Laboratory for Preparatory Course

Objective:
To study and verify the functionality of PN junction diode in forward bias and to:
1. Plot Volt-ampere characteristics of P-N diode.
2. Find cut off voltage for P-N junction diode.
3. Find static and dynamic resistance in forward biased conditions.
Apparatus Used
1. Diode(1N4007)
2. Variable resistor (1k.ohm)
3. dc regulated power supply (0-30 V)
4. ammeters (0-200 mA, 0-200µ𝐴)
5. voltmeter(0-20V)
6. Connecting wires (single strand)
Theory
A PN junction diode is formed when a single crystal of semiconductor is doped with
acceptors impurities (pentavalent) on one side and donor impurities (trivalent) on the other
side. It has two terminals called electrodes, one each from P-region and N-region. Due to two
electrodes it is called (i.e, dielectrode) diode.
Biasing of PN junction Diode
Applying external D.C voltage to any electronic device is called biasing. There is no current
in the PN junction at equilibrium.
Depending upon the polarity of the D.C voltage externally applied to diode, the biasing is
classified as forward and reverse biasing.
Forward bias operation
The P-N junction supports uni-directional current flow. If +ve terminal of the input supply is
connected to anode (P-side) and –ve terminal of the input is connected to cathode. Then
diode is said to be forward biased. In this condition the height of the potential barrier at the
junction is lowered by an amount equal to given forward bias voltage. Both the holes from p-
side and electron from n-side cross the junction simultaneously and constitute a forward
current (injected minority current – due to holes crossing the junction and entering P-side of
the diode). Assuming current flowing through the diode to be very large, the diode can be
approximated as short-circuited switch.
Reverse bias operation
If negative terminal of the input is connected to anode (p-side) and +ve terminal of the input
supply is connected to cathode (n side) then the diode is said to be reverse biased. In this
condition an amount equal to reverse biasing voltage increases the height of the potential

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barrier at the junction. Both the holes on the P-side and electrons on the N-side tend to move
away from the junction there by increasing the depleted region. However the process cannot
continue indefinitely, thus a small current called reverse saturation current continues to flow
in the diode. This current is negligible; the diode can be approximated as an open circuited
switch.
Diode current equation
The volt-ampere characteristics of a diode explained by the following equations:
V
VT
I  I 0 (e  1)

I = current flowing in the diode, Io= reverse saturation current

V= voltage applied to the diode
VT= volt-equivalent of temperature = nk t/q= T/11,600 = 26mV (@room temp.)
n= 1 for Ge) and 2 (for Si)
It is observed that Ge diodes has smaller cut-in-voltage when compared to Si diode. The
reverse saturation current in Ge diode Id larger in magnitude when compared to silicon
diode.
Circuit diagram:
forward bias condition:

Procedure:
Forward bias condition:
1. connect the circuit as shown in figure (1) using PN junction diode.
2. Initially vary regulated power supply (RPS) voltage Vs in steps of 0.1V. Once the current
starts increasing vary Vs from 1V to 12V and note down the corresponding readings V f
and If .
3. Tabulate different forward currents obtained for different voltages.
4. Take at least 15 readings.

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Observations:
Least count of Voltmeter: …….Volts
Least count of Ameter: …….MilliAmperes

Forward bias condition:

S.No. forward voltage across the diode Vf Forward current through the diode If (mA)
(volts)
1
2
3
.
.

Graph:

Calculation from Graph:

cut off voltage V = ……………Volts
static forward Resistance: Rdc=Vf/If =……..ohms
Dynamic forward Resistance: Rac=……..ohms
Precautions:
1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the readings of the diode this may damaging
of the diode.
2. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as
per the circuit diagram.

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Result:
Volt-Ampere characteristics of PN diode is plotted and its study shows that:
1.The Cut in Voltage or Knee Voltage of diode is _______________ volts.
2. The dynamic Forward resistance of diode is_______________ ohms.
3. The Static Forward resistance of diode is________________ ohms.

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