Chart (Gantt Chart) 5. Construct roof overhang, 4 days
o Critical Path Method (CPM) 6. Install soffits, 4 days
• Specify the project start or finish date 7. Apply flashing, 6 days
• Useful for updating and tracking the activities and resources

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• Install MS Project/ any management tool software

• Can be use as project management tool to tracking project
schedule

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• Invite tenders from contractors out of which one is • Site Preparation

chosen. o Land Surveying
• Tenders can be by open tenders e.g. Advertised in • Determine the land boundaries as in land grant
papers and selective tenders (meeting capable • Elevation data points (spot height of the points)
contractors). • Determine cut and fill volume of the land.
• Sign contracts in contract document: client-contractors.
o Soil Investigation (SI)
• The Awarded Contractor received Letter of Acceptance
• Analysis of soil profile and soil types
(LA).
• Determine the compaction ratio.
• Water table elevation

o Site Clearing and Earthworks

• Removing existing features
• Removing top soil

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 • Site operations
o hiring of labour
o provision of tools
o preparation of access roads to sites,
o provision of temporal stores and sheds,
o Safety procedures
o delivery of construction materials and
o technical inspection during construction.
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Region • Region it is a tract of land which, a combination of these, is

Planning distinguishable as a unit.
(i) geographical, e.g. lake district;
(ii) social/political, e.g. a state
Farmstead Urban (iii) single-function area, e.g. coalfield;
Planning Planning
(iv) a farming region, e.g. paddy fields;
(v) a river catchment area
(vi) a metropolitan area

Economic Environmental
Planning Planning

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• Example: 5 Corridor Economic Region in Malaysia

o Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA) - Johor
o Northern Corridor of Economic Region (NCER) – Perlis, Kedah, Pulau
Pinang & utara Perak
o East Coast Economic Region (ECER) – Kelantan, Terengganu,
Pahang & north of Mersing, Johor
o Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) – Sarawak
o Sabah Development Corridor (SDC) – Sabah

• NCER leverages on the existing economic achievements of

the region in electronics, tourism and agriculture, as well as
its strategic location bordering Thailand and facing the
Malacca Straits. Leveraging on the strengths of the region, 4
key thrust areas have been identified, namely agriculture,
manufacturing, tourism and logistics.

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East Coast Economic Region
Crops
Fisheries
Livestock
Northern Corridor Economic
Region
Paddy Farming • Urban planning is the physical planning of concentrated human
Downstream Industries settlements designated as urban areas. It is a indication that a
Livestock Farming certain degree of detail is required of the planner.
Greenhouse
Sabah Development Corridor
• Urban plans are represented in the same way as physical plans
Food Production - Livestock but they normally include more detail, including:
Centre o infrastructure network
Agropolitan - Crops
o spatial organizational structures
Fisheries
Cold Room Facilities and o detailed action area plans
Services o density distribution
Sarawak Corridor Of o zoning regulations for the areas
Renewable Energy
Halal Hub o location of functions in the urban system including population, industry,
Food Processing commerce, institutions,
Fishing & Aquaculture o recreational facilities, utilities, natural resources,
Industry o environmental action plans and other essential information thought to
Livestock Industry be important for the future growth of the urban region.

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• Federal Department • The construction and operation of farm structures and

infrastructure have the potential to introduce pollution into the
of Town and Country environment.
Planning Peninsular • Pollution is the introduction of contaminating substances into
Malaysia the environment that lead to its degradation.
• Planning Unit at • Environmental planning essentially has the following main
objectives:
Local Authority (PBT)
o To minimize threats to human health and life
o To preserve resources for future use, e.g. minimizing soil erosion and
deforestation.
o To achieve recreational goals such as preserving certain areas in their
natural state.
o To minimize damage to the environment e.g. by preserving the habitat
of a rare species that has no known or readily foreseeable use to us.

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• Steps for Planning
1. Establishment of individual farmers’ objectives, priorities
and constraints for their farm operation.
2. Analysis of financial resources
3. Listing of all available resources for the farming
enterprises, quantifying them and describing their qualities
4. Description of all factors in the physical, economic and
administrative environment that directly influence the
farming enterprises, but over which the farmer has no direct
influence,
5. Individual analysis of each type of farm enterprise, whether
crop or animal production, to determine its allowance of
total capital.
• When developing an economic plan, the farm building Engineer
should obtain as much of the information as possible, in addition
to data relating to the following factors:
1. A comprehensive master plan of the farmstead.
2. For storage structures, data concerning the expected acreage
and yield of the crop to be dried and stored, the length of the
storage period, i.e. the amount of produce to be sold or
consumed at the time of harvest.
3. For animal housing, the quantity and quality of animals currently
owned and the possibility and time scale for increasing and
improving the herd through a breeding programme should be
considered.
4. Availability of building materials and construction skills at the
farm or in the rural area concerned.
5. Laws and regulations applicable to the proposed building and the
enforcement agencies involved.

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 • The farmstead forms the nucleus of the farm operation • Some of the benefits derivable from a farm building include: -
where a wide range of farming activities are undertaken. o Provide facilities for efficient operations
• It normally includes the dwelling, animal shelters, storage o An environment providing conducive and sanitary conditions.
structures, equipment shed, workshop and other structures. o Provide desirable condition suitable for production
• A carefully developed plan should provide a location for o Provide comfortable surroundings for both livestock and workers.
buildings and facilities that allows adequate space for o Provide safe conditions for both livestock and workers.
convenient and efficient operation of all activities, while at
the same time protecting the environment from such
undesirable effects as odours, dust, noise, flies and heavy
traffic.
• Objectives:  Efficient
 Safe, pleasant, productive
 Environmental control

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1. The functional requirement such as space,

temperature, light, safety, sanitation, physical protection
etc. • Weather
2. Efficiency of system, location of centralized operation, • Geography
bulk material handling etc.
3. Adequate structural design for the loads to which the • Materials Handling
building will be subjected to.
4. Suitability of materials with respect to characteristics Whether new or old -
like durability, cost, fire resistance, ease of cleaning etc.
5. Economy of construction, costs are reduced by choosing
prefabricated assemblies, standard size materials and • consider entire farmstead
components etc. • possible future changes
6. Flexibility of design that will allow proposed enterprise
to be altered or a new enterprise to be established with
minimum expense and effort.

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• Drainage and Topography
o Surface and sub-surface
drainage, well drain soil
o Soil types, soil depth and fertility
o Natural vegetation
o Land slope- to avoid erosion
• Waste Management
o Waste handling
o Wind direction to avoid air and odor
pollution
• Water resources
o Availability good water quality water
is essential for farm activities
• Utilities and services • Topography: Is it suitable (flats) for crop production and
o Electrical, telephone line cattle grazing or (hilly) for tree plantations, orchards and
o Access road vineyards?
• Orientation • Availability of natural resources: Sufficient running water for
o Sunrises and sunset cattle and sheep; what about a river for irrigation purposes?
Prevailing wind direction
o
• Location of the farm: How far is it from a market (fresh fruit
• Expansion
and vegetables) or silo (maize, sunflower and wheat crops)?
o Adequate provision for future
expansion

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 • Farming practices: The availability of workers must also be
taken into account as fresh fruit, vegetables, citrus and
vines need more labors (handpicking) than cattle farming.
• Different enterprise possibilities: Sufficient rainfall, soil
type, daylight hours and temperature to yield crops, or
rather cattle breeding (Bushveld) where it is too dry and
warm for crops?
• The availability of capital: Aid from the government, Bank
loans or Contract based?
• The preference/experience of the farmer/owner (in a lesser
degree) will also influence decision-making.
• A Farm layout refers to the compiling of physical structures
such as homesteads, outbuildings, waterways, contours,
camps, water supply roads and the layout of orchards,
vineyards or lands.
• However, the area where the farm is situated, the
topography, the availability of natural resources, the farming
practices, the different enterprises, the availability of capital
and the preference of the farmer/owner will also affect the
farm layout.

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• Zone Planning • Zone 1 at the centre of the farmstead is for family living,
and should be protected from odour, dust, flies, etc.
o Zone planning can be a useful tool, but it is most effective
• Zone 2 for clean, dry and quiet activities, such as
when planning a new farmstead. implement sheds and small storage structures
o The farmstead is divided into zones 10 m to 30 m wide by • Zone 3 for larger grain stores, feed stores and small animal
concentric circles. units
o The advantage • Zone 4 for large-scale animal production
• provides space for
present farm operations,
future expansion and
a good living environment.

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Broilers in a large tunnel ventilated

• Factors to considered
o System capacity
o Location
o Handling method and equipment
o Provision for drying, aeration and fumigation of grains
o Structural requirements : due to high load span and large volume,
• Factors to considered steel structure are the most suitable. Reinforced concrete are
o Space satisfactory material for heavy duty floor and foundation
o Climate o Aesthetic and Economic

o Temperature
o Relative Humidity
o Air/ Ventilation
o Light
o Safety from predators

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• Factors to be considered for site selection
o The microclimate conditions
o The water and electricity supply
o Labour availability
o The distance to the markets and transportation costs
o The orientation of the greenhouses depends on the main wind and
rain direction.
o Penetration of rain through ventilator openings has to be avoided.
o Fans for evaporation cooling should face the main wind direction.
o Windbreaks by natural planting or by artificial windbreak structure
should be considered in the planning of the greenhouse if wind
velocities are high.
o The soil at the greenhouse location should have adequate drainage
provision.
o The soil topography should have a slight slope (about 0.5–1%) in the
longitudinal direction to drain off rainwater.

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“By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail.”

― Benjamin Franklin

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