UNIT CONVERSIONS,

DESIGN INFORMATION,
PROPERTIES OF REINFORCEMENT

Table A-1 Conversion to lnternational System of Units (SI)

To convertfrom to Multiply by

Length
inch (in.) millimeter (mm) 25.4
inch (in.) meter (m) 0.0254
foot (ft) meter (m) 0.3048
yard (yd) meter (m) 0.9144
A rea
square foot (sq fl) square meter (sq m) 0.09290
square inch (sq in.) square millimeter (sq mm) 645.2
square inch (sq in.) square meter (sq m) 0.0006452
square yard (sq yd} square meter (sq m) 0.8361
Volume
cubic inch (cu in.) cubic meter (cu m) 0.00001639
cubic foot (cu ft) cubic meter (cu ro) 0.02832
cubic yard (cu yd) cubic meter (cu ro) 0.7646
gallan (gal) Can. liquid* liter 4.546
gallan (gal) Can. liquid* cubic meter (cu m) 0.004546
"Reílections's=High strength polymer concrete sculpture at Rutgers University. Work by R. J-1.
Ka rol, the civil engineering class of 1982, and the author.
905
 ,
¡
906 Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reintorcernent

Table A-1 Continued

To convertfrom to Multiply by

gallon (gal) U.S. Iiquid* Iiter 3.785

gallon (gal) U.S. liquid* cubic meter (cu m) 0.003785 1
\
Force
kip kilogram (kgf) 453.6
kip newton (N) 4448.0
pound (lb) kilogram (kgf) 0.4536
pound (lb) newton (N) 4.448
Pressure or Stress
kips/square inch (ksi) megapascal(MPa)** 6.895
pound/square foot (psf) kilopascal (kPa)** 0.04788
pound/square inch (psi) kilopascal (kPa)** 6.895
pound/square inch (psi) megapascal (MPa)** 0.006895
pound/square foot (psf) kilogram/square meter (kgf/sq m) 4.882
Mass
pound (avdp) kilogram (kg) 0.4536
ton ( short, 2000 lb) kilogram (kg) 907.2
ton (short, 2000 lb) tonne (t) 0.9072
grain kilogram (kg) 0.00006480
tonne (t) kilogram (kg) 1000
Mass (weight) per Length
kip/linear foot (klf) kilograrnlmeter (kg/m) 0.001488
pound/linear foot (plf) kilograrnlmeter (kg/m) 1.488
pound/linear foot (plf) newton/meter (N/m) 14.593
Mass per volume (density)
pound/cubic foot (pcf) kilograrn!cubic meter (kg/cu m) 16.02
pound/cubic yard (pcy) kilograrnlcubic meter (kg/cu m) 0.5933
Bending Moment or Torque
inch­pound (in.­lb) newton­meter 0.1130
foot­pound (ft­lb) newton­meter 1.356
foot­kip (ft­k) newton­meter 1356
Temperature
degree Fahrenheit ( deg F) degree Celsius (C) fe= (tF- 32)/1.8
degree Fahrenheit ( deg F) degree Kelvin (K) (K = (tF+ 459.7)/1.8
Energy
British thermal unit (Btu) joule U) 1056
kilowatt­hour (kwh) joule U) 3,600,000
Power
horsepower (hp) (550 ft lb/sec) watt (W) 745.7
Velocity
mile/hour (mph) kilometer/hour 1.609
mile/hour (mph) meter/second (mis) .04470
Other
Section modulus (in.3) mm3 16.387
Moment of inertia (in.") mm4 416.231
Coefficient of heat transfer (Btu/ft2/h/ºF) W!m2!°C 5.678
Modulus of elasticity (psi) MPa 0.006895
Thermal conductivity (Btu­in./ft21h!°F) Wm/m2/ºC 0.1442
Thermal expansion (in./in./ºF) mm/mm/ºC 1.800
Area/length (in.2/ft) mmvm 2116.80
*One U.S. gallon equals 0.8321 Canadian gallon.
**A pascal equals one newton/square meter.
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Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement 909

Table A-3 Dead Weights of Floors, Ceilings, Roofs, and Walls

Floc;,rlngs Welght (psf)

Normal weight concrete topping, per inch of thickness 12

Sand­lightweight (120 pcf) concrete topping, per inch 10
Lightweight (90­100 pcf) concrete topping, per inch 8
¡ in. hardwood floor on sleepers clipped to concrete without fill 5
]! in. terrazzo floor finish directly on slab 19
:!! in. terrazzo floor finish on 1 in. mortar bed 30
1 in. terrazzo finish on 2 in. concrete bed 38
i in. ceramic or quarry tile on ! in. mortar bed 16
j in. cerarnic or quarry tile on 1 in. mortar bed 22
i in. linoleum or asphalt tile directly on concrete 1
a in. linoleum or asphalt tile on 1 in. mortar bed 12
i in. mastic floor 9
Hardwood flooring, !in. thick 4
Subflooring (soft wood), ? in. thick 2!
Asphaltic concrete, H in. thick 18
Ceillngs

i in. gypsum board 2

i in. gypsum board 2i
i in. plaster directly on concrete 5
i in. plaster on metal lath furring 8
Suspended ceilings 2
Acoustical tile 1
Acoustical tile on wood furring strips 3
Roofs

Ballasted inverted membrane 16

Five­ply felt and grave! ( or slag) 6!
Three­ply felt and grave! (or slag) 5!
Five­ply felt composition roof, no grave! 4
Three­ply felt composition roof, no grave! 3
Asphalt strip shingles 3
Rigid ínsulation, per inch i
Gypsum, per inch of thickness 4
lnsulating concrete, per inch 3
Un- One slde Both sides
Walls plastered plaste red plaste red

4 in. brick wall 40 45 50

8 in. brick wall 80 85 90
12 in. brick wall 120 125 130
4 in. hollow normal weight concrete block 28 33 38
6 in. hollow normal weight concrete block 36 41 46
8 in. hollow normal weight concrete block 51 56 61
12 in. hollow normal weight concrete block 59 64 69
910 Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement

Table A-3 Continued

Un- One side Both sides

Walls plastered plastered plastered

4 in. hollow lightweight block or tile 19 24 29

6 in. hollow lightweight block or tile 22 27 32
8 in. hollow lightweight block or tile 33 38 43
12 in. hollow lightweight block or tile 44 49 54
4 in. brick 4 in. hollow normal weight block baking 68 73 78
4 in. brick 8 in. hollow normal weight block backing 91 96 101
4 in. brick 12 in. hollow normal weight block backing 119 124 129
4 in. brick 4 in. hollow lightweight block or tile backing 59 64 69
4 in. brick 8 in. hollow lightweight block or tile backing 73 78 83
4 in. brick 12 in. hollow lightweight block or tile backing 84 89 94
4 in. brick, steel or wood studs, i in. gypsum board 43
Windows, glass, frame and sash 8
4 in. stone 55
Steel or wood studs, lath, !in. plaster 18
Steel or wood studs, i in. gypsum board each side 6
Steel or wood studs, 2 layers ! in. gypsum board each side 9
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912 Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement

Table A-5 Properties and Design Strengths of Prestressing Strand and Wire

Seven-Wire Strand, fpu = 270 ksi

Nominal Diameter, in. 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 0.600

Area, sq in. 0.085 0.115 0.153 0.192 0.215
Weight, plf 0.29 0.40 0.53 0.65 0.74
0.7 fpu Ap5, kips 16.1 21.7 28.9 36.3 40.7
0.75 f.., A,... kips 17.2 23.3 31.0 38.9 43.5
0.8 fpu Aps, kips 18.4 24.8 33.0 41.4 46.5
fpu Aps, kips 23.0 31.0 41.3 51.8 58.1

Seven-Wire Strand, fpu '"250 ksi

Nominal Diameter, in. 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 0.600

Area, sq in. 0.036 0.058 0.080 0.108 0.144 0.215
Weight, plf 0.12 0.20 0.27 0.37 0.49 0.74
0.7 fpu Aps, kips 6.3 10.2 14.0 18.9 25.2 37.6
0.8 fpu Aps, kips 7.2 11.6 16.0 21.6 28.8 43.0
fpu Aps, kips 9.0 14.5 20.0 27.0 36.0 53.8

Three- and Four-Wire Strand, fpu = 250 ksi

Nominal Diameter, in. 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16

No. of wires 3 3 3 4
Area, sq in. 0.036 0.058 0.075 0.106
Weight, plf 0.13 0.20 0.26 0.36
0.7 fpu Aps, kips 6.3 10.2 13.2 18.6
0.8 fpu Aps, kips 7.2 11.6 15.0 21.2
fpu Aps, kips 9.0 14.5 18.8 26.5

Prestressing Wire

Diameter, in. 0.105 0.120 0.135 0.148 0.162 0.177 0.192 0.196 0.250 ·0.276
Area, sq in. 0.0087 0.0114 0.0143 0.0173 0.0206 0.0246 0.0289 0.0302 0.0491 0.0598
Weight, plf 0.030 0.039 0.049 0.059 0.070 0.083 0.098 0.10 0.17 0.20
Ult. strength, f cu, ksi 279 273 268 263 259 255 250 250 240 235
0.7 fn An., kips 1.70 2.18 2.68 3.18 3.73 4.39 5.05 5.28 8.25 9.84
0.8 fn .. An., kips 1.94 2.49 3.06 3.64 4.26 5.02 5.78 6.04 9.42 11.24
fpu Aps, kips 2.43 3.11 3.83 4.55 5.33 6.27 7.22 7.55 11.78 14.05
Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement 913

Table A-6 Properties and Design Strengths of Prestressing Bars

Smooth Prestressing Bars, f,.. = 145 ksi*

Nominal Diameter, in. 3/4 7/8 1 11/8 11/4 1 3/8
Area, sq in. 0.442 0.601 0.785 0.994 1.227 1.485
Weight, plf 1.50 2.04 2.67 3.38 4.17 5.05
0.7 fpu Aps, kips 44.9 61.0 79.7 100.9 124.5 150.7
0.8 fpu Aps, kips 51.3 69.7 91.0 115.3 142.3 172.2

fpu Aps, kips 64.1 87.1 113.8 144.1 177.9 215.3

Smooth Prestressing Bars, f,.. = 160 ksi*

Nominal Diameter, in. 3/4 7/8 1 1 l/8 1 1/4 13/8

Area, sq in. 0.442 0.601 0.785 0.994 1.227 1.485
Weight, plf 1.50 2.04 2.67 3.38 4.17 5.05

0.7 fpu Aps, kips 49.5 67.3 87.9 111.3 137.4 166.3

0.8 fpu Aps, kips 56.6 77.0 100.5 127.2 157.0 190.1

fpu Aps, kips 70.7 96.2 125.6 159.0 196.3 237.6

Deformad Prestressing Bars

Nominal Diameter, in. 5/8 1 1 1 1/4 11/4 1 3/8

Area, sq. in. 0.28 0.85 0.85 1.25 1.25 1.58
Weight, plf 0.98 3.01 3.01 4.39 4.39 5.56
Ult. strength, fp u, ksi 157 150 160" 150 160" 150
0.7 fpuAps, kips 30.5 89.3 95.2 131.3 140.0 165.9
08 fpuAps, kips 34.8 102.0 108.8 150.0 160.0 189.6
fpu Ap,,kips 43.5 127.5 136.0 187.5 200.0 237.0

Stress­strain characteristics (ali prestressing bars):

Far design purposes, follawing assurnptions are satisfactary:
E, ;
29,000 ksi
fy ; 0.95 fpu

"Verify availability befare specifying

914 Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement

Table A-7 Moments in Beams with Fixed Ends

Loading Moment at A Moment at center Moment at B

p B

t
A

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e
(/)

.9
Q)
·13 ...e

L~ L~ L~ l~;
:i= CD
Q)
o ¡
o ·;
e: D'
o w '­.._.#

~,­
~ "<::»
o
a:
:!: :!:

"O
e: >~e .. 1 .

,
<1l ·-&-i G)E_, e,
11
"'
e, "'
e,
~l:c
i ~
11 11
'2 w ca :!:
:!: :!:
11
z
11
z
o
u . .,
Q)

15 ... "' ... e, e,

" \
e,

TíRi
e,
j rrr T T ­T
ai

r, ­­
N
.D 1 1 r.:::
~
E
- 3; l. .7-;.ª/~
....

L: l
C! C! ­
...1
<1l
~

l...1-
o o
~
I 1

­
e
~
§
e,

5 s . -!2 "'

915
 1 "1-
- w
;¡; ~ "2..lw
;¡;
...
O)

"¡-
-w
;¡; ...
~w "'.o1
.--;;-,
:¡:;
a,¡¡¡ ~~ 1
:¡:; N

.o
~
1 .o
::. +
..... JO)
+
a, 1 O)
L-..L.J L-L.J

"']
:¡:; - 11; "¡-...
-;¡; w
O)

NW
~
1
::.N
...
:o 1
"'.o1
+ :¡:; ~ N
1
.o .o
::. 1 1
+ , O'> 100, ..... 10)

\I~ \I~
\1~
,::::­, ,::::­,

L() O)
't;¡;..1­
L() ~
w
N
.o
N
1
N

N
.o
M ..... M
1

+ + + !'.!
.OIN .o 1 ... .o 1 ...
1 1 1
,l.t)1a,, "'I~ ,"'I~.

1--~~~--1~~~~--+~~~~--+~-.,--:¡:;~~~~:0----1-~~-:o
­.,¡;
~~
,,s
"l
8
3:1.o
~1~
~Lt)

,,s
"l
8
.:,!.o
­.,¡~
~~
,,º
s
L()

;¡; l .o
11

1--~~~~1--~~~--1~~~~--+~---=-;¡;~i--+~~;¡;~-i---+---';¡;a......_i

­
-::

916
Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement 917

Table A-9 Presumptive Bearing Capacity (tons/ft2)

Type of Soil Bearing Capacity

Massive crystalline bedrock, such as granite, diorite, gneiss, and trap rock 100
Foliated rocks, such as schist or slate 40
Sedimentary rocks, such as hard shales, sandstones, limestones, and siltstones 15
Grave! and gravel­sand mixtures (GW and GP soils)
Densely compacted 5
Medium compacted 4
Loose, not compacted 3
Sands and gravely sands, well graded (SW soil)
Densely compacted
Medium compacted
Loose, not compacted
Sands and gravely sands, poorly graded (SP soil)
Densely compacted 3
Medium compacted 2!
Loose, not compacted H
Silty gravels and gravel­sand­silt mixtures (GM soil)
Densely compacted 2!
Medium compacted 2
Loose, not compacted H
Silty sand and silt­sand mixtures (SM soil) 2
Clayey gravels, gravel­sand­clay mixtures, clayey sands, sand­clay mixtures (GC and SC soils) 2
Inorganic silts, and fine sands; silty or clayey fine sands and clayey silts, with slight plasticity;
inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity; gravely clays; sandy clays; silty clays; lean clays
(ML and CL soils) 1
Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays; micaceous or diatomaceous fine sand or silty soils,
elastic silts (CH and MH soils) 1
 O\
""
V) V) V) V) V) V) V) V) V)
...... o o 00 N ...... o o O\ O\ 00 00 e-- e-- \O \O V) V)N· ......
C'II
T'" M M
00
N
\O
N ""'ci"
N
N
N N ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... o o o o o o o o o o
\O
""'" 33 o o N
M N
o o
M
o o
ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ci ó

r­
..... NO\ N N ..... o o O\ O\ 00 e-- r­ \O \O ""'"
3 3 Mo Mo Mo N""
N N N \O 00 N 00 N
\O \O
..... 00 \O 00 \O \O 00 \O V)
o o
N ..... ..... ""' "
e--
M
\O
M
M
M M
00
N ""'N"
\O
N
\O
.....
""' "
M
...... ...... .....
""'ci" o o o o o ci o o o o o o o o o oo oo o .....
""' " ..... ..... o o ""'
o " o o o
V)
o ......
íñ
T'"
ci ci ci ci ci ci o o o o o o ó
a,
e
·oca .­.
Q. e V)
o ..... V)e-- N e--V) V)e--
N N ..... o O\ O\ 00 r­ \O \O
N N e-- N M r­ ....N
V) V)

N ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ...... ...... o o o o o o o 3 3 o o o
111 :;. \O V) N O\ \O M e-- 00 \O V) V) M M M V)

111 a, ex,
""'" ""'ci" ci
ci ""'"
M
o o o
M M M
ci
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o ci ci o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ó
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s <O
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ci
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o
N
N
ci ci
...... o O\ 00 r-
N N ...... ..... ......
o o o o o o
....
\O
...... ""'......" M
V)

o o o o o
...... o
...... ......
...... N 00 r­
o o o ~ o o o
...... O\
V) V)

ci ci o o o o o o
N
""'" o

-E ­­
Q)
"D u1
·¡ o
o .!.
r­
Q)
eQ) M o 00 N
r­ r­ \O o 00 N \O M ..... Mo 00 r­ N ..... O\ 00 \O M
V)
N o O\ 00 r­ \O
V)
N
V)

N" N N .... .... ...... ..... .... .... .... o o o o ""'

V) V)

o
V) V)
V)
V) V) V)

­:!' O\
o o
O\
""'o" ci
00
o
\O ""'
o o o ci"
\O
""'" o o o o o o o o o o o o ci ci o o o o o o ci o"
""'" o
V) M M M N N N ""'
e o
N

:;.
ca
...
Q)
<(
N ..... o 00
\O \O
N o 00 \O N o 00 \O
N N ..... ...... ....
o N q \O 00 o N \O 00 N o 00 \O
...... ..... ..... o o
V)
~
""'......" ~ r­­ \O
..... ~ ""'" ""' "
C")
..... ""'......"
O\ 00 00
""'" V) M M
""'
M
" M M N N N ""' "
ci o o o o o o
""'" o ""'" ""'ci" o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ci
""'" ci

N O\ \O M o e-- ...... 00 r­"

\O o 00 \O N o 00
q
\O N \O M o r­
00 r­ \O \O \O
...... 00
""'" o o .....
N N N ...... ""'
V)
.... N.... ""'00o" V)
oq 00 ~ V] "":
,....; ..... ...... ""'......" ....""' ~.... ""'" o o o o o o ""'" o o
C'II
.... O\ M M M M
V) V)
o o o o
V)
...... o o ""'" o
""'" o
""'" o o o o o o

¡¡j .E .-. ....

.... ........ o....
.5 a,E o N \O 00 o
..... N \O 00 r­ o M \O O\ N V) 00 r­ o M \O O\ N 00 V) 00 O\
00 ...... ~ r­ o r­ o
E·- .e ""'" qN
V)
q
V)
O\ ""'" 00
M
O\ r­
""'" \O \O
r­
""'" M ­e­
M V) M
V) N
M
o
M
00
N N
V)
N
M
N
N
N ""'"
N ..... r­
00
..... .....
V) M O\ 00
o o o ""'o"
\O

:= ._..
o Q) - ..... ..... o o o ci o o o o ""'" o o ci
""'" o ci o o o o ci ci o o o o o o o o o o ci
z
eca
E ¡¡j
o e ca .-. o
...... o o o o o
8 o o o o o
8 o o o o o o O\ o
·eo
V) V) V) V) V) V) V) V) V)

di Q) N •
._ e M
o 00 \O
M
N
N N ""'N" N
00 \O
N ...... ...... ......
""'"
N ......
...... ...... ....
o .... O\o O\o 00o o00 or­ or­ \Oo \Oo o o 3 ~ Mo oM oN oN oN ""'o......"
V) V)

:::1
o z ca :.:.. o o o o o o o o o o ci ci ci o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
en
::;
eQ)
E
-ca ...a,
...... o ;g o ......
.5 aí--:- ...... r­ 3
00 00 V) M O\ 00 N \O \O 00 00 O\ O\ O\ 00 00 \O N V) V) N 00 O\ V)
...... o r­ ..... r­
Q)
O\ r­ r­ r­ ......
~ E
N V) N V) N O\
""'" \O V) M N O\ 00 V) N
...... O\
O\ V)
.....
...... ...... M
o E.5 ""'" ""'"
\O \O M M M M M M M M M N N N N N N N N
o o o o o o
V) V) V) V) V)
o ca ._.. o o o o ci ci ci ""'" o
o ""'" ""'ci" ci o o o o ci o o o o o o o o o ci
e
·¡¡; z=c
a:
~
~ "D

­
Q)
....(11
"O

"O
...
E
o
...... o
M
Q
M
Q
00
N
Q
\O
N
Q ""'Q
N"
N
N
Q
o 00
Q Q Q ""'
\O

Q" Q Q
N ......
N ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
o
......
Q
O\
Q
00
Q
r­
Q
\O
Q
V)
Q ""'"
Q
e: Q) Q)
(11
ü5
N e
cñ
o e
~
-
T'"

el: ~ ~ V)

o ..... o N o 00 \O N ...... o o V] V] V] V] V] V] V] O; V] "":

N N N N N ..... ..... ......
""'" ...... ...... ...... ...... O\ O\ 00 00 r­ r­ \O \O N N N ......
Q) 00 \O

:eca o M M
""'" M M V) V)

E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ""'~" ~ ""'" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1- en

918
Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement 919

t0 = t,Q - 7.5 « for normal weight concrete

t0 = f,Q - 6.4
0.50r--~~......,."T""~~T"""T"~-.~-r~-r~
«
for sand-lightweight concrete
.......~-r-~--r-,~~-,~~~ .......

...O<

....
......

o--~~~--~~~--~~~--~~~. . . . ~~. . ~~~. . ~~~--

o.so 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

Figure A-1 Effective moment of inertia

920 Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement

Section Geometric seclion modulus, Zs, in.3 Shape factor

8J
Lb_j
bh2
4 1.5

x­x .axis:
y t

!4]
w 1.12 (approx)
bt (h ­ t) + ­ (h ­ 2t)2
4
y-y axis:
b2t (h ­ 2t)w2 1.55 (approx)
L bJ 2+ 4

111
¡ t(ave.)

w h w(h ­ 2t)2
bt (h ­ t) + 1.12 (approx)
1 4
¡

o f
h
J
h3
6
1.70

[ ( h2•)' j
Ol
16 1 ­ l-
h: (1 _ (, _ ~t) 3]
31r 1 ­ (1 ­ ~ty
th2 for t ~ h 1.27 for t <( h

w of Lbj
t

.
j
h
bh2
4 [,­(,­ 2:)(1­ ~t)2] 1.12 (approx) for thin walls

-
0:1
' ­ ' _J
: 1
- h
bh2
12 2

Lb_¡

Figure A-2 Geometric section moduli and shape factors

Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement 921

270
I
i..­­­ 270 ksí strand
E, • 28,000 ksi /
/
r
260

' -
/
250 ksí strand

~
230
I
:¡
::!!
..;.
210
1
¡

190

170

150
J
o .005 .010 .015 .020 .025 .030
strain "P• (in.fin.)

These curves can be approximated by the following equations:

"P• <;; 0.008: fp, "' 28,000 ep, (ksi)
fp, > 0.008:
0·058
250 ksi strand: fp, = 248 -
fp, ­ 0.006
< O 98 f
· pu
(ksi)

270 ksi strand: fp, 268 - "P• ~­~~;065 < 0.98 fpu (ksi)

Figure A­3 Typical stress-strain curve, 7-wire stress-relieved and low-relax-

ation prestressing strand
922 Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement

, 3(1 ­ 13.)2(13.)(a6 - 1)
1. = K., ( ~ bwh') K., = 1 + (a6 ­ 1)13. + -------
1 + 13.(a6 ­ 1)
3.0
v:
/
V V ""'"
.. v ~

hf
J3h=h /
V
/
V
V

...... _.,.­­
l..,,"'
V ¡.....- ...­
V

.....-
0.4J/ ,J
V ....""'.'. ~ ~
2.5 ..... ~
~~ ~ ~ ~V ..
/
v. . . ~~ .,J V
,...

0.lf
/ ~ ~ ~
/ ~ V / ~
2.0
/, ~
1./
V
!: ) ~
V
V
::.:::
~ V v
~ VV
1/J '/
1.5 ~ '(/ /'
11 V I· I! •I
1/ Z11t __J
ji h

I
/ ~
5 10 15 20
a b=blbw
Example: For the T­beam shown, find the moment
of inertia 1. :

·~
ª• = b l b¿ = 143/15 = 9.53
13. = h¡/h = 8/36 = 0.22 1 .. 143in~.,I
lnterpolating between thc curves for 13. = 0.2
and 0.3, read K., = 2.28
~
T 36in.
bwh' 15(36)1
1. = K,. - = 2.28 ­­ = 133,000 in."
12 12 Wii~I

Figure A-4 Gross moment of inertia of T sections

Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement 923

1
1

L'lEs~
240

200

(')
160
o
fps
X
·¡¡; 140
c.
1
C/J
C/J
120
~
é'i5 100
Mild Steel
fs .... .... ....
­
fy

40

o
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 (in.fin.)
Strain

Figure A-5 Stress-strain diagram for prestressing steel strands in comparison

with mild steel bar reinforcement
924 Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement

p ~ 0.45 (AAc 1 )f'fy,

___§__ - _5... and ~ 0.12­
¡;
fy,
i; = 40,000 psi Jy, = 60,000 psi
AJAc ¡; = 4000 psi t; = 6000 psi ¡; = 8000 psi ¡; = 4000 psi ¡; = 6000 psi ¡; = 8000 psi
Ps
1.1 0.012 0.018 0.024 0.008 0.012 0.016
1.2 0.012 0.018 0.024 0.008 0.012 0.016
1.3 0.014 0.020 0.027 0.009 0.014 0.018
1.4 0.018 0.027 0.036 0.012 0.018 0.024
1.5 0.023 0.034 0.045 0.015 0.023 0.030
1.6 0.027 0.041 0.054 0.018 0.027 0.036
1.7 0.032 0.047 0.063 0.021 0.032 0.042
1.8 0.036 0.054 0.072 0.024 0.036 0.048
1.9 0.041 0.081 0.027 0.027 0.041 0.054
2.0 0.045 0.068 0.090 0.030 0.045 0.060
2.1 0.050 0.074 0.099 0.033 0.050 0.066
2.2 0.054 0.081 0.108 0.036 0.054 0.072
2.3 0.058 0.088 0.117 0.039 0.058 0.078
2.4 0.063 0.094 0.126 0.042 0.063 0.084
2.5 0.067 0.101 0.135 0.045 0.067 0.090

Figure A.6 Volumetric ratio of spiral reinforcement Ps for concrete confinement (Ref. 13.36).

¡;
Pe ~ ­Ash ~ 0.3 ( ­A8 ­ 1 ) and ~ 0.09­
sh, Ach Íyr
Jy, = 40,000 psi Íyr = 60,000 psi
AJA ch J: = 4000 psi ¡; = 6000 psi ¡; = 8000 psi ¡; = 4000 psi t; = 6000 psi ¡; = 8000 psi
Ps
1.1 0.009 0.014 0.018 0.006 0.009 0.012
1.2 0.009 0.014 0.018 0.006 0.009 0.012
1.3 0.009 0.014 0.018 0.006 0.009 0.012
1.4 0.012 0.018 0.024 0.008 0.012 0.016
1.5 0.015 0.023 0.030 O.ülO 0.015 0.020
1.6 0.018 0.027 0.036 0.012 0.018 0.024
1.7 0.021 0.032 0.042 0.014 0.021 0.028
1.8 0.024 0.036 0.048 0.016 0.024 0.032
1.9 0.027 0.041 0.054 0.018 0.027 0.036
2.0 0.030 0.045 0.060 O.ü20 0.030 0.040
2.1 0.033 0.050 0.066 0.022 0.033 0.044
2.2 0.036 0.054 0.072 0.024 0.036 0.048
2.3 0.039 0.058 0.078 0.026 0.039 0.052
2.4 0.042 0.063 0.084 0.028 0.042 0.056
2.5 0.045 0.067 0.090 O.ü30 0.045 0.060

Figure A.7 Area percentage of rectilinear hoop reinforcement Pe for concrete confinement (Ref. 13.36).
Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement 925

= Kp, F ft-kips
Mp, F= bd2/12000 p=A/bd
t, = 40,000 psi t, = 60,000 psi
p ¡; = 4000psi ¡; = 6000 psi ¡; = 8000 psi ¡; = 4000 psi ¡; = 6000 psi ¡; = 8000 psi
Kp, (psi)

0.003 147 148 148 218 220 221

0.004 194 196 197 287 291 293
0.005 241 244 245 354 361 365
0.006 287 291 293 420 430 435
0.007 332 338 341 484 498 505
0.008 376 384 388 547 565 574
0.009 420 430 435 608 630 641
0.010 463 475 482 667 695 709
0.011 506 520 528 725 758 775
0.012 547 565 574 781 821 840
0.013 588 609 619 835 882 905
0.014 628 652 664 888 942 969
0.015 667 695 709 939 1001 1032
0.016 706 737 753 988 1059 1094
0.017 744 779 797 1036 1116 1155
0.018 781 821 840 1082 1171 1216
0.019 817 862 884 1126 1226 1276
0.020 853 902 926 1169 1279 1335
0.021 888 942 969 1210 1332 1393
0.022 922 981 1011 1383 1450
0.023 956 1020 1053 1433 1506
0.024 988 1059 1094 1482 1562
0.025 1020 1097 1135 1530 1616
0.026 1051 1134 1176 1577 1670
0.027 1082 1171 1216 1623 1723
0.028 1112 1208 1256 1668 1776
0.029 1141 1244 1295 1827
0.030 1169 1279 1335 1878
0.031 1197 1314 1373 1928
0.032 1224 1349 1412 1976
0.033 1250 1383 1450
0.034 1275 1417 1487
0.035 1300 1450 1525

Figure A.8 Probable seismic moment strengths for beams (Ref. 13.36).
926 Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement

1
CD W~
x x!
---··"'!+.--

<JI..--='

Flat Anchorage FA

Spral

~rumpet Duct

.
l

Plate Anchorage SO

Flat Anchorage FA Combination Plate Anchorage SD

Tendan Size 3-0.6" ar 4-0,5" 4-0.6" ar 5-0,5' Tendan Size 3-0.6" or 4-0,5" 4-0.6' or 5-0,5" 4-0.6' 5-0.6" or 7-0,5" 6·0.6' ar 8-0,5" 7 -0.6' or 9·0,5'
Flat D 10 \ 255 13 \ 330 Combln. 0 4-15/16 \ 125 5-5/16 \ 135 5 \ 127 5-7/8 \ 150 6-1/2 \ 165 6-11/16\ 170
Anchor Plata
E 4 \ 100 4 \ 100 E 5-1/2\ 140 6·5/16\ 160 9 \ 229 7-1/16 \ 180 8·1/16 \ 205 8·1/2 \ 215

F 2-1/4 \ 57 2-1/4 \ 57 H 1-5/8 \ 41 1-5/8 \ 41 2151 1-9/16 \ 40 1-3/4 \44 1-3/4 \ 44

rren­ K 12-1/4 \ 310 .. Tran- 0 2-9/16 \ 65 2-15/16\75 2·13/16\ 72 3-3/8 \ 85 3-3/4 \ 95 3-3/4 \ 95
sltlon sitlon
L 4-1/2 \ 115 8·5/8 \ 220 L 11-3/8 1 290 10-7/161265 111280 141355 15-15/161405 15-15/161405
Pocket A 10-3/4 1275 13-3/4 \ 350 Pocket A 6-1/2\ 165 6-1/21165 7-1/161179 7-1/16 \ 180 7-7/81200 7-7/8 1200
Formar Former
B 4-1/2 1115 4-7/8 1124 B 7-5/161185 7-5/161185 9-7/8 1 251 8-1/4 1 210 9-7/161240 9-7/161240

e 5-1/21140 5-7/8 \ 148 e 3·15/16 \ 100 3-15/161100 5-1/8 \ 130 3-15/16 \ 100 4-5/16 \ 110 4-5/16 \ 110

Duct 101 1125 1125 Duct ID 1-9/16140 1-13/16 146 2 \ 51 2-1/16\52 2-7/16162 2-7/16 162

102 3 \ 75 3 \ 75 L2 8\200 8 \200 4 \ 100 8 \200 8\200 8\200

AII dimensions are nominal and are expressed in inch \ mm. Technical data subject to change.

Figure A-9 Dywidag flat anchorage for prestressing strands ( Courtesy Dywidag
Systems lnternational).
Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design lnformation, Properties of Reinforcement 927

­­=­­=1
L

H L,
--··--¡-- ­· ·- ­­­­ ­­­­­­
p '
i i,
1
1 ­,,;

¡I I
r­­1·­·­·­1
,1'
,¡ i ! :
¡
··-=--- -·--
<( (O
e lS)

Ir,
1 11
1" PE-Trumpel

\ -------········-·····_j
1 Duct Coupler
Duct

\~~~~lane _Anchor
­­­­­
WedgePlate
Wedges

Anchoraga Slze 5·0.6"or 7-0.6"or 9-0.6" or 12-0.6" or 15-0.6' or 19-0.6" or 27-0.6' or 37-0.6" or
7-0.5' 9-0.5" 12·0.5" 15·0.5" 20·0.5" 27-0.5' 37-0.5" 59-0.5'

Min.
Block-out Ola. A 7\ 179 8 \203 9\229 101254 111279 12 \ 305 13·1/2 1 343 161407

Transitlon Langth 12-3/8 \ 314 13-7116 1 341 15-314 1 400 201508 22-5/8 1 575 25·3/16 1 640 27-5/8 1 702 351890

Anchor Ola. B 5·15/16 \ 150 6-11/16 1 170 7-1/21190 8-5/8 1 220 9-7/8 \ 250 111280 12-3/8 1315 14-1/8 1 360

D 3-9/16 \ 90 3-7/8\98 4-7/16 \ 113 5-1/16 1 128 5·13/16 1148 6-3/8 \ 162 7-1/21190 8-1/2 1 220

H 3-9/16 1 90 3-15/16 \ 100 4-15/16 1125 7-1/16 \ 180 7-7/8 1 200 8-5/8 1 220 9-7/16 \ 240 12-1/2 \ 320

Wedge Plata e 5-1/8 1130 5-1/81130 5-1/2 1140 6-5/16 1160 7-1/16 \ 180 7-7/8 \ 200 9-7/161240 10-2/3 \ 270

E 2150 1-9/16 \ 40 1-11/16 \ 43 1·11/16 143 2\ 50 2-3/16 1 55 2-15/16 \ 75 3-1/2 \ 90

Trumpet L1 8-7/8 1 225 9-1/2 \ 241 10-13/16 1275 12-7/8 \ 327 14-3/4 1375 16-1/2 \ 419 18-1/8 1460 22-1/2 1 600

Rebar Splral • Size #4115M #4115M #4115M # 5 \ 15M #5115M # 5 \ 15M #6\20M # 7122M

Grade 60 KSI\ 60 KSII 60 KSII 60 KSI \ 60 KSII 60KSII 60KSI\ 60KSII

400MPa 400MPa 400MPa 400MPa 400 MPa 400MPa 400MPa 400 MPa 400 MPa

Pitch 1-7/8150 1-7/8 \ 50 1-7/8 \ 50 2-1/4155 1-7/8 150 1-7/8 150 2·1/4155 2-3/8 \ 60

J 10\ 255 10-1/2 1 265 10-5/6 1 270 141355 14-3/4 \ 365 151380 16-5/8 \ 420 181460

OD 7-3/4 \ 190 9\230 9-1/2 1 240 11-1/4 1285 12-1/2 \ 315 14-1/2 1 365 171430 22 1560

Ouct JO 2\ 50 2-3/8 \ 60 3\ 75 3-3/8 1 85 3-3/4 1 95 4 \ 100 4-1/2 1115 5-1/8 \ 130

Ouct Coupler L2 81200 81200 81200 81200 81200 81200 8 \ 200 121300

Gr out
Requlrements gal/11 1 1/m 0.1211.5 0.1712.1 0.28 13.46 0.3514.39 0.44 \ 5.48 0.47 \ 5.80 0.58 \ 7.25 0.7218.90

Spiral required in 'local anchor' zone.

\11 dimensions are nominal and are expressed in inch \ mm. Technical data subject to change.

Figure A-10 Dywidag multiple anchorage for prestressing strands (Courtesy

Dywidag Systems lnternational)
 SELECTED TYPICAL STANDARD
PRECAST DOUBLE TEES, INVERTED
TEES, HOLLOW CORE SECTIONS,
AND AASHTO BRIDGE SECTIONS

929
930 Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections

Strand Pattem Oeslgnatlon Sectlon Propertles

DOUBLETEE
~ No. of strand (10) Untopped Topped
' ' . s • llnllghl o • depr8ssed 8'­0" X 24"
A 401 in.'
Normal Welght Concrete
tL
108·01 in.' 27,720 In.•
.. 20.985
No. of depressionpolnts 8'­0" Yb 17.15 In. 19.27 in.
Diameter ol strand In 16ths S 3/4" y, 6.85 In. 6.73 In.
Safe loads shown lnclude dead load of 10 ~ a 1,224 In.• 1,438 in.•
psf for untopped members and 15 psf for Z, • 3,063 In.• 4,119 In.•
topped members. Remaind8ris live load. 618 plf
wt • 418 plf
Long-time cambers lnclude superimf)OS8d
dead load but do not include live load. 52 psi rt psi
Key 4'­0" L 3 3/4" VIS • 1.41 In.

173 ­ Sale superimposed service load, psf

0.5 ­ Estlmated camber at erection, in.
t = 5,000psi
0.7 ­ Es1imatedlong-1imecambar, In. f¡,u = 270,000 psi

8DT24
Table of safe superlmposed servlce load (psf) and cambers NoTopping
Strand
•• Spln,n.
Pattem
•• 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 rz 74
11.15 173 147 126 108 92 79 68 58 50 43 36 30
68­S 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5
11.15 0.7 o.a o.a o.a 0.8 0.8 o.a o.a 0.1 0.6 0.4 02
9.15 180 155 134 116 100 87 76 66 57 49 43 36 31
88,S 9.15 0.7 0.7 o.a 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.6 05
0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.1
9.15 190 16ti 14ti 1a 114 100 88179 62 70 54 48 42 37 32
88­01 14.40 1. 1 1.2 1.3 U 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2
1.5 1.5 1.8 1J 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 12 0.9 0.5
7.15 145 129 116 103 83 92 74 68 59 53 47 42 37 32
108­01 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5
14.15 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.5
isa 75 66 61 55 49 44 40 35
128­01 5.48 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9
13.90 2.7 2.7 2.S 2.9 2.1 t.8 1.6 1.1 0.6
4.29 61 55 50 45
148­01 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6
13.65 2.6 2.9 1.9 1.5

8DT24 + 2
Table of safe superlmposed servlce load (psf) and cambers 2" Normal Welght Topplng
Strand
•• Spln, ft.
Pattem •• 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64
14.15 183 149 122 100 82 68 53 42 33
48­S
14.15 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 05 0.5 o.s
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 02 o.o
11.15 175 147 123 103 86 72 60 49 39
68­S 11.15 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 02 o.o
11.15 184 156 133 113 96 81 69 58 48 39
68­01 14.65 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8 0.8 o.a 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1
9.15 190 165 143 124 107 93 801,69 59 51 43
88­01 1.1 12 1.3 1.4 1.S 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
14.40 1.1 1.1 12 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.1
142 124 109 96 84 74 64 56 48
108­01 7.15 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
14.15 15 1.5 1.4 1.3 12 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.1
S.48 74 65 57 49
128­01 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
13.90
­ 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.1
Strength based on strain compatibility;boltom tension fimit8d to 12 ..p[;
Shaded values require release strengths higher !han 3500 psi.

Figure B-1 8"--0" x 24" Double Tee (Courtesy PCI, Ref. 4.9)
Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Oouble Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections 931

Strand Pattem Deslgnatlon PRETOPPED Sectlon Propertles

r:=No. of strand (10) DOUBLETEE Normal Welght Ughtweight
' r­­
S .. Sltalght D • depressed A 689 in: 689 In.'

, ·~· 1c:~
10'·0" 26"
tL
108·01 X in.' 30,716
1 • 30,716 ln.'
No. of depression points Yb 20.29 in. 20.29 in.
10'­0"
..
Diameter of strand in 16ths y, 5.71 In. 5.71 In.
88cause these units are pretopped and are 1 z, 1,514 In.• 1.514 In.•
typically used in parking structures. safe z, 5,379 In.• 5,379 In.•
foads shown do not lnclude any super· 26" plf
wt e 718 550 plf
imposed dead loads. Loads shown are Uve
load. Long·time cambers do not lncJude 72 psi 55 psf
5'­0" ­' L­3 3/4"
/Jveload. 1 1 VIS• 2.05 in. 2.05 In.

t: = 5,000 psi
Key
196­ Sale superimposed service load, psi
0.4 ­ Estimatedcambar at erection, in.
0.5 ­ Estimated long-time camber. In. fpu = 270,000 psi

10DT26
Table of safe superfmposed servlce load (psf) and cambers NoTopplng
Strand e, Span, tt.
Pattem 8c 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
14.29 196 161 133 109 90 74 60 49 39 30
68­S 14.29 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
12.29 169 142 119 100 83 69 57 47 38 30
118­S 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4
12.29 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6
12.29 2001170 146 125 107 91 78 66 56 47 39 32
118­01 17.54 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 o.d
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0
189 163 142 123 107 93 80 69 43 36
108­01
10.29
17.29
1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 u1.4 1.4 60 151
t.3
1.2 1.3 1.1
) 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7
1.6 1.5
134 118 103 90 79 69 60 52 45 38 32 .
128­01 8.62 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
17.04 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7
7.43 98 87 78 67 59 51 45 38 33
148­01 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5
16.79 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.9

10LDT26
Table of safe superlmposed servlce load (psf) and cambers NoTopplng
Strand e, Span, ft.
Pattem •e 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72
14.29 175 146 123 104 88 74 63 53 44 36 30
68­S 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8
14.29 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1
12.29 183 156 133 113 97 83 71 61 52 44 37 31
88­S 12.29 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 12 1.1 1.0
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4
12.29 184 159 1~r20 105 92 80 70 61 53 46 39 34
118­01 1.3 1., 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.7
17.54 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2..5 2.4 2.3
177 155 137 121 106 94 83 73 65 57 50 44 38 33
10.29 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.6
2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3
108­01 17.29 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 32 3.3 u 3.4 3A3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0
104 93 83 74 66 59 52 46 41 38 31
128­01 8.62 3.0 3.1 32 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8
17.04 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4
7.43 73 65 58 52 47 41 37
148­01 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.6
16.79 5.3 5.3 52 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.3
Strength based on strain compatibllity; bonom tension limítedto 12../1{;
Shadedvalues require release strengths higher than 3500 psi.

Figure B-2 10'-0" x 26" Double Tee (Courtesy PCI, Ref. 4.9)
932 Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections

Strand Pattern Designatlon PRETOPPED Sectlon Propertles

t tS
r­::==No. of strand (10)
= straight D
= depressed DOUBLE TEE Normal Weight Lightweight

108­01 12'·0" X 34" A 978 in• 978 in•

'I 'L­
-il~:,·,lr.
1 = 86,072 in• 86,072 in•

¡:
No. of depression points 12'­0" 25.77 in. 25.77
Y• in.
Diameter of strand in 16ths y, 8.23 in. 8.23 In.
3'­0"·¡· 6'­0"

ü
Because these units are pretopped and are
s. 3,340 in• 3,340 in•

\j\ ,.
s, =
10,458 in• 10,458 in•

TJ.
typically used in parking structures, sate
/oads shown do not include any superim- wt 1,019 plf 781 plf
posed dead /oads. Loads shown are live CHAMFER 85 psf 65 psf
load. Long-time cambers do not include live V/$ 2.39 in. 2.39 in.
load.
_J L, 4•;."
Key
176 ­Sale superimposed service load, psf f~ = 5, 000 psi
0.8­Estimated camber at erection, in. fpu = 270,000 psi
1.1­Estimated long­time camber, in.

12DT34
Table of safe superlmposed service load (psf) and cambers (in.) No Topping
Strand Span, ft
e•,in.
Pattern ec;ln. 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86
176 155 135 119 104 91 79 69 59 51 43 36 30
14.10 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 o.a 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5
128­01 22.52
1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6

12.91 187r65 146 129 114 101 89 78 68 60 52 44 38 32 26

148­01 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4
22.27 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.5
196 174 155 138r23 110 97 86 76 67 59 52 45 39 33 28
12.77 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 o.a o.e
168­01 22.02 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.7
178 160 143 128 115 102, 91 82 73 64 57 50 43 38 32 27
11.38 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.6
188­01 21.77 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.7
131 118 106 95 85 76 68 61 54 471411.3 36 31 26
10.27 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.6
208­01 21.52 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.7

9.36
109 98 88 79 71 64 57 50 44 39 34 29
228­01 21.27
2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.1 o.a
2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.0

12LDT34
Table of safe superimposed service load (psf) and cambers (in.) No Topplng
Strand e•,ln. Span, ft
Pattern ec,ln. 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86

14.10 193 171 152 135 120 107 95 • 85 76 67 59 52 46 40 35 30 26

128­01 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.0
22.52
1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.3
182 162 1461130 117 105 94 85 76 68 61 54 48 42 37 33 28
12.91 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.4
148­01 22.27 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.8
191 172 155 139 126 114 103, 93 84 76 68 61 55 49 44 39 34 30 26
12.77 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.6
168­01 22.02 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.1

11.38 144 131 119 108 98 89 81 73 66 60154

48 43 39 34 30
188­01 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.1
21.77 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.4 32 3.0 2.7

10.27 102 93 85 77 70 64 58 52 47 42 38
208­01 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.9
21.52 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.5
9.36 eo {',j ti7 ti1 82 50 45
228­01 212.7 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.6
5.3 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.2
Strength based on straín compatíbílíty; bottom tension limitad to 12 [ff; see pages 2·2­2­6 for explanation.
Shaded values require re/ease strengths higher than 3500 psi.

Figure B-3 Pretopped 12'-0" x 34" Double Tee (Courtesy PCI, Ref. 4.9)
Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections 933

INVERTED TEE BEAMS

Normal Weight Concrete

Section Propertles
Deslgnatlon
h h,/h2 A 1 v. z, z, wt
(In.) (In.) (in.') (In.') (in.) (In.'} (In.'} (plf)
301T20 20 12/8 456 15,240 8.74 1,744 1,354 475
301T24 24 12/12 576 26,352 10.50 2,510 1,952 600
301T28 28 16/12 648 41,824 12.22 3,423 2,650 675

L_2·­'­·ª­"_ _,. I
301T32 32 20/12 720 62,400 14.00 4,457 3,467 750
301T36 36 24/12 792 88,678 15.82 5,605 4,394 825
301T40 40 24/16 912 121,923 17.47 6,979 5,412 950
f'c = 5,000 psi 301T44 44 28/16 984 162,161 19.27 8,415 6,557 1,025
fpu = 270,000 psi 301T48
301T52
48
52
32/16
36/16
1,056
1,128
210,199
266,627
21.09 9,967 7,811 1,100
22.94 11,623 9,175 1,175
% in. diameter 301T56 56 40/16 1,200 332,032 24.80 13,388 10,642 1,250
low-relaxation strand 301T60 60 44/16 1,272 406,997 26.68 15,255 12,215 1,325

1. Check local area for availability of other sizes.

Key
2. Safe loads shown include 50% dead load and 50% live load. 800 psi top tension
8,428 ­ Sale supenrnposed service load, pi!
has been allowed, therefore additional top reinforcement is required.
0.4 ­ Estimáted cambar at erection, in.
0.2 ­ Estimated long­timecamber, in. 3. Safe loads can be significantly increased by use of structural composite topping.

Table of safe superlmposed servlce load (plf) and cambers

Span, tt.
Deslg· No. e
nation Strand 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

8,428 6,736 5,485 4,533 3,792 3,204 2,730 2,342 2,020 1,751 1,523 1,332 1,167 1,024
301T20 14 6.65 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6
0.2 0.2 02 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2
9,736 7,942 6,578 5,516 4,673 3,994 3,437 2,976 2,592 2,269 1,993 1,755 1,550 1,370 1,212 1,073
301T24 17 7.67 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 o.s 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 o.o
9,087 7,643 6,497 5,573 4,816 4,189 3,664 3,219 2,839 2,513 2,334 1,990 1,776 1,588
30IT28 20 9.06 0.6 Q.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2
8,647 7,436 6,445 5,623 4,935 4,352 3,855 3,426 3,055 2,732 2,448 2,201
301T32 23 10.50 0.7 0.7 o.a 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5
0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3
9,492 8,243 7,207 6,340 5,605 4,978 4,439 3,971 3,563 3,205 2,892
30IT36 24 12.32 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
9,077 7,994 7,077 6,295 5,621 5,037 4,528 4,081 3,687
301T40 30 12.92 o.s 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
9,659 8,564 7,629 6,825 6,127 5,519 4,985 4,514
301T44 30 14.73 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
9,222 8,262 7,431 6,705 6,068 5,506
301T48 33 16.17 o.s 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
9,836 8,858 8,004 7,255 6,594
301T52 36 17.62 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
9,407 8,538 7,770
301T56 39 19.06 1.0 1.0 1.1
0.3 0.4 0.4
9,917 9,036
301T60 42 20.49 1.0 1.0
0.3 0.4

Figure 8-4 lnverted Tee Beam Sections (Courtesy PCI, Ref. 4.9)
934 Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core sectíons

HOLLOW-CORE SLABS
Sectlon Properties - normal weight concrete Dy-Core

Trade name: Dy-Core®

Licensing Organization: Dy-Core Systems, lnc., Vancouver, British Columbia

10000001
· . · ·" · . .·: .:· · · · i
r··000000 r. , ,
Sectlon
wldth
X A Y•
Untopped

1 wt Y•
Wlth 2" topplng

1 wt
depth In.' in. In.• psf In. in.• psf
4'­0" X 6" 151 3.11 683 40 4.54 1,552 65

l.0. 0 . 0 . 0.l 4'­0" X 8"

4'­0" X 10"
4'­0" X 12'
4'­0" X 15"
190
216
262
289
3.95
5.10
6.34
7.34
1,568
2,892
4,875
8,701
51
58
71
78
5.54
6.80
8.01
9.36
3,130 76
5,097 83
7,823 96
13,776 103

·.o. o . o_.o."
' 1

-f. ~· ··.·.' :;/·~··:;o .. · ~·?:;~·,~··."·•::i;' .· ;:~:'/".+

Note: AII sections not available from all producers. Check availability with local manufacturers.

Sectlon Propertles - normal welght concrete Dynaspan

Trade name: Dynaspan®

Equipment Manufacturers: Dynamold Corporation, Salina, Kansas

f0.0.0.0.0.0.0~
Sectlon Untopped Wlth 2" topplng

to.o'.o'.c5.ó.ó.O~
wldth
X A y. 1 wt y. 1 wt
depth In.• In. in.• psf in. in.• psf
4'­0" X 4' 133 2.00 235 35 3.08 689 60
4'­0" X 6' 165 3.02 706 43 4.25 1,543 68
4'­0' X 8' 233 3.93 1,731 61 5.16 3,205 86
i0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.i 4'­0"x 10" 260 4.91 3,145 68 6.26 5,314 93
8'­0" x 6" 338 3.05 1.445 44 4.26 3,106 69
8'­0" x 8' 470 3.96 3,525 61 5.17 6,444 86
!;.. I; .: .S,•·, ,.·"8 .... ·.·'6, ., ... ,; ·. ·. :,,•·.····•. '· .. •· ...... ,. ·8 •.. • .. ··•·;·· . ,.;,,,.e+ 8'­0" x 10" 532 4.96 6,422 69 6.28 10,712 94
10.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.i 0·­0· x 12· 615 5.95 10,505 80 7.32 16,507 105

Note: AII sectíons not available from all producers. Check availability wíth local manufacturers.

Figure B­5 Hollow Core Slab Sections (Courtesy PCI, Ref. 4.9)
Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections 935

AASHTO 1-Beams

BI

n 02
03
04
1 •

1
83 84 85
• 1

B3 B4
DI DI

1, 82
1. B2 .1
Type I­IV TypeV­Vl

Oimensions (inches)
Type DI 02 03 04 05 06 Bl B2 B3 B4 B5 B6
1 28.0 4.0 o.o 3.0 5.0 5.0 12.0 16.0 6.0 3.0 o.o 5.0
11 36.0 6.0 o.o 3.0 6.0 6.0 12.0 18.0 6.0 3.0 o.o 6.0
111 45.0 7.0 o.o 4.5 7.5 7.0 16.0 22.0 7.0 4.5 o.o 7.5
IV 54.0 8.0 o.o G.ü 9.0 8.0 20.0 26.0 8.0 6.0 o.o 9.0
V 63.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 10.0 8.0 42.0 28.0 8.0 4.0 13.0 10.0
VI 72.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 10.0 8.0 42.0 28.0 8.0 4.0 13.0 10.0

Properties
Type Area Ybottom
Inertia Weight Maximum
in.1 in. in.• kip/ñ Span,* ñ
1 276 12.59 22,750 0.287 48
11 369 15.83 50,980 0.384 70
111 560 20.27 125,390 0.583 100
IV 789 24.73 260,730 0.822 120
V 1,013 31.96 521,180 1.055 145
VI 1,085 36.38 733,320 1.130 167
"Based on simple span, HS­25 loading and f~ = 7,000 psi.

Figure B-6 (a) AASHTO/PCI Standard Bridge Sections (Courtesy PCI, Ref. 12.11)
936 Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections

AASHTO I-Beams

1 136"

L~
28"

l._____.::::::::
Typel Typcll

2" (TYP.)

2"(TYP.)

TypclV

72"
63"

...........
. . . . . . . ... . . .
TypeV TypeVI

Figure B--6 (b) Possible Strand Arrangement for Sections in Figure C-6 (a)
Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections 937

AASHTO-PCIBulb-Tees
3'­6"·
3.5''

2"

10" 6"

4.5
11

6"

1. 2'­ 2" . 1

Properties

Type H Hw Area Inertia Ybouom Weight Maximum

in. in. •
Ul,
2
in.• in. kip/ft Span," ft

BT-54 54 36 659 268,077 27.63 0.686 114

BT-63 63 45 713 392,638 32.12 0.743 130

BT-72 72 54 767 545,894 36.60 0.799 146

"Based on simple span, HS­25 loading and ( = 7 ,000 psi.

Figure B-7 (a) AASHTO/PCI Bulb Tees (Courtesy PCI, Ref. 12.11)
938 Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections

AASHTO-PCIBulb-Tees
2" (TYP.)

_J_ 2" (TYP.)

f
54"

2" (TYP.)

BT-54

63"

BT-63 BT-72

Figure B-7 (b) Possible Strand Arrangement for Sections in Figure C-7 (a)
Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections 939

Deck Bulb-Tees
w

.,. .,
6"
3"
2" 1.
H 2" 1 '­7112" VAR.
H
w 6" 91/2"

3"

6"

1. 2'­1"
.1
Dimensions and Properties

H H,. w Area lnertia Ybonom Weight Maximum

in, in. in. in.2 in.4 in. kip/ft Span"
ft
48 677 101,540 21.12 0.75 100
35 15 72 823 116,071 23.04 0.91 78
96 967 126,353 24.37 1.07 65
48 785 294,350 31.71 0.87 145
53 33 72 931 335,679 34.56 1.03 121
96 1,075 365,827 36.63 1.19 105
48 857 490,755 38.55 0.95 168
65 45 72 1,003 559,367 41.95 1.11 148
96 1,147 610,435 44.46 1.27 130

"Based on simple span, HS­25 loading and r: = 7,000 psi.

Figure B-8 (a) AASHTO/PCI Shallow Bridge Deck Bulb Tees (Courtesy PCI, Ref. 12.11)
 :­:­;­;­:­:­'.­:­­­­_J
:::::::::::::::::::::: :::
...

~
¿
e!::::,
e,
ü:
.s lJ
(/) j
e
o
n l
j
Q)
'
...
U)

i!"'i:Q .E
e
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!~!
1~
Q)
E
Q)
e,
e
~
~
u
e
~
u5
z
Q)

·¡¡;
(/)
o
o,

-
.e
.._.
4Y
ID
...::,
CII

o,
¡¡:

940
Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections 941

AASHTO Box Beams

J 1a·rrun.

r-----
1 ,,.
1
1
L-----
Typical Keyway Derails Typical Longitudinal Section
Dimcaaiom (iachc.t)
Type w H
81­36 36 27
81­48 48 27
811­36 36 33
811­48 48 33
8111­36 36 39
8111­48 48 39
81V­36 36 42
81V­48 48 42

Propcrtiu
Type A.rea y..._ lnertia Weight Mu.Spaa•
• 2
IR, in. ia.' kio/ft tt
Bl­36 560.5 13.35 50,334 0.584 92
81­48 692.5 13.37 65941 0.721 92
811­36 620.5 16.29 85,153 0.646 107
811­48 752.5 16.33 110,499 0.784 108
8IU­36 680.5 19.25 131.145 0.709 120
8111­48 812.5 19.29 168,367 0.846 125
8IV­36 710.5 20.73 158,644 0.740 124
81V­48 842.5 20.78 203,088 0.878 127
"Basedon simple sp1m, HS­25 loading and r; = 7,000 psi.
Figure B-9 (a) AASHTO/PCI Bridge Box Girders (Courtesy PCI, Ref. 12.11)
942 Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, lnverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections

AASHTO Box Beams

J 1 - J­­:::36"=­­1 .
r .
48"

r¡l o·¡\ .
~ 1 225¡=.@2" 1 ~· 9 i~pac-~I f--!.

l : :: :: : ::: : :
zr ( )
·················

.
TypeBI­48 Type BI­36

r :º:
2" (TYP.)

... ...

1
33" 1 !
.. ..
. .

.
.··. ···...... ..... .
············
Typc BII­36

r ·········· · ··········
:/
r :º: ..
..
. .
..
.
..

l : :, .: : : : : .: : .: .: :
39"

1
33" : :
.. ..
.. ...

.
.
····················
··············

r r .·o· .
Type Bill­48 Type BIII­36

. .
:/ ..
.. ...
.

l
42"

l
42" : . :
. ..
... ..
. , __,., . .. ..
···· · ···· · ······· · ····· .................
······················· ..... ············
1ype BIV­48 1ypeBIV­36

Figure B-9 (b) Possible Strand Arrangement for Sections in Figure C-9 (a)
 INDEX

AASHTO: 71, 74, 130, 140, 161, 165, 168, ASTM, 70, 71
169,220,742,744,750, 758, 764, 780, ASTM Specification, 50
820 Aswad, A., 868, 902
design, concrete bridges, 742 Aswad, G.S., 868, 902
LFD, 744, 748
LRFD specifications, 753, 754, 756 Badie, S.S., 821
sections, 116­119 Baishya, M.C., 821
standard specifications, 741 Baker, A.L.L., 181, 220, 416, 408
truck loads, 745 Balaguru, P.N., 71, 220
Abeles, P.W., 6, 28, 72, 220, 321, 416, 713, Balancing effects, 15
741 Bardhan­Roy, B.K., 28, 70, 72, 220, 416,
Acceleration, 829 715, 741
maps, 830, 831 Bars
ACI, 71, 79,130,161,185,187,200,413, prestressing, 53, 54
415,443,557,559,704, 741, 744, 759, reinforcing,50,51
763,820 Base restraint, 672
ACI Committee 318: 71, 104, 148, 152, Basic concepts of prestressing, 7
219,235,298,302,336,519,552,573, Bazant, 497
629, 705, 715,849,851,900 Beams
ACI Committee 435: 72, 104, 220 constant eccentricity, 113
ACI­ASCE, 74, 80, 82, 104, 228 continuous, 341, 358, 405
Aggregates variable eccentricity, 115
shrinkage oí, 48 weak beam­strong column concept, 847
Allowable deflections, 453, 454 Bearing stresses, 634, 638
Allowable stresses Biaxial bending, 531
concrete, 59, 60 Billington, D.P., 713, 724, 740
steel, 59, 60 Blair, H., 708, 741
Analysis, flexural, 107 Blair, K., 630
Anchorage zone design, 141, 145 Borg, S.E., 901
ANSI, 182, 220 Branson, D.E., 49, 71, 104, 427, 451, 496
ANSI/ ASCE, 705 Breen, J.E., 144, 220
Arthur, P.D., 416 Bridges
ASCE, 740, 741, 820 AASHTO sections, 935­942

943
944 lndex

Bridges ( cont.) stress­strain diagram, 36

cable­stayed, 3, 7, 11, 506 stress­strain properties of, 467
segmental, 3, 7 tensile strength, 33
Brondum­Nielsen, T., 741 Confining reinforcement, 849
Burdet, O., 144, 220 transverse,849,851
Burns, N.H., 28, 220, 630 Connections
Bursting stresses, 140 dapped­end beam, 640
details of, 651
Cantilever factor, 677 tolerancesfor,634,635
CEB, 74 Continuous beams, 340, 341
CEB­FIP, 130 Corbels, 263, 647
Center­of­pressure line (C­line), 13 Corbel design by strut­and­tie method,
Chakrabarti, P., 571, 630 327,329
Chan, T.C., 658 Corley, W.G., 408, 416
Chen, B., 39, 41, 72 Cornell, C.A., 182, 220
Chen, K.C., 219, 235, 336 Coupling beams, 856
Chiang, J.Y., 219, 479, 497 Crack control, 479, 480
Choek, G.S., 901, 902 Cracking
Circular prestressing, 70 beam behavior befare cracking, 420,
Circular tanks, 660 423
Cleland, N.M., 902 beams,427,443,479
C­line, 12, 21, 347, 350, 362 inclined, 228
Clough, D.P., 659 longitudinal, 140
Clough, R.W., 901 tension members, 548
Cohn, M.Z., 104, 408, 416, 479, 497, 630 Crack width
Collins, M.P., 148, 149, 220, 287, 289, 290, calculation of, 708
292,337, 762, 763,820 Crack widths
Columns calculation of, 480, 481
behavior, 501 tank walls, 708
load contour method, 530 tolerable, 485
modified, 540 Creasy, L.R., 661, 677, 694, 740 (Ref. 11.2)
nonslender, 508 Creep
P­a effect, 523 coefficient, 46
reciproca! load method for biaxial bend­ concrete, 43
ing, 540 in long­term deflections, 437, 444, 454
slender, 515, 525 losses, 80
strength of, 507 Crom, J.S. Sr., 660
Combined slide and pin, 679 Cross, H., 630
Compatibility, 198, 298 Curing, 47
Composite beams Curvature
elastic flexural stresses in, 158, 162, 242 beams,423,429,440,452
section properties of, 115­119 creep, 450
shear transfer in, 242 instantaneous, 419, 426
Composite members, 635
Composite sections, 118, 152, 165, 242 Danesi, R., 408, 416
Compression­controlled state, 198, 759 Decompression, 110, 111
Concordanttendon,354 Deep beams by strut­and­tie method, 320,
Concrete, 31 322,325
compressive strength, 32, 36, 39 Deflections
creep properties, 43 allowable, 453, 454
modulus of rupture, 422 of flat plates, 610
shear strength, 35 incremental, 429
lndex 945

time­step method for, 448 Federal Emergency Management Agency

of two­way slabs and plates, 617 (FEMA), 901
Deformation Federal Highway Administration, 220
of concrete, 33 FIP, 74
Derecho, A.T., 901 First­order second­moment (FOSM)
Design aids, 905 method, 182
Design information, 903 Fixity at wall foot, 695, 736
Diagonal shear cracking, 228 Fixity of dome support, 712
Diaphragms, 841, 854, 857 Flange width, effective, 161
Dikshit, O.P., 630 Flat dome, 712
Dilger, W.H., 104, 496 Flat­plate slabs, 592
Dill, RE., 5 Flexura! strength
Djazmati, C., 868, 902 of beams, 178
Dobell, C., 28 Flexura! stresses, 59, 106
Doehring, C.W., 5 allowable in concrete, 59
Double­T beams, 116, 117 allowable in steel, 59
Drift, 841, 842 Flexure­shear cracking, 225
Dual systems, 872 Form factor, 677
Ductile trames, 858, 860, 890, 895 Frames, indeterminate, 379
Ducts, 66 Freely sliding, 659, 662, 664, 692
Dywidag ductile connection assembly Freudenthal, A.M., 71
(DDC), 65, 864, 890 Freysinnet, E., 6, 28
Frictional losses, 85
Furlong, RW., 408, 416, 659
Earthquake ground motion, 826, 829
Eccentricity
Gadebeku, B.K., 220
limits of, 122
Gadebeku, C., 144, 145
variation of, 115
Galambos, T.V., 182, 220
Economics of prestressed concrete, 4
Gas load, 662
Effective prestress, 73, 93, 97, 100
Gergely, P., 220
Elastic deformation, 75
Gerwick, B.C. Jr., 28, 220, 361, 416, 550
Elastic modulus
Gesund, H., 630
of concrete, 36
Ghali, A., 104, 496, 740
of steel, 56
Ghosh, S.K., 901
Elastic shortening losses, 75
Goodkind, H., 219
Ellingwood, B., 182, 220
Gouwens, A.J., 630
Empty tank technique, 671
Grosco, J., 406,416
End­block reinforcement, 173
Grouting tendons, 64
Englekirk, RE., 864, 866, 867, 897, 901,
Gustafson, D.P., 630
902 (Ref. 13.21, 13.22)
Guyon, Y., 6, 28, 220
Equivalent frame method
for deflection, 563, 610, 611
Hemabom, R, 630
for flexura! analysis, 543, 547
Hemispherical dome, 709, 712
Equivalent lateral force method in seismic
Hewett, W.H., 5, 660
design, 837
High­rise buildings, 855, 858, 895
Equivalent load method, 16, 22, 347, 348,
Hinges, plastic, 401, 405, 408
351,352
Historical development of prestressing, 5
Ezeldin, A., 220
Hoffman, E.S., 630
Hoop stress, 673
Factored loads, 846 Horizontal base shear, 837
Failure Horizontal interface shear, 768
shear compression, 231 Hsu, T.T.C., 285, 288, 295, 302, 337, 762, 821
946 lndex

Hsu, C.T.T., 525, 526, 536 LRFD

Huang, P.T., 220, 479, 480, 497 AASHTO design, concrete bridges, 742
Hung, T.Y., 630 Lund,J., 5

In de termina te Magnel, G., 6, 28

beams,341,363,401 Maher, M.H., 39, 41, 72
frames, 379, 401 Mansfield, E.H., 622, 630
lnfluence coefficients, 403, 405, 669, 670 Marshall, W.T., 220
Initial prestress, 10, 11 Martin, L.D., 496
lnstitute of Structural Engineers, 28 Mast, R.F., 773, 818, 819, 821 (Ref. 12.16)
International Building Code (IBC2009), Mattock, A.H., 143, 218, 235, 332, 408, 416,
413,416, 751,826,828,901 659
ltaya, R., 630 McGee, W.D., 332
McGregor, J.G., 182, 220
Jack,hydraulic,63 Mehta, P.K., 71
Jackson, P.H., 5 Membrane coefficients, 677, 680­693
Johansen, K.W., 616 Mikhailov, V., 6
Mindess, S., 71
Kern of the cross­section, 130, 134, 135 Mirza, S.A., 659
Kudlapur, S.T., 821 Mitchell, D., 148, 149, 220, 287, 289, 290,
Kunnath, S.K., 862, 901 (Ref. 13.24) 291,337, 762, 763,820
Modified load contour method for biaxial
Ledges, 647 bending, 542
Lee, J.Y., 821 Moment distribution, 351, 352
Leonhardt, F., 6 carryover factor, 597, 598
Lew, H.S., 901 Moment magnification factor for columns,
Lift slabs, 861 520
Limit analysis, 401 Moment of inertia, effective, 427
Lin, T.Y., 6, 28, 104, 220, 416, 550, 630 Moment redistribution, 361
Linear elastic anchorage zone analysis, Morgan, N., 630
144 Moriadith, F.L., 652
Linear transformation, 354 Multipliers for deflection, 446
Liquid load, 661
Llovet, D., 901 Naaman, A.E., 28, 220, 759, 773, 774, 778,
Load­and­resistance­ factor ­design 821
(LRFD) method, 182 Naja, W.M., 834, 861, 901
Load balancing, 22 Nakaki, S.D., 861, 901 (Ref. 13.18)
for beams, 347, 358 Nawy, E.G., 28, 39, 41, 62, 66, 71, 72, 104,
for slabs, 567, 577 144,145,202,219,220,266,336,408,
Load­balancing method for beams, 15 479,480,496,550,573,574,708,741,
Load combinations, 846 751, 763,821,901
Load contour method of biaxial bending, Neville, A.M., 71
540 Nilson, AH., 220, 416, 451, 496, 630
Load factors, ACI, 185 Nonprestressed steel, 50
Losses in beams, 50
anchorage seating, 88 in columns, 50
creep, 80 in slabs, 51, 52
elastic shortening, 76 Norris, H.C., 901
friction, 85
relaxation, 78, 80 Occupancy, seismic, 833, 834
shrinkage, 83 One­way slabs, 570
Loss of prestress, 73 Overturning, 843
lndex 947

Park, R., 416 of steel, 78

Partial prestressing, 179 Restrained wall foot, 662
Paulay, J., 416 Reynolds, C.E., 569, 570, 571, 630
Pauley, T., 901 Rice, P.F., 630
PCl,74,83,104,117,120, 130,220,245, Ring force, 674, 676
259,303,336,337,416,446,496,550, Roberts, C., 144, 220
635,640,651,659,661, 704, 741, 780, Roll, F., 71
786,803,821 Roof, 708
connection details, 651­658 Ross, A.D., 71
deflection multipliers, 454, 468 Rotation, 402
Period of vibration, 827
Pessiki, S., 862, 869, 871, 902 (Refs. Safety, 742
13.31­13.33) structural, 181
Pinned wall foot, 671, 695, 697 Salek, F., 408, 416
Plastic hinges, 305, 308, 401 Sanders, D., 144, 220
Plasticity equilibrium torsion, 293 Sauer, J.A., 71
Plates Sawyer, H.A., 408
carryover factors, 596, 597 Schneider, R.R., 897
fixed­end moments, 570 Scordelis, A.C., 630
torsional stiffness, 564 Secondary moments, 344
Poisson's ratio for concrete, 668, 671, 675 Section modulus, 108
Popovices, S., 70 Seismic design, 824
Portland Cement Association, 71, 678, 740 Seismic forces, 751
Post­tensioning, 62 Semisliding, 733
Post­Tensioning Institute, 71, 104, 144, Serviceability, 418, 420, 453, 479
219,550,629,659, 704, 741,821 Shaikh, A.F., 447, 451, 496
Potyondy, G.J., 62, 72, 202, 219, 408, 416, Shear, 223
474,480,496 Shear design by ACI code, 228, 235, 240,
Precast prestressed frames in high seismic­ 246
ity zones, 852, 864 Shear friction theory, 264, 266
Precasttanks, 704, 705 Shear­mornent transfer, 583
Preload,663,665, 715 Shear reinforcement
Pressure, center of, 13 in beams, 234, 266
Pressure grouting, 64 in slabs, 582, 585
Prestan, R.L., 630, 708, 741 Shear wall, 855, 879
Pretensioning, 61 design, 882
Priestley, M.J.N., 902 Shells, 660, 664, 709
Primary moments, 344 Shrinkage
Principal stresses in beams, 232 of concrete, 48
Probable shears and moments, 845 losses, 83
Profile of tendons, 129, 132, 133 SI conversion table, 905­906
Siess, C.P., 234, 336
Rabbat, B.G., 287, 337 Sign convention, 107, 680
Radial shear, 662, 672 Slabs
Ramakrishnan, V., 416 deflection of two­way, 586
Reciproca! load method for biaxial bend­ flat­plate, 592
ing, 540 shear­moment transfer, 583
Redistribution of elastic moments, 358 types of, 554, 555
Reinforcement index, 198, 200 Slender columns
Relative stiffness, 558, 564 ACI design method for, 525
Relaxation Smulski, E., 416
losses, 78, 80 Soogswang, K., 235, 336

948
Sozen, M.A., 220, 234, 336
Spalling zone, 141
Span­depth ratios, flat plates, 570
Spectral response, 829
Standard sections, 115
Stanton, J.F., 861, 902
Steedman, J.C., 569, 570, 571, 630
Steel
low­relaxation, 54
relaxation of, 56, 78
strands, 54
stress­relieved, 54
wires, 54
Steiner, G.R., 5
Stirrups, 241, 248, 250
Stone, W.C., 220, 901, 902
Story height drift, 841
Strain, 36, 43
Strain compatibility analysis, 209
strain limits design approach, 191, 759,
760
strain limits, 191, 192, 759
Strength
concrete,31,35,59
flexural, beams, 188
nominal, 181, 186
of prestressing steel, 53, 54
reduction factor, 507
reduction factors, ACI, 185
reinforcing bars, 50, 51, 52
tanks, 705
Stress block, rectangular, 190
Stress distribution, 183
Stress­strain properties of
concrete,36,37,421,467
prestressing steel, 51, 56, 441
reinforcing bars, 51
Strong column­weak beam concept, 845,
847,873
Structural (shear) walls, 854
Strut­and­tie anchorage zone design, 144
Strut stress path in post­tensioned anchor­
age zone, 144
Strut­and­tie hypothesis for corbels and
deep beams, 317, 318, 322, 324
Subsoil support, 699
Support displacement method, 344­348
Tadros, M.K., 104, 425, 496, 741, 821
Tanks
circular prestressing, 69, 704, 715
'1)
lndex J
influence coefficients, 680­693
moments, 663
radial stress, 663
roof dome, 708
toe, 699, 700
vertical prestressing, 736
wall, 679, 716, 717
Taylor, F.W., 416
Tendon profile, concordant, 354
Tensile strength
concrete, 31
prestressing steel, 54
reinforcing bars, 50, 51
Tension­controlled state, 192, 759
Tension members, 500
behavior of, 546
design of, 548
linear, 548
Thickness of walls, 706, 707
Thompson, S.E., 416
Thomton, K., 416
Time­step method, incremental, 448
Timoshenko, S., 668, 671, 713, 740
Torsion
in beams, 286, 298, 308
compression field theory, 289
cracking,290,292
design for, 298, 304
equilibrium in element theory, 294
reinforcement requirements, 303
skew­bending theory, 285
space­truss analogy theory, 287
Transformatíon, linear, 355
Ukadike, M.M., 71, 266, 336
Unbonded post­tensioned precast concrete
precast shear walls, 867, 888
wall­base bolting, 870
wall base connection, 888
wall base grouting, 889
Unified design approach (See Strain limits
design approach)
Uniform Building Code (UBC), 413, 416,
829,901
Vertical moments, 679, 696
Vertical prestressing, 679, 715
Vessey, J.V., 630, 708, 741 (Ref. 11.14)
Wakabayashi, M., 622, 696
Walters, D.B., 630
lndex
Water­cement ratio, 48
Web reinforcement, mínimum, 238
Web­shear cracking, 231
Wheel load distribution, 748
Wheen, R.J., 552
Wilhelm, W.J., 552
Wind loads, 751
Wire mesh, welded, 51
Wires far prestressing, 54, 55, 56
949
Woinowsky­Krieger, S., 668, 671, 713, 740
Wollman, G., 144, 220
Yang, Y.K., 144, 145, 220
Young, J.F., 71
Zhu, R.H., 821
Zia, P., 285, 336
Zwoyer, E.M., 234, 336
V1 = factored shear force at section due to exter­ 'Yv = fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by
nally applied loads occurring simultaneously eccentricity of shear at slab­column connec­
with Mmax· tions.
Vn = nominal shear strength.
wu = factored load per unit length of beam or per
= 1 - -Y¡
unit area of slab. ons = moment magnification factor for frames
x = shorter overall dimension of rectangular part braced against sidesway, to reflect effects of
of cross section. member curvature between ends of compres­
x, = shorter center­to­center dimension of closed sion member.
rectangular stirrup. o_. = moment magnification factor for frames not
y = longer overall dimension of rectangular part braced against sidesway, to reflect lateral drift
of cross section. resulting from lateral and gravity loads.
y, = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, µ = curvature friction coefficient.
neglecting reinforcement, to extreme fiber in
tension. ~!xi) = time­dependent factor for sustained load.
y, = longer center­to­center dimension of closed P(,ho) = ratio of nonprestressed tension reinforcement.
rectangular stirrup. = Afbd
a = total angular change of prestressing tendon p' = ratio of nonprestressed compression rein­
profile in radians from tendon jacking end to forcement
any point x.
a = ratio of flexura! stiffness of beam section to = A'lbd
flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded Pb = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain
laterally by centerlines of adjacent panels (if conditions.
any) on each side of the beam. Pp = ratio of prestressed reinforcement.
Ect,Ít,
= Ap/bdP
EcJs
p, = As)Acv; where Asv is the projection on Acv of
am = average value of a for ali beams on edges of a
area of distributed shear reinforcement cross­
panel.
ing the plane of Acv·
!3 =
0 ratio of dead load per unit area to live load
per unit area (in each case without load fac­ 0 = angle of compression diagonals in truss anal­
tors ). ogy for torsion.
¡3d = ratio of maximum factored dead load moment <!> = strength reduction factor.
to maximum factored total load moment, al­
ways positive.
w = pf/f;..
13 = a ratio of clear spans in long to short direction w' = p'JJJ;.
of two­way slabs. wP = P/p,JJ;.
-Y¡ = fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by Wµw,ww,ww'
flexure at slab­column connections. = reinforcement indices for flanged sections
'Yp = factor for type of prestressing tendon. computed as for w,wp, and w' except that b
= 0.55 for /p/Ípu not less than 0.80 shall be the web width, and reinforcement
= 0.40 for /p/Ípu not less than 0.85 area shall be that required to develop com­
= 0.28 for fp/fpu not less than 0.90 pressive strength of web only.
To convert from to multiply by
Length
inch (in.) millimeter (mm) 25.4
inch (in.) meter (m) 0.0254
foot (ft) meter (m) 0.3048
yard (yd) meter (m) 0.9144
A rea
square foot (sq. ft) square meter (sq m) 0.09290
square inch (sq. in.) square millimeter (sq mm) 645.2
square inch (sq. in.) square meter (sq m) 0.0006452
square yard (sq yd) square meter (sq m) 0.8361
acre (A) hectare (ha) = 10,000 sq m 0.4047
Volume
cubic inch (cu in.) cubic meter (cu m) 0.00001639
cubic foot ( cu ft) cubic meter (cu m) 0.02832
cubic yard ( cu yd) cubic meter (cu m) 0.7646
gallon (gal) Can. liquid* liter 4.546
gallon (gal) Can. liquid* cubic meter (cu m) 0.004546
gallon (gal) U.S. liquid* liter 3.785
gallon (gal) U.S. liquid* cubic meter (cu m) 0.003785
Force
kip kilogram (kgf) 453.6
kip newton (N) 4448.0
pound (lb) kilogram (kgf) 0.4536
pound (lb) newton (N) 4.448
Pressure or Stress
kips/square inch (ksi) megapascal (MPa)** 6.895
pound/square foot (psf) kilopascal (kPa)** 0.04788
pound/square inch (psi) kilopascal (kPa)** 6.895
pound/square inch (psi) megapascal (MPa)** 0.006895
pounds/sq uare foot (psf) kilogram/square meter (kgf/sq m) 4.882
Mass
pound (avdp) kilogram (kg) 0.4536
ton (short, 2000 lb) kilogram (kg) 907.2
ton (short, 2000 lb) tonne (t) 0.9072
gram kilogram (kg) 0.00006480
tonne (t) kilogram (kg) 1000
Mass (weight per Length)
kip/linear foot (klf) kilogram/meter (kg/rn) 1488
pound/linear foot (plf) kilogram/meter kg/m 1.488
pound/linear foot (plf) newton/meter (N/m) 14.593
Mass per volume (density)
pound/cubic foot (pcf) kilogram/cubic meter (kg/cu m) 16.02
pound/cubic iard (pcy) kilogram/cubic meter (kg/cu m) 0.5933
gallon per yd Kg/m3 4.985
oz per yd ' Kg/m3 0.037
Bending Moment or Torque
inch­pound (in.­lb) newton­meter 0.1130
foot­pound (ft­lb) newton­meter 1.356
foot­kip (ft­k) newton­meter 1356
Temperature
degree Fahrenheit (deg F) degree Celsius (C) fe= (tF- 32)/1.8
degree Fahrenheit (deg F) degree Kelvin (K) (K= (tF+459.7)/1.8
Energy
British thermal unit (Btu) joule U) 1056
kilowatt­hour (kwh) joule U) 3,600,000
Power
horsepower (hp) (550 ft lb/sec) watt (W) 745.7
Velocity
mile/hour (mph) kilometer/hour 1.609
mile/hour (mph) meter/second (m/s) 0.4470
Other
Section modulus (in.') mm3 16,387
Moment of inertia (in.") mm4 416,231
Coefficient of heat transfer (Btu/ft2/h/ºF) W/m2/ºC 5.678
Modulus of elasticity (psi) MPa 0.006895
Thermal conductivity (BTU­in./ft2/h/ºF) Wm/m2/ºC 0.1442
Thermal expansion in./in./ºF mm/mm/ºC 1.800
Area/length (in.2/ft) rnrnvrn 2116.80

*One U .S. gallan equals 0.8321 Canadian gallan

** A pascal equals ane newtan/square meter