List of amendments of the Constitution of India[edit]

Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

Added special provision for the advancement of any

socially and educationally backward classes or for
15, 19, 85, 87,
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. To
174, 176, 341,
fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari
342, 372 and
abolition laws and to place reasonable restriction on
376. 10 May
1 freedom of speech. A new constitutional device,
Insert articles 1951
called Schedule 9 introduced to protect against laws
31A and 31B.
that are contrary to the Constitutionally guaranteed
Insert
fundamental rights. These laws encroach upon
schedule 9.[4]
property rights, freedom of speech and equality
before law.

Removed the upper population limit for a

Amend article 1 May
2 parliamentary constituency by amending Article
81(1)(b).[5] 1953
81(1)(b).

Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List in the

Seventh Schedule with relation to include trade and
commerce in, and the production, supply and
22
Amend distribution of four classes of essential commodities,
3 February
schedule 7.[6] viz., foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and oils;
1955
cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other
concentrates; raw cotton whether ginned or
unginned, and cotton seeds; and raw jute. Jawaharl Rajendra
al Nehru Prasad

Amend
articles 31, 35
27 April Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of
4 band 305.
1955 related bills in Schedule 9 of the constitution.
Amend
schedule 9.[7]

Empowered the President to prescribe a time limit

for a State Legislature to convey its views on
proposed Central laws relating to the formation of
24 new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or
Amend article
5 Decembe names of existing States. Also permitted the
3.[8]
r 1955 President to extend the prescribed limit, and
prohibited any such bill from being introduced in
Parliament until after the expiry of the prescribed or
extended period.

Amend
articles 269 11
Amend the Union and State Lists with respect to
6 and 286. Septemb
raising of taxes.
Amend er 1956
schedule 7.[9]
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

Amend
articles 1, 3,
49, 80, 81, 82,
131, 153, 158,
168, 170, 171,
216, 217, 220,
222, 224, 230,
231 and 232.
1 Reorganization of states on linguistic lines, abolition
Insert articles
7 Novembe of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of Union
258A, 290A,
r 1956 Territories.
298, 350A,
350B, 371,
372A and
378A.
Amend part 8.
Amend
schedules 1,
2, 4 and 7.[10]

Extended the period of reservation of seats for

Amend article 5 January the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
8
334.[11] 1960 Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the
State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.

Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union

28
Amend consequent to agreement with Pakistan for
9 Decembe
schedule 1.[12] settlement of disputes by demarcation of border
r 1960
villages, etc.

Amend article
11 Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a
240.
10 August Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from
Amend
1961 Portugal.
schedule 1.[13]

Election of Vice President by Electoral College

consisting of members of both Houses of
Amend 19 Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of
11 articles 66 Decembe Parliament. Indemnify the President and Vice
and 71.[14] r 1961 President Election procedure from challenge on
grounds of existence of any vacancies in the
electoral college.

Amend article
20
240. Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union
12 Decembe
Amend Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
r 1961
schedule 1.[15]
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

Amend article
170. 1
Formation of State of Nagaland, with special
13 Insert new Decembe
protection under Article 371A.
article r 1963
371A.[16]

Amend
articles 81
and 240.
28 Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India
Insert article
14 Decembe and creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal
239A.
r 1962 Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa.
Amend
schedules 1
and 4.[17]

Amend
articles 124,
128, 217, 222,
224, 226, 297, Raise retirement age of High court judges from 60 to
5 October
15 311 and 316. 62 and other minor amendments for rationalizing
1963
Insert article interpretation of rules regarding judges etc.
224A.
Amend
schedule 7.[18]
Sarvepalli
Radhakrish
Amend nan
articles 19, 84 Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to
5 October
16 and 173. swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and
1963
Amend prescribe the various obligtory templates.
schedule 3.[19]

Amend article
To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of
31A. 20 June
17 Estates and place land acquisition laws in Schedule
Amend 1964
9 of the constitution.
schedule 9.[20]

27 Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in

Amend article
18 August Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union
3.[21]
1966 Territories.

11 Lal
Amend article Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of
19 Decembe Bahadur
324.[22] election petitions by regular High Courts.
r 1966 Shastri

22 Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders

Insert article
20 Decembe and sentences passed by judges and to validate the
233A.[23]
r 1966 appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of
judges barring a few who were not eligible for
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

appointment under article 233. Amendment needed

to overcome the effect of judgment invalidating
appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar
Pradesh.

Amend 10 April
21 Include Sindhi as an Official Language.
schedule 8.[24] 1967

Amend article
275. 25
Provision to form Autonomous states within the
22 Insert articles Septemb
State of Assam.
244A and er 1969
371B.[25]

Discontinued reservation of seats for the Scheduled

Tribes in Nagaland, both in the Lok Sabha and the
Amend State Legislative Assembly and stipulated that not
23
articles 330, more than one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by
23 January
332, 333 and the Governor to any State Legislative Assembly.
1970
334.[26] Extend reservation for SC/ST and Anglo Indian
members in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies
for another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.

Amend 5
Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights
24 articles 13 Novembe
through amendments to the constitution.
and 368.[27] r 1971 Indira
Gandhi
V. V. Giri
Restrict property rights and compensation in case
the state takes over private property. However, the
Amend article Supreme Court quashed a part of Article 31C, to the
31. 20 April extent it took away the power of judicial review. This
25
Insert article 1972 was done in the landmark case of Kesavananda
31C.[28] Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225 which
for the first time enunciated the Basic structure
doctrine.

Amend article
366.
Insert article 28 Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of
26 363A. Decembe princely states which were incorporated into the
Remove r 1971 Indian Republic.
articles 291
and 362.[29]

Amend 15
Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union Territory
27 articles 239A February
with a legislature and council of ministers.
and 240. 1972
Insert articles
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

239B and
371C.[30]

Insert article
29 Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it uniform
312A.
28 August across those appointed prior to Independence and
Remove
1972 post independence.
article 314.[31]

Amend 9 June Place land reform acts and amendments to these

29
schedule 9.[32] 1972 act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.

27 Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of

Amend article
30 February India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one
133.[33]
1973 involving substantial question of law.

Amend Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats.

17
articles 81, Increased seats going to the new states formed in
31 October
330 and North East India and minor adjustment consequent
1973
332.[34] to 1971 Delimitation exercise.

Amend article
371.
Insert
1 July Protection of regional rights in Telangana and
32 articles 371D
1974 Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh.
and 371E.
Amend
schedule 7.[35]

Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of

Amend
19 May parliament and state legislatures and the procedure
33 articles 101
1974 for verification and acceptance of resignation by
and 190.[36]
house speaker.

7
Amend Place land reform acts and amendments to these
34 Septemb
schedule 9.[37] act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
er 1974

Amend Fakhruddin
articles 80 Ali Ahmed
and 81.
Insert article 1 March Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of
35
2A. 1975 Sikkim into the Union of India.
Insert
schedule
10.[38]
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

Amend
articles 80
and 81.
Insert article
371F.
Remove
26 April Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian
36 article 2A.
1975 Union.
Amend
schedules 1
and 4.
Remove
schedule
10.[39]

Amend
3 May Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative
37 articles 239A
1975 assembly.
and 240.[40]

Amend
articles 123,
1 June Enhances the powers of President and Governors to
38 213, 239B,
1975 pass ordinances.
352, 356, 359
and 360.[41]

Amendment designed to negate the judgement of

Allahabad High Court invalidating Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment
placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of
Prime Minister. The amendment was introduced and
passed in the Lok Sabha on August 7, 1975 and
again introduced and passed in the Rajya Sabha on
Amend August 8, 1975. As many as 17 State Assemblies,
articles 71 summoned on Saturday, August 9 ratified this
and 329. 10 amendment and President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad
39 Insert article August gave his assent on Sunday, August 10 and the civil
329A. 1975 servants issued gazette notification on Sunday,
Amend August 10, 1975. As a consequence of this
schedule 9.[42] amendment to the Constitution of India, Supreme
Court of India's scheduled hearing on August 11,
1975 of Petition challenging Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi's election became infructuous.[43]

Later however, Article 329A was struck down by the

Supreme Court in case of Indira Nehru Gandhi vs
Shri Raj Narain 1976 (2) SCR 347, for being in
violation of basic structure.

Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to

Amend article Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral
297. 27 May wealth with Union of India.
40
Amend 1976
Place land reform & other acts and amendments to
schedule 9.[44]
these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and

7
Amend article Members of Joint Public Service Commissions and
41 Septemb
316.[45] State Public Service Commissions from sixty to sixty
er 1976
two.
Amend
articles 31,
31C, 39, 55,
74, 77, 81, 82,
83, 100, 102,
103, 105, 118,
145, 150, 166,
170, 172, 189,
191, 192, 194,
Amendment passed during internal emergency by
208, 217, 225,
Indira Gandhi. Provides for curtailment of
226, 227, 228,
fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and
311, 312, 330,
changes to the basic structure of the constitution by
352, 353, 356, 2
making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic.
42 357, 358, 359, Novembe
366, 368 and r 1976 However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva Mills v.
371F. Union of India, quashed the amendments to Articles
Insert articles 31C and 368 as it was in contravention with the
31D, 32A, basic structure of the Constitution.
39A, 43A,
48A, 131A,
139A, 144A,
226A, 228A
and 257A.
Insert parts
4A and 14A.
Amend
schedule 7.[46]
Amend
articles 145,
226, 228 and
Amendment passed after revocation of internal
366.
13 April emergency in the Country. Repeals some of the
43 Remove
1978 more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through
articles 31D,
Amendment Bill 42.
32A, 131A,
144A, 226A
and 228A.[47]
Amend
articles 19,
22, 30, 31A,
31C, 38, 71, Neelam
Morarji
74, 77, 83, Sanjiva
Desai
103, 105, 123, Reddy
132, 133, 134,
Amendment passed after revocation of internal
139A, 150,
6 emergency in the Country. Provides for human
166, 172, 192,
44 Septemb rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse
194, 213, 217,
er 1978 of executive and legislative authority. Annuls some
225, 226, 227,
Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42.
239B, 329,
352, 356, 358,
359, 360 and
371F.
Insert articles
134A and
361A.
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

Remove
articles 31,
257A and
329A.
Amend part
12.
Amend
schedule 9.[48]
25 Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of
Amend article
45 January Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State
334.[49]
1980 Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990.
Amend
articles 269, 2
Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on
46 286 and 366. February
scope and applicability on Sales Tax.
Amend 1983
schedule 7.[50]
26
Amend Place land reform acts and amendments to these
47 August
schedule 9.[51] act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
1984
26
Amend article Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to
48 August
356.[52] two years in the state of Punjab. Indira
1984
Gandhi
Amend article
244. 11 Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and enable the
49 Amend Septemb creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous
schedules 5 er 1984 District Council.
and 6.[53]
Technical Amendment to curtailment of
11
Amend article Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in
50 Septemb
33.[54] Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting
er 1984
property and communication infrastructure.
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in
Amend Zail Singh
29 April Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal
51 articles 330
1984 Pradesh in Loksabha, similarly for Meghalaya and
and 332.[55]
Arunachal in their Legislative Assemblies.
Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of
Amend
members from parliament and assembly in case of
articles 101,
defection from one party to other. However, parts of
102, 190 and 15
the 10th Schedule to the Constitution of India was
52 191. February
struck down by the Supreme Court in the case of
Insert 1985
Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1) 686, for
schedule
being in contravention with Article 368 of the
10.[56]
Constitution.
20
Insert article Special provision with respect to the State of Rajiv
53 February
371G.[57] Mizoram. Gandhi
1986
Amend
Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other
articles 125
1 April Judges and to provide for determining future
54 and 221.
1986 increases without the need for constitutional
Amend
amendment.
schedule 2.[58]
20
Insert article Special powers to Governor consequent to
55 February
371H.[59] formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh.
1987
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

Insert article 30 May Transition provision to enable formation of state of

56
371I.[60] 1987 Goa.
21 Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in
Amend article
57 Septemb Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal
332.[61]
er 1987 Pradesh Legislative Assemblies.
Insert article
9 Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of
394A.
58 Decembe constitution as on date and provision to publish
Amend part
r 1987 authentic Hindi translation of future amendments.
22.[62]
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to
Amend article
three years in the state of Punjab, Articles 352 and
356. 30 March
59 Article 359A amended to permit imposing
Insert article 1988
emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts
359A.[63]
of the state of Punjab.
20
Amend article Profession Tax increased from a minimum of Rs.
60 Decembe
276.[64] 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-.
r 1988
Amend article 28 March
61 Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18.
326.[65] 1989
20 Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of
Amend article
62 Decembe Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State
334.[66]
r 1989 Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000.
Amend article R.
356. Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, Venkataram
6 January an
63 Remove accorded in Article 359A as per amendment 59
1990
article repealed.
359A.[67]
Amend article 16 April Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to
64
356.[68] 1990 three years and six months in the state of Punjab. V. P.
Singh
National Commission for Scheduled Castes and
Amend article 12 March
65 Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers
338.[69] 1990
specified in The Constitution.
Amend 7 June Place land reform acts and amendments to these
66
schedule 9.[70] 1990 act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
Amend article 4 October Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to
67
356.[71] 1990 four years in the state of Punjab.
Amend article 12 March Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to
68
356.[72] 1991 five years in the state of Punjab.
Insert articles 1 To provide for a legislative assembly and council of
69 239AA and February ministers for Federal National Capital of Delhi. Delhi
239AB.[73] 1990 continues to be a Union Territory.
Amend 21 Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory
70 articles 54 Decembe of Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential
and 239AA.[74] r 1991 Election. P. V.
Narasim
31 ha Rao
Amend Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as Official
71 August
schedule 8.[75] Languages. Shankar
1992
Dayal
5 Sharma
Amend article Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura
72 Decembe
332.[76] State Legislative Assembly.
r 1992
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

Insert part 24 April Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as third level
73
9.[77] 1992 of administration in villages.
Insert part 9A, Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies
1 June
74 amend article as third level of administration in urban areas such
1992
280.[78] as towns and cities.
Amend article 15 May
75 Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals.
323B.[79] 1994
31 Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil
Amend
76 August Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act
schedule 9.[80]
1994 under 9th Schedule of the constitution.
Amend article 17 June A technical amendment to protect reservation to
77
16.[81] 1995 SC/ST Employees in promotions.
30
Amend Place land reform acts and amendments to these
78 August
schedule 9.[82] act under Schedule 9 of the constitution.
1995
25 Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of
Amend article
79 January Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State
334.[83]
2000 Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2010.
Amend
Implement Tenth Finance Commission
articles 269
9 June recommendation to simplify the tax structures by
80 and 270.
2000 pooling and sharing all taxes between states and
Remove
The Centre.
article 272.[84]
Amend article 9 June Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog of
81
16.[85] 2000 vacancies.
8 Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other
Amend article
82 Septemb criteria in reservation in promotion for SC / ST K. R.
335.[86]
er 2000 candidates. Narayanan
8
Amend article Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for
83 Septemb
243M.[87] Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions.
er 2000
Amend
articles 55, 21 Extend the usage of 1971 national census Atal
84 81, 82, 170, February population figures for statewise distribution of Bihari
330 and 2002 parliamentary seats. Vajpayee
332.[88]
A technical amendment to protect Consequential
Amend article 4 January
85 seniority in case of promotions of SC/ST
16.[89] 2002
Employees.
Amend
articles 45 12
Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen
86 and 51A. Decembe
and Early childhood care until the age of six.
Insert article r 2002
21A.[90]
Amend A. P. J.
Extend the usage of 2001 national census
articles 81, 22 June Abdul
87 population figures for statewise distribution of
82, 170 and 2003 Kalam
parliamentary seats.
330.[91]
Amend article
15
270. To extend statutory cover for levy and utilization of
88 January
Insert article Service Tax.
2004
268A.
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

Amend
schedule 7.[92]
Amend article The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and
28
338. Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National
89 Septemb
Insert article Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National
er 2003
338A.[93] Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
28
Amend article Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to
90 Septemb
332.[94] Bodoland Territory Area.
er 2003
Amend
articles 75
and 164.
Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of
Insert article 1 January
91 legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection
361B. 2004
laws.
Amend
schedule
10.[95]
Amend 7 January Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as official
92
schedule 8.[96] 2004 languages.
20 To enable provision of reservation (27%) for other
Amend article
93 January backward classes(OBC) in government as well as
15.[97]
2006 private educational institutions.
To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly
Amend article 12 June
94 created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States
164.[98] 2006
including Madhya Pradesh, Orissa.
25 To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs
Amend article
95 January in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from Sixty
334.[99]
2010 years to Seventy years.
23
Amend
96 Septemb Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya".
schedule 8.[100]
er 2011
Added the words "or co-operative societies" after
the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion Manmoh
of article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative an Singh Pratibha
Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Patil
Societies.
Amend Art 19 12
The amendment objective is to encourage economic
97 and added January
activities of cooperatives which in turn help progress
Part IXB.[101] 2012
of rural India. It is expected to not only ensure
autonomous and democratic functioning of
cooperatives, but also the accountability of the
management to the members and other
stakeholders.[102]

To insert
Article 371J in To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take
2 January
98 the steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka
2013
Constitution[103 Region.[103]
]
Pranab
Insertion of Formation of a National Judicial Appointments Mukherjee
new articles Commission. 16 State assemblies out of 29 States
13 April Narendra
99 124A, 124B including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujarat and Tela
2015[105] Modi
and 124C. ngana ratified the Central Legislation, enabling
Amendments the President of India to give assent to the
 Enforc Prime
N Amendme Presiden
ed Objectives Minist
o. nts t of India
since er

to Articles bill.[106] The amendment was struck down by the

127, 128, 217, Supreme Court on 16 October 2015.
222, 224A,
231.[104]
Amendment Exchange of certain enclave
of First territories with Bangladesh and conferment of
1 August
100 Schedule to citizenship rights to residents of enclaves
2015
Constitution[107 consequent to signing of Land Boundary Agreement
]
(LBA) Treaty between India and Bangladesh.
Addition of
articles 246A,
269A, 279A.
Deletion of
Article 268A.
Amendment
of articles 1 July
101 Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.
248, 249, 250, 2017
268, 269, 270,
271, 286, 366,
368, Sixth
Schedule,
Seventh
Schedule.[108]

Addition of
articles 338B,
342A, and
Added Clause
26C. 11
Constitutional status to National Commission for
102 August
Omiited Backward Classes
2018
Article 340.
Modification
of articles
338, 366.[109] Ram Nath
Kovind
Amendment
A maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically
to Article 15,
Weaker Sections of citizens of classes other than
added Clause
the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of
[6], 12
Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially and
103 January
Amendment educationally backward classes of citizens or the
2019
to Article 16, Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
added Clause Inserted Clause [6] under Article 15 as well as
[6].[110] Inserted Clause [6] under Article 16.