7-5 Engineering Drawings,

Diagrams and Standards.

 Syllabus
• Drawing types and diagrams, their symbols,
dimensions, tolerances and projections;
• Identifying title block information;
• Microfilm, microfiche and computerised presentations;
• Specification 100 of the Air Transport Association (ATA)
• of America;
• Aeronautical and other applicable standards including
ISO, AN, MS, NAS and MIL;
• Wiring diagrams and schematic diagrams.
 Aircraft Manuals
• An aircraft may have any / all of the following
manuals:
– Flight Manual
– Maintenance Planning Manual (MRB)
– Maintenance Manual
– IPC
– Wiring Diagrams
– Structural Repair Manuals
– Component Maintenance Manuals
– Manual of Service Bulletins
 ATA 100
• ATA = Air Transport Association of America
• Prior to the introduction of ATA 100 the
presentation of technical data in the
manufacturer’s manuals was not laid out to
any standardised format.
• Consequently, HYDRAULICS could be in
chapter 15 of the De Haviland manual but it
was in chapter 9 of the Vicker’s manual
• An example of this is the Fouga manuals in the
hangar.
 ATA 100
• Chapters 1 to 19 • Powerplant
General – 70 to 89
• Airframe Systems • General
– 20 to 49 – 90 to 100
• Airframe Structures
– 50 to 59
• Propellers / Rotors
– 60 to 69
 ATA 100 Chapters
• 20 Standard practices-Airframe
21 Air conditioning
22 Auto flight
• 04 Airworthiness Limitations 23 Communications
• 05 Time Limits-Maintenance Checks 24 Electrical power
25 Equipment/Furnishing
06 Dimensions and Areas
26 Fire protection
07 Lifting and Shoring 27 Flight controls
08 Leveling and Weighing 28 Fuel
09 Towing and Taxiing 29 Hydraulic Power
10 Parking, Mooring, Storage 30 Ice and Rain Protection
and Return to Service 31 Indicating/Recording system
11 Placards and marking 32 Landing Gear
12 Servicing 33 Lights
34 Navigation
35 Oxygen
36 Pneumatic
38 Water/waste
44 Cabin system
46 Information Systems
49 Airborne Auxiliary Power
• 51 Standard practices and • 60 STANDARD PRACTICES -
structure PROPELLER / ROTOR
52 Doors
53 Fuselage
61 PROPELLERS /
54 Nacelle/pylons PROPULSORS
55 Stabilizers 62 MAIN ROTOR(S)
56 Windows 63 MAIN ROTOR DRIVE(S)
57 Wings 64 TAIL ROTOR
65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE
66 ROTOR BLADE AND TAIL
PYLON FOLDING
67 ROTORS FLIGHT
CONTROL
 ATA 100
• 70 Standard Practices-engines
71 Power plant
72 Engine • 91 Charts
73 Engine Fuel and control
74 Ignition • 92 Electrical and
75 Bleed Electronic common
76 Engine controls
77 Engine indicating
installation
78 Exhaust
79 Oil
80 Starting
• 81 TURBINES (RECIPROCATING
ENGINES)
82 WATER INJECTION
83 ACCESSORY GEAR BOXES (ENGINE
DRIVEN)
84 PROPULSION AUGMENTATION
 Sections and Subjects
• Each chapter is divided • Composition
into sections and – 73 - Chapter (Engine
subjects: Fuel and Control)
• Example – 10 Section (Distribution)
– Chapter 73 Section 10 = – 41 Subject (HP Fuel
Distribution Pump)
– Subject 41 may deal with
Fuel Pumps – 73-10-41
 ATA 100 Page Blocks
• 1-general discription • 501- Adjustment and
and operation test
101- Troubleshooting 601- Inspection Checks
201- Maintenance 701- Cleaning and
Practices Painting
301- Servicing 801- Approved Repairs.
401- Removal and
installation
 Example
• The inspection procedure for the HP Fuel
Pump would be on page:
– 73-10-41-601
• The procedure to remove the HP Fuel Pump
would be on page:
– 73-10-41-401
ATA iSpec 2200
 ATA S1000D
• S1000D is an international specification for
technical publications, utilising a Common
Source Database. It was originally introduced
to the European community by the
Association Européenne des Constructeurs de
Matériel Aérospatial (AECMA), representing
the aerospace industry.
 S1000D
• By definition: S1000D is an international
specification for the procurement and
production of technical publications. While
this definition appears to restrict its use to
technical publications, it has been found
through application that the principles of the
specification can also be applied to non-
technical publications.
 Reference
• http://www.s-techent.com/ATA100.htm
 Media
• Paper
– Permanent in White Paper
– Amendments in Yellow Paper
• Microfiche
• CD
Microfiche
• Microfiche is a
sheet of film or
plastic, usually 4” x
6”. One sheet is
often part of a
larger set, each
sheet is stored in an
envelope and
placed upright in a
file cabinet.
Microfiche Reader
• Insert the microfiche
sheet between the
glass plates in a
microfiche reader to
view the image
through a lens.
Microfilm
• Microfilm is 16 mm or
35 mm wide positive
or negative film on a
reel. Each reel is
usually stored in a box.
You wind it on a
microfilm reader in
order to view it
through a lens.
CD Version
AMPI
AMPI Chapter 5
IPC
Wiring Diagram
Maintenance Manual
Aeronautical Standards
 Aeronautical Standards
Standard Description
AN An American Army / Navy standard that is used for many small parts
on aircraft. Tends to be found on older aircraft e.g. AN5-5 Bolt
BS British Standards
EN European
MIL Military. A US military standard common to all the US services and
used widely for the specification of oils, fuels on civil aircraft. May
be written as MIL-SPEC or MIL-STD
MS Military Standard (American) Example MS20470 AD 5-12 denotes a
rivet (size, shape of head and material)
NAS National Aerospace Standard (UK Based)
ISO International Standards Organisation. Has over 17000 standards.
Field number 49 is of importance in aviation as it relates to “Aircraft
and space vehicle engineering”.
 ISO Standards
• 49.020 Aircraft and space vehicles in general
Including aircraft performance, flight
dynamics, etc.
Air transport, see 03.220.50
• 49.025 Materials for aerospace construction
• 49.030 Fasteners for aerospace construction
Fasteners for general use, see 21.060 49.035
Components for aerospace construction
Tyres for aircraft, see 83.160.20
 Engineering Drawings
• Types of Drawings
– Working / Production Drawing
• Detail Drawings
• Installation Drawings
• Assembly Drawings
– Sectional Drawings
– Block Diagrams
– Logic Flow Charts
– Schematic Diagram
– Exploded View
 Detail Drawing
• A detail drawing supplies all the information
required to construct a part, including all
dimensions, materials and type of finish.
 Assembly Drawing
• After individual parts are fabricated, they are
assembled into various sub-assemblies with
the aid of an assembly drawing.
• The assembly drawing depicts the relationship
between two or more parts.
 Installation Drawing
• All sub-assemblies are
brought together in an
installation drawing.
This type of drawing
shows the general
arrangement or position
of parts with respect to
an aircraft and provides
the information needed
to install them.
 Sectional Drawings
• When it is necessary to show the internal
construction or shape of a part a sectional
drawing is used.
• There are four types of Sectional Drawing:
– The revolved section.
– The removed section.
– The complete section
– The half section.
Sectional Drawings
 Block Diagrams
• This consists of individual
blocks that represent
several components.
• Since most of the
maintenance needed on
complex systems consists of
identifying a malfunctioning
subassembly and replacing
it, block diagrams enhance
this process.
 Logic Flowcharts
• A logic flowchart
represents the
mechanical, electrical or
electronic action of a
system without
expressing construction
or engineering
information.
 Schematic Diagrams
• A schematic diagram is used to illustrate a principle of
operation and therefore does not show parts as they
actually appear or function.
 Pictorial Diagrams
• Pilot’s handbooks and
some training manuals
often use pictorial
diagrams of electrical
and hydraulic systems.
• In pictorial diagrams,
pictures of components
are used instead of the
conventional symbols
found in schematic
diagrams.
 Exploded View
• Often used in Illustrated
parts catalogues.
• All parts are typically in
their relative positions
and expanded out-
ward. Each part is
identified by both is
physical appearance or
by its name or by a
reference number that
is coded to the parts
list.
 Drawing Information
• The information that the engineer adds to the
drawing form is located in five general areas:
– Indexing Pane
– Revision Block
– Title Block
– Picture or Drawing Area
– Additional Information.
 Title Block
• A title block is generally • It should contain
printed in the lower
right hand corner of
every aircraft drawing.
It contains the
information necessary
to manufacture the
illustrated part.
– Title of Drawing
– Size (E.G A, B, C, D)
– Drawing Number
– Scale
– Page or Sheet Number
– Signatures
– Application or Section
Number
 Title Block
• Title
– To establish the concept
of the item.
– What is it used for?
– Where is it used?
– What does it do?
• Example:
– Wing Rib-Sta.111.9
Lining instl-left sidewall,
aft cargo compartment
• Size
– A = 8.5 x 11 inches
– B = 11 x 17 inches
– C = 17 x 22 inches
– D = 22 x 34 inches
– E = 34 x 44 inches
– R = 36 x 42 inches
 Title Block
• Drawing Number • Scale
– A drawing number or – The scale indicates the
part number is assigned size of the drawing.
to each drawing. The
part carries the number
through-out its entire
life.
 Title Block
• Page or Sheet • Signatures
– When drawings are – For the people
assembled into a book, responsible for all
as with wiring diagrams, aspects of the part.
this space on the title • The designer
block is used for the • The person who approved
page number of the the design.
book. • The draftsman.
• The person who checked
the drawing.
• The person who released
the drawing.
 Revision Block
• Most aircraft drawings
have a revision block in
the upper right hand
corner.
• Prior to making a part
you should check the
revision block to verify
you have the latest
revision.
 Revisions
• Advance Drawing Change Notice (ADCN)
– Used to give advance notification that the drawing
will be changed in the near future.
• Drawing Change Notice (DCN)
– Is a record of changes which have already been
made to the drawing.
• Drawing Departure Authorisation (DDA)
– Used to authorise the shop to vary from the
requirements of the drwg
 Zones
• Aircraft drawings are
usually 36 to 42 inches
wide and several feet
long, hence it is often
difficult to find detailed
views without a system
of location.
• A 12 inch grid is used.
• Section C-7 for example
would be used to
identify a part of the
drawing
 Methods of Illustration
• Orthographic Projection
• Auxiliary Drawings
• Isometric Drawings
• Oblique Drawings.
 Orthographic Projection
• In orthographic projection there are six possible
views from which an object can be drawn.
• The most common views in aircraft drawings are
top, front and right side.
 Auxiliary Drawings
• Although an
orthographic drawing
can represent up to 6
different views, it is
sometimes necessary to
see a view that is not at
a 90 degree angle to
the face of an object.
 Isometric Drawing
• This is a projection of a
3D object on 2D paper.
• With this type of
drawing the objected is
rotated so that 3 sides
are visible
 Oblique Drawing
• An oblique drawing is
an isometric drawing
with one object face
parallel to the drawing
plane.
• The depth axis of the
oblique is typically any
convenient angle and
most often 30 degrees.
 Perspective Drawings
• These are used when
you need to see an
object similar to the
way the human eye
sees it.
• These are not generally
used in aircraft
drawings
 Dimensions and Tolerances
• Dimensions should never be
scaled from an aircraft
drawing, because the paper
shrinks or stretches in use.
• Dimensions are placed in
the break of a dimension
line, between two extension
lines, or, if the lines are too
close together, the
dimensions are placed
outside the dimension line
arrows.
• Tolerances, which are
the max differences
between the extreme
allowable dimensions,
may be shown with the
dimension.
• Some tolerances are
shown for the entire
drawing and are
indicated by the way
the dimension is written
Dimensions and Tolerances
Dimensions and Tolerances
Dimensions
and
Tolerances
 Example
• With reference to the following figure, what is
the finished diameter of the two holes in this
part?
• How is the
• Finished dia
• Achieved?

Ans = ½ “ and Reamer

 Example
What is the vertical distance from
the top of the fitting and the bottom
of the lowest 15/64” hole.

Answer = 2.367”
 Aircraft Location Systems
• Frame Numbers
– The hoop frames on an aircraft are numbered
sequentially, usually beginning at the front
bulkhead.
• Panel Numbers
– Panels may be numbered odd and even numbers
indicating left or right side of the aircraft and may
be in allocated blocks i.e. 200 series upper wing
surface or 600 series the flight deck panels.
 Example
• An accurate location for a dent could be:
• Stn 473, WL 85.5, Butt line 45 left adjacent to
frame 22.
Zonal
Station Systems
 Section Numbers (A319/320/321)
• Each major part of the aircraft, corresponding
to production receives a section number. The
fuselage section base number is 10
• The fuselage is divided into various sections
for manufacturing reasons.
 Section Numbers (A319/320/321)
• The general wing section base number is 20.
• The general tail plane section base number is
30
A320 Structural Breakdown and Zoning
• The station number is the distance in
centimeters of a cross section from a
reference point.
• The station / frame numbers shown
correspond to the section boundaries.
STA350/FR1

STA2136/FR35

STA561/RIB11

Z=0
 Zonal System
• The zonal location system (specified in ATA
100) relies on giving each zone on the aircraft
an identification number. The string / frame
station system relies on numbering all the
frames and all the stringers
 Zonal Inspection Program
• 100 to 199 Lower Half Fuselage
• 200 to 299 Upper Half Fuselage
• 300 to 399 Tail Section
• 400 to 499 Pylon and Nacelle
• 500 to 599 Port Wing
• 600 to 699 Stb Wing
• 700 to 799 Landing Gear
• 800 to 899 Doors
 Zonal System
Boeing 777
 Zone Numbers A320
• Access doors and panels are identified by the
number of the zone in which the panel is
located followed by a two letter suffix which
locates it within the zone.
• The first letter indicates which access door or
panel it is, starting from the reference axis.
– A = 1st
– B=2nd
 Zone Numbers A320
• The second letter indicates the access door or
panel location.
– T = Top surface
– B = Bottom Surface
– Z = Internal
– F = Floor Panel
– W = Side wall Panel
– C = Ceiling panel
 534AB

534BB