05 PT12 AxComp 3 65 (Compatibility Mode)

PEMP
RMD510
Design of Axial Flow Compressor-3
Session delivered by:

Prof Q.
Prof. Q H.
H Nagpurwala
07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 1

PEMP
RMD510
Session Objectives
• To learn estimation of compressor stage

performance
• To learn
T l evaluation
l ti off compressor off-design
ff d i
performance

PEMP
Calculation of Stage Performance RMD510
• After completion of the compressor stage design, it is

necessary to check its performance
performance, particularly with
regard to the overall pressure ratio and efficiency.
• The efficiencyy is dependent
p on the total drag
g coefficient
for each of the blade rows comprising the stage.
• In order to evaluate these quantities, it is necessary to
consider two coefficients, viz. the lift coefficient, Cl and
the profile drag coefficient, CDP,
• The formulae for Cl and CDP may be obtained as follows.

PEMP
Lift and Profile Drag Coefficients (1) RMD510
Applied and effective forces acting on a cascade
The static ppressure rise across the blades is ggiven by

y
Δp = p2 - p1 = [( p02 – 1/2 (ρ V22)] – [(p01 – 1/2 ρ (V12)]
(The incompressible flow formula is used because the change of
density is negligible)
PEMP
• Using
i cascade
d notation
i for
f velocities
l i i andd angles,
l
Δp = 1/2 (V12- V22) – (p01- p02)

= 1/2 ρVa2 (tan2 α1- tan2 α2) – 
• The axial velocity Va is assumed the same at inlet and outlet.
outlet
• The axial force per unit length of each blade is

s.Δp = s.( p2 - p1)
• From consideration of momentum change, the tangential
force acting across the cascade per unit length is given by
F = (s.ρ.Va) . change in velocity component across cascade
= s.ρ.Va2 ( tanα1- tanα2)
PEMP
• The coefficients Cl and CDP are based on a vector mean velocity Vm
 s  ω  cos α m 

3
C DP   1 
2 

c 
  2 1 
ρV cos 2
α1 
Cl= 2(s/c)(tan α1- tan α2) cos αm- CDP tan αm
• The variation of Cl and CD with respect to incidence angle is shown below

PEMP
• Before
B f these
h coefficients
ffi i can be
b applied
li d to the
h blade
bl d rows off the
h
compressor stage, two additional factors must be taken into
account. These are the additional dragg effects due to the walls of
the compressor annulus, and the secondary loss due to trailing
vortices and tip clearance. The flow effects which give rise to
these losses are illustrated in the figure below.
below

PEMP
Total Drag: CD = CDP+ CDA+ CDS
Drag due to Secondary losses : 0 018 CL2

CDS= 0.018
Annulus Drag coefficient: CDA = 0.020 (s/h)
• The profile drag coefficient in the case of a straight

cascade will apply equally well to the annular case if CD is
substituted
b tit t d for
f CDP. Hence
H ffor th
the annular
l case
 
 s    cos  m 
 3
Profile Drag Coefficient C D     
 c  1 V 2  cos  1 
2
1
2 

PEMP
Loss Coefficient RMD510

• This enables the loss coefficient 1 V 2
for the blade row to be
determined. 2 1
• The theoretical static pressure

press re rise through
thro gh the blade row
ro is found
fo nd by
b
putting the loss  equal to zero
1 2
Δpth  ρVa ( tan2 α1  tan2 α2 )
2
1 2
 ρVa ( sec2 α1  sec2 α2 )
2
Δpth sec2 α2
therefore  1 2
1 2 sec α1
ρVa sec2 α1
2
• So that the theoretical pressure rise in terms of the inlet dynamic head
and cascade air angles becomes Δp th cos 2 α1
 1
1 cos 2 α 2
ρV 21
2
PEMP
Blade Row Efficiency RMD510
• The efficiency of the blade row, ηb, which is defined as the ratio
of the actual pressure rise to the theoretical pressure rise, can then
be found from
 b  ( pth   ) / pth
or in
i non-dimensional
di i l terms,
t
  pp thh
 
 b  1   1 V 2 1 V 2

 2 1 2 1 

PEMP
Blade Row and Stage Efficiency (1) RMD510
• When dealing with cascade data, efficiency is evaluated from

pressure rise,
rise whereas compressor stage efficiency is defined in
terms of temperature rise.
• The stage
g efficiencyy encompasses
p both a rotor and a stator row.
The stage efficiency of a compressor can be related to blade
row efficiency.
 1  T
TS 
• For 50% reaction b   S 1   1   S 
   1 4T1 
• But ΔTS is of the order 20 K and T1 about 300 K, so that the

second term in the bracket is negligible and ηb = ηS

PEMP
Blade Row and Stage Efficiency (2) RMD510
• For cases other than 50% reaction at the mean diameter, an

approximate stage efficiency can be deduced by taking the
arithmetic
ith ti mean off the
th efficiencies
ffi i i off the
th two
t blade
bl d rows, i.e.
i
1
 s  b rotor  b stator 
2
• If the degree of reaction is far removed from the 50% condition,
then a more accurate expression for the stage efficiency may be
taken as
S  Rbrotor  (1 R)bstator
where R is the degree of reaction.

PEMP
Revisit to the Design Example RMD510
• We will estimate the performance of the third stage of the

compressor used as an example of compressor design, for
which the degree of reaction was 50% at the mean diameter.
diameter
• Remembering that β1 and β2 are the air inlet and outlet angles
α1 and α2 respectively in cascade terminology,
tan αm = ½(tan α1+ tan α2) = ½ (tan 50.92+ tan 28.63) = 0.889
Hence αm = 41.63º
Cl at s/c = 0.9 and α2 = 28.63º is equal to 0.875.
0.020 * 0.0248
C DA   0.0059
0.0836
• Recalling that s = 0.0248m and h = 0.0836m
PEMP
Performance of the Third Stage (1) RMD510
• CDS = 0.018
0 018 (0 875)2 = 0.0138
(0.875) 0 0138
• From CDP vs incidence angle graph, at zero incidence CDP = 0.018;
hence the total drag coefficient is
CD= CDp+ CDA+ CDs= 0.018+0.0059+0.0138 =
0.0377
ω  s  cos α m  0.0377 cos 50 .92
3 2 
 C D     0.9 cos 3 41.63   0.0399
1 c
  cos 2
α1 
ρV12
2
Δp th cos 2 α1 cos 2 50 .92 

 1  1  0 .4842
1 cos 2
α cos 2
28 .63 
ρV12 2
2
0.0399
ηb  1.0   0.918
0.4842
ηs  0.92
PEMP
Performance of the Third Stage (2)

RMD510
• The static temperature at entry to the stage can be found to be 318.5 K,

and with a stage temperature rise of 24 K the static pressure ratio of the
stage is found to be
γ
3.5
 ηS ΔTS  γ 1
 0.92* 24 
PR S  1    1   1.264
 T1   318.5 
• This is how the design point performance of a stage may be estimated.
• It may be noticed that the results are in terms of an isentropic stage
efficiency based on static pressures and a stage pressure ratio based on
static temperatures. To the compressor designer, however, it is the
efficiency based on stagnation temperature rise and the stagnation
pressure ratio which are of interest.

PEMP
• Making use of the relations

po / p = (To / T)γ/(γ-1)
and To= T + C2/2cp ,
it is of course possible to transform the static pressure ratio into
stagnation
t ti pressure ratio
ti whenh the
th inlet
i l t andd outlet
tl t velocities
l iti
are known.
• But for the common case where these velocities are equal
q (i.e.,
( ,
C3 = C1) there is no need for this elaboration.
• ΔTos= ΔTs , and it is easy to show as follows that ηS is virtually
the
h same whether
h h bbasedd on statici or stagnation
i temperatures.
Then merely by substituting T01 for T1 in the foregoing
equation for RS the stagnation pressure ratio is obtained
directly.

PEMP
• Referring to the figure, where the stage inlet and outlet states are
denoted by 1 and 3 (static) and 01and 03 (stagnation), we have
T3  T1 T3  T1  x x
S    1
T3  T1 T3  T1 TS
T03  T01 y
S   1
T03  T01 TOS 3

PEMP
• With C3= C1, ΔT0S= ΔTS . Furthermore, since the pressure ratio
pper stage
g is small the constant p03 and p3 lines are virtuallyy
parallel between 3’ and 3 so that y ≈ x. it follows that ηS has the
same value on either basis. For the stage of our example, T01
was 333 K K, and hence the stagnation pressure ratio is:
3.5
 0.92  24 
RS  1    1.252
 333 

PEMP
Comments
RMD510
• It should be remembered that it was necessary to make use of two assumed

efficiencies at the start of the design process: a polytropic efficiency for the
compressor as a whole, and a stage efficiency.
• As a first approximation these were taken to be equal and a value of 0.90 was
assumed. The estimated value of ηS for the third stage, i.e. 0.92, is in sufficient
agreement, bearing in mind the uncertainties in predicting the secondary and
annulus losses.
• If similar agreement were to be obtained for all the stages, we might conclude
that the design had been conservative and that the compressor should have no
difficulty in achieving the specified performance.
• To obtain an estimate of the overall efficiency it would be necessary to repeat
the foregoing procedure for all the stages.
stages The product of the stage pressure
ratios would then yield the overall pressure ratio from which the overall
isentropic temperature rise and hence the overall efficiency could be
calculated
calculated.

PEMP
Off-Design Performance RMD510
• The off design operations include engine starting, idling, reduced

power, maximum power, acceleration and deceleration.
• A compressor must be capable of working satisfactorily over a wide
range of rotational speeds and inlet conditions.
• With the compressor
p bladingg and annulus dimensions chosen to satisfyy
the design point condition, it is obvious that these will not be correct
for conditions far removed from design.
• Compressor blading
C bl di has
h a limited
li it d range off incidence
i id before
b f losses
l
become unacceptably high, resulting in low compressor efficiency. At
low throttle opening (low mass flow rate) the compressor blades
encounter stall,
ll which
hi h may lead
l d to surging
i off the
h whole
h l compressor,
preventing stable operation of the engine. This may result in severe
engine damage. The drop in compressor pressure ratio may cause
flame blow-out in the combustor resulting in turbine power loss with
catastrophic consequences.
PEMP
Off-Design Performance (… contd.) RMD510
• An overall estimation of the compressor off-design performance

can be made by considering the behaviour of individual stages
and the interaction between a series of stages.
stages
• The temperature rise in a stage is given by
UCa
ΔTos  tan β1  tan β2 ,
cp
which is expressed in terms of the rotor air angles. This can
be rewritten as
U
ΔTos  U  Ca tan α1  tan β2 
cp

PEMP
• The angle α1 is the outlet air angle from the preceding stator and β2
is the rotor outlet air angle. These two angles depend upon the
bladingg ggeometryy and can be considered essentially
y constant.
• However, the angle, β1, will vary widely as Ca and U change.
Dividing the previous equation throughout by U2 and rearranging,
we get
c p ΔTos Ca
2
 1 tan α1  tan β2 
U U
• The term Ca /U is known as the flow coefficient, Φ, and cpΔTos/U2

as the temperature coefficient, ψ. With the stage operating at the
design value of Φ, the incidence will be at its design value and a
high efficiency will be achieved.

PEMP
With the assumption that α1 and β2 are constant, we can write

Ψ = 1- Φk
where k = tanα1 + tanβ2. This relationship is shown by the
dotted straight line in the figure (next slide). It is obvious that
the
h temperature coefficient
ffi i increases
i as the
h flow
fl coefficient
ffi i
decreases and reaches a value of 1 when Φ = 0. The temperature
p
coefficient can be interpreted from the shapep of the velocity y
diagram. Recalling that
UCw
ΔTos 
cp
It immediately follows that
c p ΔTos ΔC w
2

U U
PEMP
Stage Characteristics
PEMP
• Thus, if ψ = 1, ΔCw= U and from earlier

examination of velocity diagrams it will be
recognized
g that this results in excessive diffusion
in the blade passage and efficiency will decrease.
For satisfactory operation, ΔCw/U, and hence ψ,
should be around 0.3 - 0.4.
• The pressure rise across the stage, Δpos, is
determined by the temperature rise and the
isentropic
i t i efficiency
ffi i off the
th stage.
t

 1
p01  p0 S p0 S   S T0 S 
 1  1  
p01 p01  T01 
Expanding by means of the binomial theorem, assuming that ΔT0S ‫ ا‬T01,
we have
p0s   T0 s
 S
p 01  1 T 01
PEMP
• Making use of the equation of state and the relationship

(γ – 1)/ γ = R/cp
it follows that
p0s   T0 s cp  T0 s
 S  S
p 01  1 T 01 R T 01
c p p 01 pos
p0s   S  T0 s   S c p Tos
RT 01  01
p0 s c p T0 s
and hence  S
 01U 2
U2
PEMP
• The term Δp0s /ρ01U2 is referred to as the pressure coefficient, which is a

product of the stage efficiency and temperature coefficient, cpΔT0s /U2.
Thus the overall performance of a stage can be expressed in terms of
flow coefficient, temperature coefficient and either a pressure coefficient
or the stage efficiency. The resulting form of the stage characteristic is
shown in the figure
figure. In practice
practice, the angles α1 and β2 will not remain
constant due to increased deviation at conditions away from the design
point.
Stage Characteristics

PEMP
• In regions
i off blade
bl d stalling
lli andd choking,
h ki at positive
i i andd
negative incidence levels respectively, there is considerable
departure
p g low ψ and .
from the linear relationshipp giving
g
• Choking occurs at high values of flow coefficient, leading to a
rapid drop in efficiency and placing an upper limit on the mass
flow rate at a given blade speed.
• Stage characteristics may be obtained from single-stage tests,
bby analysis
l i off inter-stage
i d on a complete
data l compressor or by
b
prediction using cascade data.
• In practice,
practice not all the constant speed lines would collapse into
a single curve as shown; but for the following brief discussion,
a single line characteristic is assumed.

PEMP
• The Ψ-Φ curve in the figure (Stage

Characteristic) is drawn for the case
where the efficiency is a maximum
at the design flow coefficient, Φd.
• Moving away from Φd results in a
change in incidence and increased
losses.
• Reducing Φ results in increased
positive incidence and stall at Φs;
increasingg Φ eventuallyy results in
choking of the stage.
s
• Both stalling and choking result in
severe drop
d in
i efficiency.
ffi i

PEMP
• It is essential that all individual stages of a compressor operate in

the region
th i off high
hi h efficiency
ffi i without
ith t encountering
t i either
ith stall
t ll or
choke at normal operating conditions; at conditions far removed
from design it may not be possible to achieve this without
remedial
di l action
i involving
i l i changes
h in
i compressor geometry.

PEMP
Further Work RMD510
With these dimensions

1. Create the geometric model of the multistage axial compressor, with proper
casing and hub contours
contours, using a CAD software
2. Export the model to a CFD tool and carry out the fluid flow analysis
3. Using an FEM tool, carry out the structural analysis choosing appropriate
material properties
4. Design a shaft and rotor discs, choose suitable bearings and bearing
locations and carryout rotor dynamic analysis
5. Iterate between aerodynamic and mechanical design to arrive at an
acceptable final design
6. Generate manufacturing drawings
7. Generate compressor operating characteristics through CFD analysis or
e perimental evaluation
experimental e al ation

PEMP
Design of High Performance Axial Compressors

RMD510
Design of high performance

compressors, no doubt, requires high
engineering excellence …..
…… but it is also an art ! !

PEMP
What are the Design Goals? RMD510
• Light Weight
• High
g Mass Flow Rate
• High Isentropic Efficiency
• Large Stall / Surge Margin
• Low Noise

PEMP
Compressor weight can be reduced by

RMD510
Reducing the size of • Reduction in blade chord

the compressor • Reduction in inter blade row gap
• High pressure ratio per stage

Reducing the
• High blade loading
number of stages
• Special blade profiles
Using lighter blade • Mechanical integrity

materials,, like CFRP • Special fabrication techniques

PEMP
High mass flow rate can be RMD510
achieved by
Designing for high Higher flow coefficient will

axial velocity result in wider stall hysterisis
y
Designing for large • Increase in engine weight

frontal area • Larger
g frictional losses

PEMP
High isentropic efficiency can be achieved by

RMD510
• Lower rotor tip clearances

• Effective management of
Reduction of passage shocks
aerodynamic losses
• Use of special
p aerofoil shapes
p
• Inverse blade design

PEMP
High stall / surge margin can be RMD510
achieved by
Choice of cascade
L aspectt ratio,
Low ti wide
id chord
h d blades
bl d
parameters
Use of special • Co
Controlled
o ed Diffusion
us o Aerofoils
e o o s (CDA)
(C )
aerofoil shapes • Precompression blades
• Interstage bleed
Using special passive • Variable geometry IGVs and Stators
techniques
• Casing Treatment
Using special active • Oscillating IGVs and stators

techniques • Air jets

PEMP
Compressor noise can be reduced by RMD510
• Larger spacing will lead to increase in

Optimisation of compressor length and weight
inter blade row
spacing • Smaller spacing will lead to stronger
blade row interactions
Proper intake
• Management of shock system in
supersonic diffuser
design
• Contouring of intake duct

PEMP
Compressor Design Method RMD510
The main design parameters are:
• Overall pressure ratio

• Mass flow rate
• Isentropic efficiency (overall or polytropic)
• Stall / Surge margin

PEMP
Compressor Design Method (… contd.) RMD510
The parameters to be chosen by the designer are:

• Flow coefficient
Aerodynamic
• Tip Mach number
parameters
• Degree of reaction
• Hub
Hub-tip
tip radius ratio
• Blade solidity
Geometric
• Blade thickness to chord ratio
parameters
• Tip clearance
• Aerofoil
A f il shape
h

PEMP
Compressor Design Method (… contd.) RMD510
The design steps:

• Choice of tip speed
• Choice of degree of reaction
• Mean line design
• Choice of whirl distribution along blade span
• 3-D design
• Choice of incidence and estimation of deviation angles
• Choice of cascade parameters
• Choice of aerofoil shape
• Choice of stacking line
• Generation of 3-D blades
• Stage matching
• Performance evaluation
PEMP
Effect of Tip Speed and Blade RMD510
Loading on Rotor Pressure Ratio

PEMP
Compressor Blade Profiles RMD510
Subsonic
Bl di
Blading
Transonic
Blading
Multiple Circular Arc Airfoil (MCA)

PEMP
Compressor Design – State of Art RMD510
• Transonic stages
• Stage pressure ratio: 1.5-1.6
• Whirl distribution based on constant pressure ratio across
rotor radius Losses and efficiency vary from hub to tip,
consequently the temperature ratio also varies
• Hub-tip radius ratio: ~0.45
• Wide chord,
chord low aspect ratio blades
• Controlled diffusion aerofoils (CDA), multiple circular arc
(
(MCA) ) aerofoils or arbitraryy mean camber line ((AMCL))
aerofoils
• Blades with forward lean and sweep
• Smaller rotor tip clearances
PEMP
Compressor Design – State of Art (… contd.) RMD510
Single stage civil fan Multistage military fan
Multistage core
compressor

PEMP
Controlled Diffusion Aerofoil (CDA)

RMD510
 These are special aerofoil

shapes to achieve controlled
Double Circular Arc (DCA)
diffusion through the blade
passages without occurrence Controlled Diffusion (CDA)
of shocks
 However,
H the
h peak
k surface
f
Mach number should not
exceed 1.3

PEMP
Characteristics of CDA Blades RMD510
0.25
original MCA Section-01
CDA design-2
design 2
0.20
Loss Cooefficient
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Incidence Angle, deg.

PEMP
Blade Sweep RMD510
24
c)
Corrected mass flow rate (kg/sec
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
Choke mass flow
16
Stall mass flow
Numerical investigations at 15
0 5 10 15 20
MSRSAS, Bangalore Angle of sweep (degrees)

PEMP
Effect of Blade Sweep on Shock Losses RMD510
Detached
bow
shock
Backward sweep
Attached
bow
shock
Forward sweep
M. Hoeger et al, ISROMAC 10-2004-137, March 2004

PEMP
Wedge Shape Blade Profile RMD510
 Appropriate shaping of the

suction surface ahead of the
covered passage in a wedge
t
type profile
fil with
ith straight
t i ht
surface from leading edge to
the shock position
 This results in considerable
reduction of suction surface
camber, leading to a
reduction in the mean pre-
shock Mach number

PEMP
Precompression Blading RMD510
 Reduction of shock
losses can be achieved by a
negative blade suction
surface camber along the
cascade entrance portion
 The Mach number along
the concave blade contour
is reduced to values even
lower than the inlet Mach
number
 Limitations: Minimum blade thickness  choking  overall flow
turning

PEMP
Casing Treatment RMD510

PEMP
Compressor Design – Future Trends (1) RMD510
The design of compressors for future aeroenines is driven

b the
be h following
f ll i considerations:
id i
 R d ti in
Reduction i weight
i ht
 Increase in stabilityy margin

g
 Reduction in noise

PEMP
Compressor Design – Future Trends (2) RMD510
• Transonic stages with pressure ratio: ~ 2 (in single stage)

• Whirl distribution based on constant pressure ratio across rotor radius
• Hub-tip radius ratio: ~0.45
• Wide chord, low aspect ratio blades
• Special aerofoil shapes, using 3-D inverse design methods
• Blades with forward lean and sweep
• Aspirated compressor blading
• Active rotor tip clearance
• Active
A ti stall
t ll / surge control
t l
• Contra-rotating fan stages
• Alternate lighter materials
materials, like CFRP

PEMP
Trends in Engine Pressure Ratio RMD510
Gas Turbine Engine Pressure Ratio Trends (Jane’s Aeroengine, 1998)

PEMP
Factors Influencing Thermal Efficiency RMD510

PEMP
Improvement of NOx for Low, RMD510
Medium High OPR

Medium,
NEWAC (NATO Electronic Warfare Advisory Committee)

Transonic Compressor Blade
PEMP
RMD510
by Inverse Design
Initial and target Mach number IIso-density

d i linesli – final
fi l
distribution at tip section blade – tip section

Transonic Compressor Blade
PEMP
RMD510
by Inverse Design
IInitial
iti l (grey)
( ) and
d final
fi l geometries:
t i Subtraction
S bt ti off th
the b
boundary
d llayer:
hub, mean and tip sections mean section

PEMP
Aspirated Compressor RMD510
“Removal of the low energy flow in the

amount of a percent or less does in fact
enable an increase in low loss diffusion …”
“This
hi iis a significant
i ifi accomplishment
li h given
i
the complexity involved in the aerodynamic
design of the blading and suction slot
placements The fan stage delivered a pressure
placements.
ratio 50-percent higher than for conventional
designs operating at the same speeds.”
1)) Ali Merchant and Jack L. Kerrebrock, NASA

TM2004-213080, September 2004
2) J. Kerrebrock, AFRL-SR-AR-TR-04, June 2003
3) NASA web page “nasa%203.4prAF.htm”

PEMP
Active Stall Control - Air Jets RMD510
Experimental investi-
ggations at National
Aerospace Laboratories,
Bangalore

PEMP
Future Aero Engines RMD510
Installed propulsive
efficiency %
Propfans provide high

propulsive efficiency
Flight Mach number

PEMP
EU VITAL Programme RMD510
(enVIronmenTALly friendly aeroengines)

PEMP
Contra Rotating Turbofan RMD510
The counter-rotating turbofan (CRTF)

concept developed by SNECMA is
particularly innovative. This layout simply
means that
h there
h are two iindependent
d d shafts,
h f
rotating in opposite directions. For a given
aerodynamic load, this configuration reduces
the fan speed by 30 % or more
more.
This fan concept offers the same

performance as a conventional fan – it
manages the same airflow -, but with slower
tip speeds, reducing fan noise. Therefore,
engines
g development
p would be able to
follow a new trend enabling a higher bypass
ratio with lower fuel burn.
Each rotor will have significantly fewer

blades than a conventional fan.
PEMP
Session Summary RMD510
• Procedure for estimation of compressor performance is

presented.
• Procedure for determination of off-design performance of axial
compressors is explained with the help of an example
example.
• Design considerations for high performance axial compressors
are discussed.
• An overview of state of art and future design trends is presented.

05 PT12 AxComp 3 65 (Compatibility Mode)

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

05 PT12 AxComp 3 65 (Compatibility Mode)

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

PEMP

Design of Axial Flow Compressor-3

Session delivered by:

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 1

• To learn estimation of compressor stage

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 2

Calculation of Stage Performance RMD510

• After completion of the compressor stage design, it is

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 3

Lift and Profile Drag Coefficients (1) RMD510

Applied and effective forces acting on a cascade

The static ppressure rise across the blades is ggiven by

Lift and Profile Drag Coefficients (2) RMD510

Δp = 1/2 (V12- V22) – (p01- p02)

• The axial force per unit length of each blade is

Lift and Profile Drag Coefficients (3) RMD510

• The coefficients Cl and CDP are based on a vector mean velocity Vm

 s  ω  cos α m 

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 6

Lift and Profile Drag Coefficients (4) RMD510

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 7

Lift and Profile Drag Coefficients (5) RMD510

Total Drag: CD = CDP+ CDA+ CDS

Drag due to Secondary losses : 0 018 CL2

Annulus Drag coefficient: CDA = 0.020 (s/h)

• The profile drag coefficient in the case of a straight

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 8

Loss Coefficient RMD510

• The theoretical static pressure

Blade Row Efficiency RMD510

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 10

Blade Row and Stage Efficiency (1) RMD510

• When dealing with cascade data, efficiency is evaluated from

• But ΔTS is of the order 20 K and T1 about 300 K, so that the

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 11

Blade Row and Stage Efficiency (2) RMD510

• For cases other than 50% reaction at the mean diameter, an

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 12

Revisit to the Design Example RMD510

• We will estimate the performance of the third stage of the

Performance of the Third Stage (1) RMD510

Δp th cos 2 α1 cos 2 50 .92 

Performance of the Third Stage (2)

• The static temperature at entry to the stage can be found to be 318.5 K,

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 15

Performance of the Third Stage (3) RMD510

• Making use of the relations

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 16

Performance of the Third Stage (4) RMD510

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 17

Performance of the Third Stage (5) RMD510

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 18

• It should be remembered that it was necessary to make use of two assumed

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 19

Off-Design Performance RMD510

• The off design operations include engine starting, idling, reduced

Off-Design Performance (… contd.) RMD510

• An overall estimation of the compressor off-design performance

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 21

Off-Design Performance (… contd.) RMD510

• The term Ca /U is known as the flow coefficient, Φ, and cpΔTos/U2

07 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 22