1.

Introduction
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Kerosene distillation occurs due to different boiling point components. For separation we use
fractionation distillation column and dividing-wall columns (DWC-column). For project capacity
from 10 to 50 Mt per day (by raw materials), we propose batch distillation system. For capacity
from 50 Mt we propose continuous distillation system. The output of white spirit depends of
kerosene quality. As a result, we can obtain next fractionation products:
 Light fraction (aromatic)
 White spirit from 3 to 5 fractions
 Heavy kerosene (winter diesel)

White spirits have boiling ranges (temperatures at which they start and finish boiling) 300°F -
430°F (140°C - 220°C). White spirits are used as solvents or diluents in thinners for paints and
varnishes, paint driers, color printing of fabrics, for metal cleaning and degreasing, in furniture
and rubber industry, for waxes and polishes, in dry cleaning etc.

Components of the project:

 Tanks Storage
 Distillation system
 Cooling system
 Boiler system
 Automation system
 System of electric power facilities
 Buildings and steel structures
 Fire extinguishing systems
 Pier

Benefits:
 Consumes less space;
 Innovation technology (cyclic distillation column, DWC)
 Low investments into the project
 High quality White Spirit
 Individual approach to the project

In most cases, the distillation is operated at a continuous steady state. New feed is always being
added to the distillation column and products are always being removed. Unless the process is
disturbed due to changes in feed, heat, ambient temperature, or condensing, the amount of feed
being added and the amount of product being removed are normally equal. This is known as
continuous, steady-state fractional distillation.
2. Properties of white spirit
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White spirit is a clear colorless solvent with very low water solubility and a characteristic
odor (odor threshold: 0.5-5 mg/m3). The most common variety of white spirit is a mixture of
saturated aliphatic and alicyclic C7-C12 hydrocarbons with a content of 15-20% (by weight) of
aromatic C7-C12 hydrocarbons and a boiling range of 130-230°C. The C9-C11 hydrocarbons
(aliphatics, alicyclics and aromatics) are most abundant, constituting > 80% (by weight) of the
total. This ordinary white spirit is designated white spirit, type 1, regular grade, as three
different types and three different grades exist. The type refers to whether the solvent has been
subjected to hydrodesulfurization (removal of sulfur) alone (type 1), solvent extraction (type 2)
or hydrogenation (type 3). The hydrodesulfurized type contains less than 25% aromatic
hydrocarbons, the solvent-extracted less than 5%, and the hydrogenated less than 1%. Each type
comprises three different grades: low flash grade (flash point: 21-30°C; initial boiling point: 130-
144°C), regular grade (flash point: 31-54°C; initial boiling point: 145-174°C), and high flash
grade (flash point: > 55°C; initial boiling point:175-200°C). The grade is determined by the
crude oil used as the starting material and the conditions of distillation. Type 0 white spirit is
defined as a distillation fraction with no further treatment, consisting predominantly of saturated
C9-C12 hydrocarbons with a boiling range of 140-220°C. The low flash grade possesses the
highest vapor pressure of approximately 1.4 kPa (10.5 mmHg) at 20°C.
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3. Technical specifications
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The content of white spirit can vary, because of differences in the raw material (crude oil)
and in the production processes. The different kinds of white spirit are defined according to
physico-chemical properties rather than exact chemical composition. The specifications for white
spirit in different countries are listed in Table 2.
White spirit is a complex mixture containing mainly C7-C12 hydrocarbons with a boiling range of
130-220°C. The various types are produced as distillation fractions from naphtha and kerosene
components of crude petroleum. The composition of the various types of white spirit depends on
the production process.

Type 1: Naphtha (petroleum), hydrodesulfurized heavy.

A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained from a
catalytic hydrodesulfurization process. It consists of
hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the 7-12
range and boiling in the range of approximately 90 to 230°C
(194 to 446°F).

Type 2: Naphtha (petroleum), solvent-refined heavy

A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained as the
raffinate from a solvent extraction process. It consists
predominantly of aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon
numbers predominantly in the 7-12 range and boiling in the
range of approximately 90 to 230°C (194 to 446°F).

Type 3: Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy

A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a
petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a
catalyst. It consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers
predominantly in the 6-13 range and boiling in the range of
approximately 65 to 230°C (149 to 446°F).
The naphtha and kerosene fractions from crude petroleum are first subjected to
hydrodesulfurization, followed by fractional distillation into the appropriate boiling ranges. In
the case of type 3 white spirit, hydrogenation (treatment with hydrogen over a catalyst, also
Termed as hydro-treatment) is carried out on the fraction of hydrodesulfurized white spirit. The
sequence of fractionation and hydrogenation may be reversed.

Hydrogenation converts the unsaturated aromatics into saturated cycloalkanes.

Consequently, hydrogenated white spirit contains straight- and branched-chain aliphatics ( n- and
iso-alkanes), a relatively large fraction of cycloalkanes (naphthenes) and practically
no aromatics.

White spirit that has not been treated beyond the process of distillation is termed straight-run
white spirit (type 0). Stoddard solvent is a USA term for white spirit which corresponds to a
type 1, hydrodesulfurized solvent. Types 1, 2 and 3 are further divided into three technical
grades which are defined by flash point.
4. Production
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An overview of the production of the different types of white spirit is given in Fig. 1 (IARC,
1989a).
White spirit type 1 (the traditional white spirit) with a content of up to 25% of aromatics is
produced from straight-run naphtha and straight-run kerosene, which are refinery process
streams obtained from the distillation of crude oil. These fractions are subjected to fractional
distillation into the appropriate boiling ranges of white spirit (130-220°C). A
hydrodesulfurization process (removal of sulfur) is carried out either before or after the fractional
distillation.

White spirit type 2 is produced by solvent extraction of the kerosene and naphtha fractions
followed by a fractional distillation. The extraction process for removal of the aromatic
hydrocarbons can be undertaken with sulfolane, sulfur dioxide, or N-methylpyrollidone.
Hydrodesulfurization may occur (CEFIC, 1989; IARC, 1989a).

To obtain white spirit type 3, the ordinary type 1 white spirit is subjected to hydrogenation
(treatment with hydrogen over a catalyst). The hydrogenation converts the aromatics into
saturated alicyclic hydrocarbons. The hydrogenation process may be performed before the
fractional distillation.

In 1985, the total amount of the various white spirit solvents produced in the USA was
922 000 tonnes. This was made up of odourless white spirit (236 000 tonnes), Stoddard solvent
(324 000 tonnes) and 140 Flash solvent (362 000 tonnes) (IARC, 1989a).
5. DESULFURISAT ION PROCESS
https://www.google.com/patents/US4786405

Sulfur-bearing liquid hydrocarbon feedstocks such as kerosene undergo desulfurization and

deodorization by contacting such feedstocks with sodium hydride at normal atmospheric
pressure and at elevated temperatures. The resulting liquid is further contacted with a mineral
acid such as sulfuric acid and an alkaline neutralizing agent such as caustic soda. The liquid may
also be contacted with an oxidizying agent such as sodium hyprochlorite prior to being contacted
with the neutralizing agent and with a dehydrating agent such as soda ash after being contacted
with the neutralizing agent.
 \

Thermic fluids
Heat Transfer Fluid
A heat transfer fluid (HTF) is a liquid or a gas that transports heat from one component to
another component in any process requiring heating or cooling or simply to maintain a constant
temperature. The desirable attributes of a heat transfer fluid are non- or low toxicity (sometimes
food grade or food safe), low viscosity at low temperatures, high specific heat and thermal
conductivity, environmentally friendly, high flash point (or non-flammable/non-combustible in
some cases) and economical.

 Hydrocarbon oils
Hydrocarbon oils have a higher viscosity and lower specific heat than water. They
require more energy to pump. These oils are relatively inexpensive and have a low
freezing point.
The basic categories of hydrocarbon oils are synthetic hydrocarbons, paraffin
hydrocarbons, and aromatic refined mineral oils. Synthetic hydrocarbons are
relatively nontoxic and require little maintenance. Paraffin hydrocarbons have a wider
temperature range between freezing and boiling points than water, but they are toxic
and require a double-walled, closed-loop heat exchanger. Aromatic oils are the least
viscous of the hydrocarbon oils.

Dynalene HT is a high temperature heat transfer fluid that embodies all the physical and environmental
qualities desired by the modern day customer. It exhibits one of the highest boiling, flash and fire points
available at atmospheric pressure. Noncorrosive and highly stable, Dynalene HT is the ideal choice for
dependable performance where temperatures exceed the thermal stress limitations of most competitive
fluids. The low vapor pressure of Dynalene HT (<0.01 PSIA at 160°C/320°F), along with its low odor and
low toxicity, allow for safer use of the product in non-pressurized systems.

Open System
Temperature
68°F to 350°F / 20°C to 177°C
Range
Closed System
68°F to 662°F / 20°C to

350°C