Presentacionmonterreyaugust2017 170905100246 PDF

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017
Loughborough University, UK
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt
CHALLENGES
IN THE FUTURE
POWER NETWORKS
1st September 2017

Monterrey, Mexico
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author. Copyright © 2017. http:www.fglongatt.org
Smart-erGrid
Driving Forces and challenges
Future Electric Power Grid:
Context: Overview of Drivers
@fglongatt
@fglongatt
Gonzalez-Longatt, F. (2014). Frequency Control

and Inertial Response Schemes for the Future
Power Networks. Large Scale Renewable Power
Generation. J. Hossain and A. Mahmud, Springer
Singapore: 193-231.
Context: Where do we need to Change?
PV
AC Storage
MTDC System
@fglongatt
Wind Farm
EV
IM
Gonzalez-Longatt, F. (2014). Frequency Control As the low-emission economy The other half of the challenge lies
and Inertial Response Schemes for the Future evolves, building new generation in building the transport and
Power Networks. Large Scale Renewable Power technologies is just half the
Generation. J. Hossain and A. Mahmud, Springer
distribution networks
Singapore: 193-231. challenge
Context: Changes in GB
70
CCS
65 fglongatt 2013
Biomass
Geothermal
60
55
2020 2050
Billion Barrels of Oil Equivalent per year

50
Wind
45
15% of energy from renewable No renewable target
40
35
Solar
Nuclear
30
25
34% reduction in CO2 80% reduction in CO2
Hydro
20
emission versus 1990 emission versus 1990
15
Coal
10
Gas
Oil 5
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 0
@fglongatt
Electricity % of end use energy ~20%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~200
% of end use energy ~50%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~5
Gas
% of end use energy ~40% % of end use energy ~35%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~184 Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~184
Oil
% of end use energy ~40% % of end use energy ~40%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~247 Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~247
@fglongatt
Data
Monterrey, source:
Mexico, National
September 2017 Grid Gone Green scenario
North Sea National Targets 2030 (1/4)
@fglongatt
K
RA
ER
AG
SK
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
IRELAND
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
IRISH SEA UNITED
KINGDOM
@fglongatt
www.fglongatt.org.ve
BELGIUM Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD
June 2012
ENGLISH CHANNEL
Coventry, UK
Data source: EWEA

Systems
Basic considerations of Future Energy
Future Energy Systems
Power Network (present)  Energy Systems Future
Increased use of
HVDC lines of both, • Liberalised market
LCC and
predominantly VSC
technology (in meshed
networks and as a
super grid)
@fglongatt
MTDC • Increased cross-boarder bulk

power transfers to facilitate
effectiveness of market
Multi-terminal HVDC
mechanisms
Offshore wind power
Proliferation of
nonconventional
renewable
generation – largely Wind Farm
stochastic and
intermittent
(wind, PV, marine) at Storage
all
levels and of various @fglongatt
sizes
Electric-vehicles
Renewable Energy Resources
• Large on-shore and offshore

wind farms

• Integrated “intelligent” • Active distribution networks
Power Electronic • New types of loads within
devices • customer premises
• Integrated ICT &
storage
@fglongatt
Bi-directional energy flow

• Small scale (widely
• dispersed) technologies in
Different energy carriers
Distribution networks Multi-directional info flow
Smart-erGrid
Future Electric Power Grid:
Smarter-Grid and Potential solutions
What it is?
Smarter Grid
"Smart Grid / Department of
Department of Energy" Energy &
Climate Change
http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid
Smart Grids European

Technology Platform and Ofgem
https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-
energy-security--2/supporting-pages/future-electricity-
http://www.smartgrids.eu/
networks
The term smart grid has

been in use since at least A smart electricity grid that develops to support an efficient, timely transition
2005, when it appeared in to a low carbon economy to help the UK meet its carbon reduction targets,
the article "Toward A
Smart Grid" by Amin and ensure energy security and wider energy goals while minimising costs to
Wollenberg.
consumers
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/285417/Smart_Grid_Vision_and_RoutemapFINAL.pdf
Self-Healing to correct problems early

Interactive with consumers and markets
Optimized to make best use of resources Massive deployment in ICT
Intelligent systems
Predictive to prevent emergencies Distributed intelligent systems.
Distributed assets and information

Integrated to merge all critical information
More Secure from threats from all hazards
Features of a Smart Grid
Smarter Grid
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http://www.fglongatt.org/Desechable/SEMINAR%20Exploring%20Beyond%20frontier.pdf
Research Projects (1/2)
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Smart Grids: Challenges/Solutions
Solution
@fglongatt Balancing
Great Challenges generation & demand, new
business models
Load management
Distributed and & peak
avoidance
renewable energy
Limited generation Reliability through auto-

and grid capacity matic outage prevention
and
restoration
Aging and/or weak
Efficient generation,
infrastructure transmission, distribution
& consumption
Cost and emissions
of energy supply
Full transparency
on distribution level and
Revenue losses, e.g. automated loss prevention
non-technical losses

Challenge:
Smart Grid Context

Uncertainties and Big Data
Sources of Uncertainties
• Topology, parameters & settings (e.g., • Time and spatial variation in load, load
tap settings, temperature dependent line composition, models and parameters
ratings)
• Observability & controllability • Pattern (size, output of
generators, types and
location of generators,
i.e., conventional,
renewable, storage)
AC • Parameters
(conventional and
MTDC System renewable generation
and storage)
@fglongatt
IM Uncertainties in Power Systems

• Parameters of generator controllers (AVRs, Governors,
PSSs, PE interface), network controllers (secondary Randomnes Incompletness
voltage controller), FACTS devices and HVDC line Analysis Statistical Cognitive
controllers
Modelling Stochastic Fuzzy
• Contractual power flow (consequence of different market
mechanisms and price) “Modelling and Control Challenges in Future Energy Systems:
• Faults (type, location, duration, frequency, distribution, Uncertainties+Big-Data+Risk”. Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft,
Netherlands, 13 Oct 2014
impedance) “Future Energy Systems: Uncertainties+Big-Data+Risk = Challenges”,
• Communications (noise, time delays and loss of signals) Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Belgium, 10 Oct 2014.
Sources of Big-Data
• SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems
• WAMS (Wide Area Monitoring Systems)
• Advanced metering devices (“Intelligent”/“Smart” meters)
Applications
server
WAN
Data
concentrator People
Smart
PMU Meters
PMU
Many measurements Smart

Appliances
not just standard
PQ monitoring
Condition parameters Environment
Customer surveys
Dynamic Thermal Rate
• New data sources: no knowledge / expertise
• Data mining and online analytics for interpretation
Step Forward
• DC-voltage security assessment (SSA) methodology.
• Quantify the risk associated with forecasted operational
scenarios by considering the probability and severity of DC- 0.2
0.15
PDF(U) based on U1
0.4
0.3
PDF(U) based on U2
0.2
PDF(U) based on U1
0.4
Probability
Probability
voltage excursions, overload on cables and converter stations
0.15 0.3
Probability
Probability
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
0.05 0.1
WFC1 0.05 0.1
0 0
1.125 1.1351.131.14 1.108 1.109 1.11 1.111
Risk  Sev|U k    Pr U k   Risk U k dU k

U U 0 0
P WF1
PDF(U) based on U3 N6 PDF(U) based on U4
1.125 1.13
U
1.135 1.14 1.10
0.2 0.2
PDF(U) based on U3
PDF(U) based on0.15
U1 PDF(U) based on0.15
U2
N4 0.2 0.2
N3
Probability
Probability
0.2 0.4
N1 0.15 0.15
Probability
Probability
0.1 0.1
N NODE
0.15 0.3
Probability
Probability
0.1 0.1
Risk  Sev|Ei , X t 1    Risk  Sev|U k 

0.05 PDF(U) based on U1 0.05
PDF(U) based on U
0.1 0.2
0.05 0.4 0.05 0.2
0 0
0.05 1.1 0.1
1.12 1.14 1.115 1.12 1.125 1.13
0.15 0.3
WPPC1 0 0
Probability
Probability
U U 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.11
0 PDF(U) 0based on U5
1.125 1.13 1.135 1.14 1.108 1.109 1.11 1.111 0.1 U 0.2
k 1
0.2
U U PDF(U) based on U5
GSC1
PDF(U) based on0.15
U3 PDF(U) based on U4 0.05 0.2 0.1
GSC3
Probability
0.2 0.2
N1 0 0.15 0
N3
Probability
0.1 1.125 1.13 1.135 1.14 1.108 1.109 1.11
0.15 0.15
Probability
Probability
U 0.1 U
0.1
0.05
0.1 N4
PDF(U) based on U3 PDF(U) based on U
0.2 0.05 0.2
0
0.05 1.1 0.05
1.12 1.14
0.15 0 0.15
GSC2 WFC2
Probability
Probability
U 1.1 1.12 1.14
0 0
1.1 1.12 1.14 1.115 1.12 1.125 1.13 0.1 U 0.1
U U
WF2 N7 P
0.2
PDF(U) based on U5 0.05 N2 0.05 N5
0 0
0.15 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.115 1.12 1.125
Probability
U U
0.1 PDF(U) based on U1 PDF(U) based on U2 PDF(U) based on U5
0.2 0.4 0.2
N5 WPP2
0.05
0.15 0.3 0.15 N2
Probability
Probability
Probability
0
0.1 1.1 1.12 1.14 0.2 0.1
U
0.05 0.1 0.05
0 0 0
1.125 1.13 1.135 1.14 1.108 1.109 1.11 1.111 1.1 1.12 1.14
U U U
PDF(U) based on U3 PDF(U) based on U4
0.2 0.2
0.15
F. Gonzalez-Longatt 0.15
and C. Carmona-Delgado, J. L Rueda.
Probability
Probability
0.1
“Risk-based DC0.1Security Assessment for Future DC-Independent
0.05 System Operator”. 0.05 IEEE International Conference on Energy,
0 Economic and Environment.0 ICEEE-2015. 26-28 Mar 2015. Delhi,
1.1 1.12 1.14 1.115 1.12 1.125 1.13
India.
U Available
U online DOI:
PDF(U) based on U5
0.2 10.1109/EnergyEconomics.2015.7235101)
0.15
ility
Reducing Risk in Uncertain Scenarios
• Online Risk-Based DC-Voltage Security Assessment of
Multi-Terminal HVDC Transmission System of Wind Power
Plant.
@fglongatt
@fglongatt
@fglongatt
General Considerations of oRB-VC
Risk mapping process of (n=3)-

Level risk matrix based on fuzzy-
logic rules.
Methodology of risk-based DC-voltage security assessment (RB-VS)

J.L. Rueda F. Gonzalez-Longatt. “Dynamic
Vulnerability assessment and intelligent control for
sustainable power systems”. IEEE-Wiley. ISBN-13:
978-1119214953 Wiley-Blackwell
Challenges
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)

Massive deployment of Power Electronic
HVDC Context
LCC HVDC
• Current-sourced
Idc • Line-Commutated
VSC HVDC
+
− Voltage-Sourced
− Self-Commutated
- @fglongatt -
U dc
 1
2
0.5
U -
ac +
U dc 0 U ac MMC HVDC
• Multi-level
-0.5
U dc -1

2
0 
2
 3
2
2 Converter
Desired Realized
voltage Voltage
+

Types of HVDC Systems
Different common system configurations and operating
modes used for HVDC transmission
(a) Monopole (b) Bipole
Monopole, Ground Return Bipole Bipole, Metallic Return
Monopole, Metallic Return
Bipole, Series-Connected
Converters
(c) Multi-Terminal
Monopole, Midpoint Grounded Multiterminal
Back-to-Back

Nanao 3-Terminal VSC-HVDC
• The world’s first three-terminal VSC HVDC system in
China.
• The pilot project with designed ratings of ±160kV/200MW-
100MW-50MW brings dispersed, intermittent clean wind
power generated on Nanao island into the mainland
Guangdong power grid through 32km of combination of
HVDC land cables, sea cables and overheard lines.
Diagram of Nan’ao three-terminal HVDC Flexible project

R&D and application of voltage sourced converter based high voltage direct current engineering technology in China
Guangfu TANG (&), Zhiyuan HE, Hui PANG
https://www.dnvgl.com/news/dnv-gl-advises-on-world-s-first-multi-terminal-vsc-hvdc-transmission-project-
integrating-clean-energy-into-china-s-regional-power-composition-mix-6205
“Massive Integration of Offshore wind power using HVDC” (Spanish: Integración
masiva de la energía eólica marina utilizando HVDC) Colegio de Ingenieros de
Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile http://pes.ieeechile.cl/,
http://www.fglongatt.org/Desechable/NEWS/NEWS29_HVDC_Chile.html

World's First 5-Terminal VSC HVDC
• 4th July 2014, ±200kV Zhoushan VSC-HVDC project--the
world first 5-terminal one was put into service (141 km).
• This project establishes a critical interconnection between
mainland and 5 isolated islands.
100 MW
100 MW
34 km
State Grid Company of Zhejiang province 39km

16 km 100 MW
52 km
400 MW
300 MW
Diagram of Zhoushan five-terminal HVDC Flexible project

“Moving Towards Future Electrical Systems: Multi-Terminal HVDC + Wind Power”. University of Seville, Seville Spain, 21-
22 Oct 2015.
Online. Slides: http://www.slideshare.net/fglongatt/moving-towards-future-electrical-systemsmultiterminal-hvdc-wind-
power-2122-october-2015-seville-spain.
Videos: http://catedraendesa.us.es/index.php/es/aula-de-la-luz-catedraendesa/seminarios-catedraendesa/2015/francisco-
m-gonzalez-longatt-moving-towards-future-electrical-systems-multiterminal-hvdc-offshore-wind-power

HVDC in GB Context
To Iceland CURRENT HVDC LINKS
⑫
⑪ PLANNED HVDC LINKS (2016-2020)
⑯ ANTICIPATED HVDC LINKS (2020-2025) LINK
POTENTIAL HVDC INTERCONNECTORS LINK
⑤
⑬
⑰
⑱
⑦
IRELAND
④
⑳
⑮ UNITED
KINGDOM
③
⑧
⑨
@fglongatt ①
21 22 ⑩ F. Gonzalez-Longatt. “Optimal Power Flow in Multi-terminal HVDC Networks for DC-
To Spain
ENGLISH CHANNEL ⑲ France System Operator: Constant Current Operation”. 50th International Universities Power
To France Engineering Conference (UPEC 2015), 1-4th Sept 2015, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
(Available online: 10.1109/UPEC.2015.7339913)

Control Strategies for MTDC
Schematic representation of MTDC control system
Pg1 VSC 1
hierarchy
The master control optimizes the overall performance of the MTDC by regulating
MTDC the DC side voltage.
Pl1 AC ... network It is provided with the minimum set of functions necessary for coordinated
network Vi VSCi U dc ,i operation of the terminals in the DC circuit, i.e. start and stop, minimization of
losses, oscillation damping and power flow reversal, black start, AC frequency and
AC voltage support.
...
Pi Pdc ,i
VSC ndc
Pl ,i
Pg ,i
Supplementary sec
The terminal controllers determine the
Master Control Control
behavior of the converter at the system <s
bus. Outer Control ms
They are designed for the main Terminal Terminal ... Terminal
functions for Controller 1 Controller 2 Inner Control s
Controller n
controlling: active power (P), reactive Firing Control
power (Q), AC and the DC voltage Pulses
(Vac, Udc)
...
Time
VSC1 VSC2 VSCn VSC Scale
F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J. M. Roldan, J. Rueda, C.A. Charalambous, and B. S. Rajpurohit. Implementation

of Simplified Models of Local Controller for Muti-terminal HVDC Systems in DIgSILENT Power Factory.
in PowerFactory Applications for Power System Analysis. Springer-Verlag 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-
319-12958-7_19
Control Strategies for MTDC
Vac ,Ctrl Control Mode Control Mode U dc ,Ctrl
QCtrl PCtrl
@fglongatt
Qref Reactive Power Active Power Pref
Q Control Terminal Controller Control P
iq* id*
Vac ,ref AC voltage Inner Current DC Voltage U dc ,ref
Vac Control Controller Control U dc
Master Controller
Terminal Controllers are based on

locals actions and measurements. Terminal Terminal
Wide-area measurement and control controller A controller B
can improve the system performance.
PA PB
Vac,A Udc,A Udc,B Vac,B

VSCA VSCB
DC Voltage Control in MTDC
• Effects of DC Voltage Control Strategies on Voltage Response on
Multi-Terminal HVDC Following a Disturbance
(i) Voltage Margin Method (VMM) F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J.M. Roldan, J.L. Rueda. “Impact of DC Control
Strategy on Dynamic Behaviour of Multi-Terminal Voltage-Source
U dc ,A Converter-Based HVDC after the Loss of Converter”. IEEE Powertech
2013. Grenoble, France. 16-20 Jun 2013 (Available online:
Operating
Lower limit U dc 10.1109/PTC.2013.6652256).
“a” Terminal B
point
Inverter Rectifier (ii) Voltage-Droop Method (VDM)

Terminal A
Upper limit
PA U dc ,A
Pupper Lower limit
Plower Rectifier
Inverter
F. Gonzalez-Longatt, S. Arnaltes, J. Rodríguez. “Dynamic Behaviour of Multi- Initial operating point
Terminal VSC-Based HVDC after a Converter Outage: DC Control Strategy”.
International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality
“a”
(ICREPQ’16). Madrid (Spain), 4-6 May 2016. Slope mc U dca ,ref U dc
b “b”
U ref
@fglongatt Upper limit
F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J.M. Roldan. "Effects of DC Voltage Control Strategies
on Voltage Response on Multi-Terminal HVDC Following a Disturbance". 47th
Prefa PA
International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2012).
London, UK. 4-7 Sept 2012. (Available online DOI:
Plower b
Pupper
10.1109/UPEC.2012.6398553) Pref
Norway Shore Line
Scotland Shore
Optimal Operation
Line (5GW)
HVDC Transmission
Scotland AC Transmission
9GW ‘In Flight” or current
Norway SK1-3
1GW
Denmark Shore Line

SK-4
Denmark
(3.5GW)
4GW
DC Service
England Shore Line

Dogger Bank
Single Independent Providers 13 GW
(24GW)
Market System Hornsea
NorNed2
NorNed
4GW
Operator
Norfolk
... ... 7GW
Germany
24GW
... ...
(7GQ Interface Capacity)

DC-Wide-Area BritNed
Supervision and Control Netherlands Germany
Transmission Grid Side Power Park Nema
12GW Shore
Sys tem Operators Converters Converter
England Line
Rounds (20GW)
TSO1 Power 1&2
(6GW)
Belgium
4GW
Park 1
www.fglongatt.org.ve
...
...
...
...
Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD Netherlands Shore

Meshed Octubre 2011
Manchester, UK Belgium Shore Line 3.5 GW Line (10 GW)
TSOk DC
UK 4ac
Network
P 4.50 UK1
VSC4 4
4.30
1 VSC1 1ac 10 10ac
Norway
dc,k 1-4 VSC10
...
...
... Glasgow
5GW WF G1 2-10 G10
5GW 13.60
...
5.00
5.30
Firth of Forth 10.00
5.10
1-2
5GW
TSOn Power 5ac 2 3.60
0.70 9
VSC5 5 1.15
Park m 27.3 UK2
2-5 3-9 VSC9 9ac
5GW VSC2 2ac 10GW G9
Hull 4.70
10.00
30.8 WF G2
Synchronous DC-connected Power German WF
2-3
5.00
MTDC System 5.50 5GW
8-9
10GW
6ac 3 Dogger Bank
Areas Parks VSC6 6 4.26
4.73
8.75 8 VSC8 8ac
16.8 UK3
3-6 VSC3 3ac VSC8
Customers Bulk Transmission Bulk generation 5GW
WF G3
G8
43.45
London 5ac 2.00
27.26
35.00
Norfolk Bank
3-7
2GW
7ac
Germany
Belgium VSC7 7
4.0 Zeebrugge
Pac www.fglongatt.org.ve
G7 Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD
2.22 5ac 1.86 Pdc January 2012
Coventry, UK
F. Gonzalez-Longatt. “Optimal steady-state operation of a MTDC system based on F. Gonzalez-Longatt, "Solution of AC/DC Power Flow on a Multi-Terminal
DC-Independent System Operator Multi-objective”. The 11th International Conference HVDC System: Illustrative Case Supergrid Phase I". 47th International
on AC and DC Power Transmission, ACDC 2015. 10-12 Feb 2015, Birmingham, UK. Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2012). London, UK. 4-7
(Available online DOI: 10.1049/cp.2015.0031) Sept 2012. (Available online DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2012.6398554)
MTDC configurations AC1
GSC1
N1
MTDC configuration: series or parallel
R12 = 0.0.073
N3
GSC2 PWF1 = 0.80 p.u

AC2 WF1
WFC1
@fglongatt
I2 N2
Idc -
U2
+ Idc 2(+)
I1 +
Udc -
+ + R12
I3 R23 + U2
-
I4 U1 1(+)
U3 3(+)
R13 2(0)
+ - - U1 +-
Udc -
Rgnd2
U3 +-
- +
U4
Idc
Idc 1(0)
Rgnd1 3(0)
Rgnd3
@fglongatt
I1 + I2 + I3+ I4 = 0 U1 + U2 + U3 + U4 = 0
a. Parallel MTDC b. Series MTDC 2(+)
R12
R23 + U2
-
1(+)
I1 I3 3(+)
I1 I3 x R13 2(0)
+ + + + U1 +- Rgnd2
Udc Udc + U
- x - - - U3 +- - 2
I4 1(0)
+ Ixy 3(0) 2(-)
I2 I4 U1 +- R12
Ux Rgnd1 R23
+ I2 - I4 + + + +
y U3 - Rgnd3
Udc
- Udc - - Udc Udc 1(-)
-
R13
3(-)
a. Radial configuration b. Mesh configuration F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J.L. Rueda, M.A.M.M. van der Meijden, “Effects
of Grounding Configurations on Post-Contingency Performance of
MTDC system: A 3-Terminal Example”. 50th International Universities
MTDC parallel configuration: radial or Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2015). 1-4 Sept 2015. Stoke-on-
Trent, UK. (Available online: 10.1109/UPEC.2015.7339912)
meshed
F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J.M. Roldan. "Effects of DC Voltage Control
DC Voltage Control in MTDC Strategies on Voltage Response on Multi-Terminal HVDC Following a

Disturbance". 47th International Universities' Power Engineering
Conference (UPEC 2012). London, UK. 4-7 Sept 2012. (Available
online DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2012.6398553)
Bus 6 Bus 7
1.15
Voltaje DC (p.u)
1.15 K=-5.0
Voltaje DC (p.u)
1.1
1.1 K=-2.0
1.05
X 1.05
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1
0
Margin
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Time (s) Time (s)
Bus 8 Bus 9
1.15 1.15
Voltaje DC (p.u)
Voltaje DC (p.u)
1.1 1.1
1.05 1.05
1 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Time (s) Time (s)
DC Line 6-7 DC Line 6-8
35 32
Power i-j (MW)
Power i-j (MW)

30 30
25 28
DC Line 6-7
25 20 26
15 24
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
20
Time (s) Time (s)
DC Line 7-9 DC Line 8-9
15
Power i-j (MW)
0 18
Power i-j (MW)
Power i-j (MW)

Outtage VSC37 16
10 -5 14 Margin
Margin K=-5.0 K=-2.0
12
5 -10
K=-5.0 10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Time (s) Time (s)
0 Contribution:
(1) Demonstrate a “Collaborative scheme" provided by Voltage-Droop
K=-2.0
(2) Voltage margin control is capable to survive a converter outage just if this
-5 converter is operating on constant power mode.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time (s)

HVDC Grid Influences Operations
Energy
Dynamic Balance
Reliability in the Market

system (and how Operation
it is dealt with):
Both Preventive
dynamically and
(all forms of Corrective
stability) and actions
steady state
Emergency
operations
Steady-State

Frequency/Voltage Management:
• Solving unbalances through
P
power injection adjustment
(simplified).
• Outage of a converter station
connecting the HVDC grid with
AC grid 1, zone 1.
• Examples of Solutions:
1. Equal droop reaction causes all
converters connected to the HVDC
grid to contribute.
2. Control zone 1 of AC grid 1 takes
the full unbalance over from the
other systems.

• Solving unbalances through power
injection adjustment (simplified). P
connecting the HVDC grid with AC grid
P / 6
1, zone 1.
P / 6
converters connected to the HVDC
grid to contribute. P / 6
2. The schedule with AC grid 2 is
corrected, resulting in only a P / 6
contribution from AC grid 1

3. Control zone 1 of AC grid 1 takes the
full unbalance over from the other
P / 6
systems. P / 6

connecting the HVDC grid with AC grid
P / 4
1, zone 1.
P / 4
converters connected to the HVDC grid
to contribute.
P / 4
corrected, resulting in only a P / 4
0 0
systems.

connecting the HVDC grid with AC grid P
1, zone 1.
1. Equal droop reaction causes all 0
converters connected to the HVDC grid

to contribute.
0
corrected, resulting in only a 0
0 0
systems.

connecting the HVDC grid with AC grid P
1, zone 1.
Still an action needed
1. Equal droop reaction causes all 0
converters connected to the HVDC grid to fix frequencies and

to contribute. voltages
0
corrected, resulting in only a 0
0 0
systems.

Conclusions
• As HVDC is increasingly present in power systems.
• New technology allows to provide new “services”.
• It is needed to adapt our operational procedures to make

HVDC operations an inherent part of system operations.
• Influence reaches far into neighbouring zones: both

positive and negative
• Coordination is needed.
• The framework in which the AC and DC systems are

operated will play a key role.
Fully DC is a real option
http://smgaznec.fglongatt.org/
Smart DC Micro-grids
Challenge: Reduced Inertia
Frequency Stability
• “Frequency stability refers to the ability of a power
system to maintain steady frequency following a severe
system upset resulting in a significant imbalance between
generation and load.”
• Frequency stability analysis concentrates on studying the
overall system stability for sudden changes in the
generation-load balance.
@fglongatt

“Frequency Control Schemes and Frequency Response of
Quality of Frequency Stability Power Systems considering the Integration of Wind

Power”. The University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
• Example - Europe (frequency erosion)
http://catedrasempresa.esi.us.es/endesared/ingles/sem_Fr
ancisco_Gonzalez.php#
Average frequency values in Continental Europe, June 2003 and June 2010
Source: Swiss-grid
@fglongatt
A continuous increase of gradient values df/dt and its occurrence.

Values greater than 1.5 mHz/s are more and more present!!!

Quality of Frequency Stability
• Gradually declining in many locations around the world –
“Frequency Control Schemes and Frequency Response of Power Systems
but not due to wind power!!! considering the Integration of Wind Power”. The University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
http://catedrasempresa.esi.us.es/endesared/ingles/sem_Francisco_Gonzalez.php#
Evening Frequency Average Profile –Winters 2003 to 2008 (November to March – Monday to Friday)
@fglongatt
UCTE, "UCTE ad-hoc group "frequency quality investigation, excerpt of the final report," Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity, Tech. Rep., 2008, pp. 1-4. [Online]. Available
http://entsoe.eu/_library/publications/ce/otherreports/090330_UCTE_FrequencyInvestigationReport_Abstract.pdf
• Market imperfections around full hour shift (frequency erosion)

• Systems operated closer to their limits
• Decreased damping of oscillations
• Looking forward – e.g. UK - nuclear units increasing - 1300 to
1800 MW
Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017 (*) P. W. Christensen. “Wind Power Plants and future Power System Frequency Stability”. Event on Future Power System Operation, Lund University, Sweden, June 12, 2012
“Frequency Control Schemes and Frequency Response of Power
Quality of Frequency Stability Systems considering the Integration of Wind Power”. The University
of Seville, Seville, Spain.
75 mHz Criterion Summary - Short View - Year 2001-2011
It can clearly be observed how the

accumulated time continuously increases
with higher frequency deviations as well as
the number of corresponding events
@fglongatt
Frequency quality behavior in Continental Europe during the last ten

years. Source: Swissgrid
Quality of Frequency Stability in GB
Power Output
System Inertia (H) Changes for Gone Green Scenario at 70% Wind
Frequency Response
Who can provide it?
• All licensed generators in accordance with Grid Code mandatory
requirements generators offering enhanced commercial services
• Demand tripping by low frequency relay
• Unlicensed generators with a commercial agreement.
+
-

Reduced Inertia in GB
• The System Operability Framework (SOF) of the Great
Britain (GB) analysis indicates the system inertia (HT)
continues to decline because of the lack of synchronous
thermal power stations and high volume of converters
connected generation technologies such as solar PV, wind
power, and import across our High Voltage Direct Current
(HVDC) interconnectors.
@fglongatt
Minimum system inertia
including the
contribution from
Embedded Generation
Gonzalez-Longatt, F. and S. M. Alhejaj

(2016). Enabling inertial response in
utility-scale battery energy storage
system. 2016 IEEE Innovative Smart
Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia).
28 Nov.-1 Dec. 2016. DOI:
10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2016.7796453

New Technologies of Generation/Storage
• A Simplified Model for Dynamic Behavior of Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator for Direct Drive Wind Turbines
Active and Active and
Mechanical reactive reactive
Wind power Model fo power power
Mechanical
Speed Pm direct drive Pac , Qac Fundamental
Power Shaft Power Pac , Qac
PMSG vw
Rotor model Model
r
synchro- Stator converter Voltage frequency
DC Grid Pw usnous
generator
currents frequency grid model
Us Is Pitch
Rotor
Speed
Is Vs , f
Ur link angle Pset
S N S 
Rotor speed
Qset Reactive
turb power set
N N point
S Pset Terminal
N S
Pitch angle Rotor speed
controller controller Active power voltage
set point controller
ac/dc dc/ac
Ir
1.4
van ia idc iload

1.35
Rotor Speed (p.u)

+ Ls +
PMSG ic
Grid vab
S
N vbn 1.3
S -
N N n Cdc Vdc
S b
S
N
Generator-side Booster Grid-side vcn 1.25

rectifier inverter - Full model
c Proposed model
Vdc  Kem  K xm I dc K x m Idc 0 10 20 30 40 50

1
Time (s)
Tm , m + + 0.9
K em Vdc
Active Power (p.u)

0.8
- - 0.7
3 pLs 3 pKV 0.6

Kx  Ke 
2 2 0.5 Full model
Proposed model
0.4
Contribution: 0 10 20 30 40 50
The development of a model of the PMSG that incorporates the control of theTime (s) regulation characteristic
voltage
and torque/load properties.
F. Gonzalez-Longatt, P. Wall, V. Terzija. “A Simplified Model for Dynamic Behaviour of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for Direct Drive Wind Turbines”. IEEE
PowerTech 2011, Trondheim 19 - 23 Jun 2011. Trondheim Norway. (ISBN: 978-82-519-2808-3) (Available online DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2011.6019425)

Reduced Order Modelling
• A Method for Estimation of Equivalent Model for Wind Farm using
On-line Response to a System Frequency Disturbance
Test System I 11 kV External Test System II Wind Farm
0.69 kV
WT1 grid
v0 Bus i
WT2 33 kV 
WT3 Power
External 0° System
grid WT4
33 kV 11 kV
WT5
Cable1 Cable4 Cable7
WT6 PMUi Si = [ Vi Ii fi] Recording
WT1 WT4 WT7
WT7 System
DIgSILENT
-2.40 2.52
Cable2 Cable5 Cable8

Active Power
2.48
WT8
WT2 WT5 WT8
-2.60
Pre-processing for Wind Farm
2.44
WT9 Cable6 Measured
Cable3 Cable9
Modelling
-2.80 2.40
WT10 WT3 WT6 WT9 0.69 kV Raw Data
2.36
(Data conversion and selection)
-3.00
0.4
Reactive Power 2.32 P Oi = [ Vi fi] θi = [ Pi Qi]
0.3 Q
-3.20
-0.2000 0.8384 1.8767 2.9151 3.9534 [s]
2.28
4.9918
Wind Farm Yes Other
Error [%]
PQ Measurement: Active Power in p.u. PQ Measurement: Reactive Power in p.u.

PQ Measurement File: Measurement value 2 PQ Measurement File: Measurement value 3
0.2 Equivalent ||θi - θi || < e? WAMPAC

Model θi = [ Pi Qi] Application
0.1
x No
0
Parameter Updating
Improved Particle Swarm
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Reactive Power Compensation
x0 Optimization (IPSO)
Genetic Algorithm (GA)
Historic Data Dase Variable Metric Method (VVM)
Errors in active a reactive power simulated response using the the WFEq model WFEq App
estimation for the Test System II compared with the measured response.
F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J. Rueda, C.A. Charalambous, and P. De

Oliveira. “Estimation of Equivalent Model for Clusters of Induction Contribution:
A novel procedure for the estimation of the parameter values of an equivalent
Generators based on PMU Measurements”, in PowerFactory wind farm model is presented. This procedure is based on on-line measurements
Applications for Power System Analysis. Springer-Verlag 2015. DOI: of the active and reactive power, at the point of interconnection (PCC) of the wind
10.1007/978-3-319-12958-7_20 farm during a voltage/frequency deviation.
F. Gonzalez-Longatt, P. Regulski, P. Wall, V. Terzija. “Induction Generator

J.L. Rueda, F. González-Longatt, and I. Erlich. “Online Estimation of Equivalent Model
Model Parameter Estimation using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization and
for Cluster of Induction Generators: A MVMO-based Approach”. 12th Intelligent Systems
On-Line Response to a Change in Frequency”. IEEE PES General Meeting
Applications to Power Systems Conference and Debate (ISAP). 11-17 Sept 2015. Porto,
2011, 24 – 29 Jul 2011, Detroit, USA. (Available online DOI:
Portugal. (Available online: 10.1109/ISAP.2015.7325559)
10.1109/PES.2011.6039373)
Releasing Inertia from Wind Turbines
• Impact of Synthetic Inertia from Wind Power on The
Protection/Control Schemes of Future Power Systems.
50.0 Without “Hidden Inertia”
External With “Hidden Inertia”
49.8
Frequency (Hz)
turb set
Controller 49.6
49.4
Phase 2
Wind meas
49.2
49.0
Phase 1 Phase 3
48.8
P 0 5-15 30
Time (s)
“Hidden” inertia emulation
d sys
 Pin  2 H sys
sys d
Filter  2H dt
dt 
1 J sm
2
H
2 Sbase
r
F. Gonzalez-Longatt, E. Chikuni, E. Rashayi.
P
r ,ref PMPPT Pref “Effects of the Synthetic Inertia from wind power on
the total system inertia after a frequency
Pmeas PI Conterter
MPPT r
  disturbance”. 2013 IEEE International Conference
r ,meas
on Industrial Technology (ICIT). 25-27 Feb 2013.
Cape Town, South Africa. (Available online DOI:
10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505779)
F. Gonzalez-Longatt, “Activation Schemes of Synthetic Inertia Controller on Full Converter Wind

Turbine (Type 4)”. IEEE PES General Meeting 2015. 26-30 Jul 2015. Denver, USA (Available
online DOI: 10.1109/PESGM.2015.7286430)

Effect of Synthetic Inertia
(a) Base Case (b) Hsyn = 0.1s
15
DIgSILENT
15
G1 L1a
~
G
10
Power (GW)
10
Power (GW)
22.80 11.15
Upper Top -0.13
76.00
2.26
5 5
0 0
1a
2
400.00
1.00
15.81
-4.62
2.95
-4.62
2.95
10.44
-4.14
10.44
-4.14 1
TOP
10.54 10.54 21.62 21.62 395.40
400.00
1a-1 I 0.99
1a-2 II
1.00
1a-2 I
-9.88 10.24
18.52 5.08
20%
20%
10%
Top-Left 4.75
21.62 Top-Rigth
10% -2.73
9.50 10.54 1a-1 II -9.88
5% 4.95
5% 5.08
G
-5.45
~
IV G2 1.01
IV 2.5% 36.52 21.62 L1
2.5% III III 4.75
-2.73
1% II 1% II 10.54 1-4 14.80
Load Shedding Case I Load Shedding Case I -11.16
36.09
Case Case
(c) Hsyn = 1.0s15 (d) Hsyn = 2.5s 1-3
15 3-4
-14.01 9.94 -9.37

10
Upper-Tail Tail-Right
Power (GW)
10 12.46 -5.37 6.32

Power (GW)
36.09 21.74 21.74
4 400.00
3 400.00
5 1.00 1.00
5 5.61 0.00
7.20 20.20 14.13 17.34 8.64 10.95 7.06
6.77 -5.41 2.87 -8.61 4.60 2.22 -3.94
32.94 69.71 37.26 32.61 15.55
0
0 G G G
~ ~ ~
20% G4(b) G4(a) L4 G3 L3
20%
3-7
4-7
10%
10%
5% 5-7
5%
2.5% III
IV 2.5%
1% II
III
IV
-8.21 8.65 -15.66 -6.76 WF
1% II
Gen Loss
5.46 -4.74 11.38 4.43
Load Shedding Case I 18.98 18.98 37.26 15.55
Load Shedding Case I
Case
Case 30GW
5 7
15 (e) Hsyn = 5s 15 (f) Hsyn = 10s Lowest-Tail 400.00
1.00
-8.90
400.00
1.00
-4.01
9.51
8.76
43.08
17.34
3.52
0.38
-0.23
0.85
9.04
-4.94
19.83
11.40
9.40
49.27
16.14
3.28 Middle
5-6
10
Power (GW)
10
Power (GW)
6-7
G G
~ ~
G5 L5 -0.38 -8.57 G7 L7
0.23 5.72
TAIL
5 Load Flow Balanced 0.85 19.83
5
Nodes Branches 6 400.00
0
Line-Line Voltage, Magnitude [kV] Active Power [GW] 1.00
-9.12
0 Voltage, Magnitude [p.u.] Reactive Power [Gvar]
17.11
11.24
68.23
26.05
5.29 Core+Tail
20% Voltage, Angle [deg] Loading [%]
10%
20% G
10% ~
5% G6 L6
IV 5%
2.5% III IV Benchmark System Project: DPSP 2012
1% II 2.5% III fglongatt.org.
Load Shedding Case I Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt Graphic: Benchmark Model
1% II
Case Load Shedding Case I 02/01/2012 Date: 2/13/2012
Case PowerFactory 14.0.525 fglongatt@ieee.org Annex:
Contribution:
Total System Inertia HT (s)
The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate (based on simulations) recovery period of 8
under-frequency transient on future power systems that integrate synthetic inertia capability not 7
6
completely avoid worse scenarios in terms of UFLS. 5
4
3
F. Gonzalez-Longatt. “Impact of emulated inertia from wind power on under- 2
1
frequency protection schemes of future power systems”. Journal of Modern Power 0
0.1 1 2.5 5 10
Systems and Clean Energy: Vol. 1, No. 8. DOI: 10.1007/s40565-015-0143-x) Synthetic Inertia Hsyn (s)

BESS in GB
• The current status (June 2016) of
the electricity energy storage
systems in GB is oriented to the
utility-scale sector.
• The residential-scale storage is 30 Projects
still not economically viable, and 3255 MW
the level of commercial and
industrial storage, although
unknown, is thought to be quite
low.
• GB has around 30 operational @fglongatt
battery energy storage (BES)

projects, many of them are
demonstration projects, and with
only a few of them are operational
projects larger than 1 MW in
size. Gonzalez-Longatt, F. and S. M. Alhejaj (2016). Enabling inertial response in utility-
scale battery energy storage system. 2016 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid
Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia). 28 Nov.-1 Dec. 2016. DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-
Asia.2016.7796453
Storage in GB Dinorwig Power Station
The Smarter Network Storage (SNS) project aims to carry
out a range of technical and commercial innovation to tackle
the challenges associated with the low-carbon transition and
facilitate the economic adoption of storage. It is differentiated
from other LCNF electrical storage projects by its
demonstration of storage across multiple parts of the electricity
system, outside the boundaries of the distribution network. By
demonstrating this multi-purpose application of 6MW/10MWh
of energy storage at Leighton Buzzard primary substation, the
project will explore the capabilities and value in alternative
revenue streams for storage, whilst deferring traditional
network
Gonzalez-Longatt, F. and S. M. Alhejaj (2016). Enabling inertial response in utility-

scale battery energy storage system. 2016 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid
Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia). 28 Nov.-1 Dec. 2016. DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-
Asia.2016.7796453

Storage in GB
• Preliminary analysis in UK suggest an additional storage
could be installed in the range of 1GW - 29GW under certain
future scenarios by 2050, of which distribution storage is
estimated to dominate bulk storage, due to the savings from
avoided distribution network costs.
• The largest BES project to date (May 2016) is Kilroot
Advancion® Energy Storage Array.
• This 10 MW installation is led by AES UK & Ireland and
located adjacent to coal-fired Kilroot Power Station, located
north of Belfast, Northern Ireland.
• The array utilizes over 53,000 Li-ion batteries arranged in
136 separate nodes and will enhance grid reliability by
providing fast response ancillary services (such as
frequency regulation) as part of the System Operator
Northern Ireland (SONI) existing Harmonised Ancillary
Services system
Gonzalez-Longatt, F. and S. M. Alhejaj (2016). Enabling inertial response in utility-scale battery energy storage system. 2016
IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia). 28 Nov.-1 Dec. 2016. DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2016.7796453

Enabling Synthetic Inertia in BESS
df
d dt 
f
Frequency f
dt
 2H syn Pac*
controller Pac*

Pac PQ
DIgSILENT
50.10
50.00
controllers
49.90
Vac
2.063 s 9.883 s
49.80 49.689 p.u.
49.663 p.u.
49.70
49.60
id*, p iq*,q -0.1000 1.9187

G1: Frequency in Hz
3.9373 5.9560 7.9747 [s] 9.9933
0.82
-0.073 s
Charge
0.80 0.800
0.78 9.823 s
1.993 s
0.76 0.737
controler
0.731
0.74
0.72
-0.1000 1.9187 3.9373 5.9560 7.9747 [s] 9.9933
SimpleBattery: SOC
* *
id ,s iq ,s 20.00
0.223 s
15.00 17.025 MW
id SOC
10.00
Current
2.763 s 9.893 s
5.00 -1.074 MW -0.003 MW
0.00
iq controller
-5.00
-0.1000 1.9187 3.9373 5.9560
Converter: Active Power/Terminal AC in MW
7.9747 [s] 9.9933
md mq
Vac , f
U dc
Battery
Pac , i
Model
I dc
S.M Alhejaj, and F. Gonzalez-Longatt (2016). Investigation on grid-scale BESS providing Inertial Response Support. IEEE PES POWERCON 2016. Wollongong Australia. 28
Sept.-1 Oct. 2016 DOI: 10.1109/POWERCON.2016.7754049
S.M. Alhejaj, S. M. and F. M. Gonzalez-Longatt (2016). Impact of inertia emulation control of grid-scale BESS on power system frequency response. 2016 International
Conference for Students on Applied Engineering (ICSAE). DOI: 10.1109/ICSAE.2016.7810198
Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR)
EV to the Grid: Providing EFR
@fglongatt
Declining Short Circuit Levels in the UK
As the short circuit level decreases, the
size of the area affected by a voltage dip
will increase.
The effects of transmission voltage dips
are not only observable across the
transmission network, but are also
observable on distribution networks in the
vicinity of the fault (the effects are “3-
dimensional”).
The critical role that reactive

current injection plays in the
response of the network to a
voltage depression.
http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/
Member Advisory
Research Excellence Editorial Board
http://www.journals.elsevier.com/international-journal-of-
electrical-power-and-energy-systems/editorial-board
• The author with most reading in my institution couple times during 2016 and
also the author with most reading in my department for several weeks [data
are taken from Research Gate].

Closing…
or Opening?
Thank you!
Questions and Answers

Dr Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
fglongatt@fglongatt.org
Copyright Notice
The documents are created by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or
copied in any form or by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Francisco M.
Gonzalez-Longatt . The use of these documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt. You may not alter or remove any
trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The documents are provided “as is” and Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the
documents by you.

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Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

1st September 2017

Gonzalez-Longatt, F. (2014). Frequency Control

Billion Barrels of Oil Equivalent per year

Data source: EWEA

MTDC • Increased cross-boarder bulk

Renewable Energy Resources

• Large on-shore and offshore

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

Bi-directional energy flow

Smarter-Grid and Potential solutions

Smart Grids European

The term smart grid has

Self-Healing to correct problems early

Distributed assets and information

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

Limited generation Reliability through auto-

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

Smart Grid Context

IM Uncertainties in Power Systems

Many measurements Smart

Risk  Sev|U k    Pr U k   Risk U k dU k

Risk  Sev|Ei , X t 1    Risk  Sev|U k 

General Considerations of oRB-VC

Risk mapping process of (n=3)-

Methodology of risk-based DC-voltage security assessment (RB-VS)

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

Monopole, Metallic Return

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Diagram of Nan’ao three-terminal HVDC Flexible project

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State Grid Company of Zhejiang province 39km

Diagram of Zhoushan five-terminal HVDC Flexible project

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Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J. M. Roldan, J. Rueda, C.A. Charalambous, and B. S. Rajpurohit. Implementation

Terminal Controllers are based on

Vac,A Udc,A Udc,B Vac,B

Inverter Rectifier (ii) Voltage-Droop Method (VDM)

Denmark Shore Line

England Shore Line

(7GQ Interface Capacity)

Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD Netherlands Shore

GSC2 PWF1 = 0.80 p.u

DC Voltage Control in MTDC Strategies on Voltage Response on Multi-Terminal HVDC Following a

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Power i-j (MW)

Power i-j (MW)

Power i-j (MW)

Power i-j (MW)

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

Reliability in the Market

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

contribution from AC grid 1

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

converters connected to the HVDC grid

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

converters connected to the HVDC grid to fix frequencies and

Monterrey, Mexico, September 2017

id, p iq,q -0.1000 1.9187