1. The vapor pressure of water at 35 oC is 42.175
0800 g of a compound with the empirical
mm Hg. The vapor pressure of ethyl alcohol
(C2H5OH) at 35 C is 100.5 mm Hg. What is
the vapor pressure of a solution prepared by
dissolving 250 g of C2H5OH in 375 g of H2O?
Ans: 48.3 mm Hg
2. A student needs to prepare an aqueous solution
of sucrose at a temperature of 20o C with a
vapor pressure of 15.0 mm Hg. How many
grams of sucrose (mm = 342 g/mol) does she
need if she uses 375 g H2O? (The vapor
pressure of water at 20o C is 17.5 mm Hg.)
Ans: 1190 g
3. What is the vapor pressure in mm Hg of a
solution prepared by dissolving 18.3 g of NaCl
in 500.0g H20 at 70 C. (The v.p. of water at
70C is 233.7 mm Hg.) Ans: 228.5 mm Hg
4. What will be the freezing point and boiling
point of an aqueous solution containing 55.0 g
of glycerol, C3H5(OH)3, and 250 g of water?
Kb(H2O) = 0.51 oC/m and Kf = 1.86o C/m.
Ans: -4.45 o C and 101.22 o C.
5. How many grams of (NH4)3PO4 need to be
added to 500. g of H2O so that the freezing point
of the solution is lowered to –8.3o C? Assume
that the ammonium phosphate completely
dissociates. (Kf = 1.86o C/m) Ans: 91 g
6. What is the osmotic pressure of a 0.075 M
solution of aspartic acid at 18.5o C. ans:1.80 atm
7. What is the osmotic pressure in mm Hg of
6.00L of a 0.108 M solution of barium chloride
at 30 C? Ans: 6.13 x 103 mm Hg
8. An isotonic solution will produce an osmotic
pressure of 7.84 atm measured against pure
water at human body temperature (37.0 C).
How many g of sodium chloride must be
dissolved in a liter of water to produce an
isotonic solution? Ans: 9.01 g NaCl/L soln.
9. A solution is prepared from 25.0 g of benzene,
C6H6, and 2.50 g of an unknown compound.
The freezing point of this solution is 4.3oC. The
normal freezing point of benzene is 5.5 oC and
the freezing point depression constant for
benzene is –5.12 oC/m . Determine the molar
mass of the compound.
Ans: 427 g/mol
10. 0.
formula C2H2N is dissolved in 10.00 g of
benzene (C6H6). The resulting solution freezes at
4.99 C. Benzene freezes at 5.48 C and has a
freezing point depression constant kf = 4.90
C/m. What is the molecular formula for the
compound? ans: C4H4N2
11. When 2.0 g of an electrolyte was dissolved in
25.0 g of water, the resulting solution was found
to have a M of 0.815 M and a m of 0.800 m.
The freezing point of the solution was
determined to be –3.72 C. the freezing point
depression constant for water is –1.86 C/m.
Calculate the MW of the electrolyte and the
density of the aqueous solution.
ans: MW = 100. g/mol, d = 1.10 g/mL.
12. The freezing point of pure benzene was
measured as 5.49 C. The freezing point of a
solution prepared by dissolving 5.782 g of an
unknown substance (sometimes sold in stores as
“moth balls”) in 100.2 g of benzene was found
to be 3.48 C. Kf for benzene is –5.12C/m.
Calculate the MW of the unknown. In a
separate analysis of the unknown, it was found
to contain 49.0% carbon, 48.2% chlorine, and
2.75% hydrogen. What is the molecular formula
of the unknown?
ans: MW = 147 g/mol Formula = C6H4Cl2
13. If a solution contains 4 mols of A and 6 mols of
B and has a normal bp of 85 C and the vapor
pressure of pure A is 500. mm Hg, what is the
vapor pressure of pure B at this temperature?
(Hint: what is the pressure at the “normal bp”
for any substance?) Ans: 933 mm Hg
14. 3.2 g of a compound with a molecular weight of
96.0 g/mol dissolved in 50.0 g of water gave a
solution which freezes at –1.50 C. Kf for water
= –1.86 C/m. Describe the electrolyte as
strong, weak, or nonelectrolyte based on the
van’t Hoff factor. ans: weak electrolyte; van’t
Hoff factor = 1.21.
NA = 6.022 x 1023 Kf (benzene) = 4.90 o C
kg/mol Kf (ethanol) = 1.99 o C kg/mol density
of H2O = 1.00 g/mL Kf (CCl4) = 31.8 o C
kg/mol Kb(H2O) = 0.51 o C kg/mol Kf (H2O) =
1.86 o C kg/mol Kf (acetic acid) = 3.90 o C
kg/mol Po (H2O) = 23.800 torr at 25o C Kb (2-
methyl-2-propanol) = 1.98o C kg mol-1 Kf (2-
methyl-2-propanol) = 4.68o C kg mol-1
1. Show that for very dilute solutions, molality
≅ Molarity.
2. Which will experience a greater freezing
point depression, a 0.1 m solution of benzene in
carbon tetrachloride or a 0.1 m solution carbon
tetrachloride in benzene? Explain. [benzene in
CCl4]
3. An aqueous sucrose (C12H22O11) solution of
unknown concentration is found to have a
freezing point of -0.912 o C. What is the normal
boiling point and the partial pressure (in torr) of
water at 25o C of this solution. Sucrose is a non-
volatile, non-electrolyte. [BP =100.25o C;
PH2O=23.59 torr]
4. Pure 2-methyl-2-propanol has a freezing
point of 25.50 o C, however it absorbs water (as
an impurity) on exposure to humid air. If the
freezing point of a 100.0 g sample of 2-methyl-
2-propanol is 24.59 o C, how many grams of
water are present in the sample? [0.35 g H2O]
5. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property
that can be used to determine the molar mass of
an unknown substance. The osmotic pressure is
determined by measuring the height of the
column of solution and converting this value to
mm of Hg (1 mm Hg = 1 torr, 760 torr = 1 atm).
Using, Π Vsolution = nsolute R T (where Π is
the osmotic pressure, R is the universal gas
constant and T is the Kelvin temperature),
calculate the molar mass of insulin if 20.0 mg is
dissolved in 10.0 mL of solution to give a
resulting osmotic pressure of 6.48 torr at 25o C.
[5740 g/mol]
6. Henry’s Law constant for most gases
decreases with increased temperature. Given
that KH for O2 is 2.20 x 10-3 M atm-1 at 5o C,
calculate the percent O2(aq) saturation if a lake
water sample at 5o C and sea-level is found to
contain, 9.20 mg/L of O2(aq). (Recall: partial
pressure of O2 at sea-level = 0.2095 atm). [62.3
% satd ]
7. An Okanagan vintner (that’s a winemaker) is
waiting for her grapes to freeze in order to make
a special batch of holiday ice-wine. Recent
analysis has shown that the grapes are currently
28% sugar by mass. Assuming that sugar
(formula C6H12O6) is the only solute present
and that water is the solvent, at what
temperature will the grapes freeze? [-4.0 o C]
8. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor (i) for HF if
the freezing point of a 0.50 m aqueous solution
has a freezing point of –1.00o C. What
percentage of the HF is dissociated at this
concentration. [i=1.075; 3.8% diss]
1. Find the vapor pressure of acetone
(CH3COCH3) in a solution made by
dissolving 1.00g of a non-volatile
compound (sulfanilamide, C6H8O2N2S,
MW = 172.1) in 10.0g of acetone. The
vapor pressure of pure acetone under
these conditions is 4.00 x 103mmHg.
For a vapor pressure problem we will use the
Raoult's Law equation, P = XP°
First we need to ask ourselves if the solute is
covalent (moles of particles = moles) or ionic
(moles of particles = moles of ions). In this case all
of the atoms are hi or intermediate, so can consider
covalent.
Next we need to determine the number of moles of
each:
 MWacetone = 3(12.01) + 6(1.008) +
16.00 = 58.1 g/mol; Molesacetone =
10.00g/58.1g mol-1 = 0.172 mol.
 Molessulfanilamide = 1.00g/172.1g mol-
1
= 5.81 x 10-3mol.
We can now find the mole fraction of acetone,
Xacetone = 0.172mol/(0.172 mol + 5.81 x 10-3mol) =
0.967
Finally, P = XP° = (0.967)(4.00 x 103mmHg)
P= 3.87 x 103mmHg
2. Determine the total vapor pressure over a
solution of 0.600 moles of toluene and 0.400
moles of benzene @ 60 °C assuming ideal
behavior. The vapor pressures of pure toluene
and benzene are, respectively, 139 mmHg and
392 mmHg @ 60°C.
Both of these substances are organic solvents, so
covalent (the vapor pressures give away that they
are not ionic since ions do not vaporize at normal
temperatures).
Since the concentrations add up to 1.000 m we can
use their concentrations as their mole fractions (e.g.
0.600/1.000 = 0.600)
Let's then find the vapor pressures of each solvent
individually:
Ptoluene = XtolueneP°toluene = (0.600)(139 mmHg) = 83.4
mmHg
Pbenzene = XbenzeneP°benzene = (0400)(392 mmHg) = 157
mmHg
Recalling Dalton's Law of partial pressures, Ptotal =
Ptoluene + Pbenzene = 83.4 mmHg + 157 mmHg
Ptotal= 2.40 x 102mmHg
3. Find the boiling point of a solution of 0.300 g
urea (NH2CONH2, MW = 60.1) dissolved in 10.0
g of pure water at 1.00 atm. (Kb = 0.512 °C m-1)
Reading the problem this appears to be a boiling
point elevation problem, so Tb = K bm
First we need to find the concentration in molality.
 The data given allow us to find
moles/g and kg
o molesurea = 0.300g/60.1g mol-
1
= 4.99 x 10-3 moles
o kgwater = (10.0g)(1 kg/1,000g)
= 0.0100 kg
 molality can then be found by
conversion to kg: molality = (4.99 x
10-3 moles)/(0.0100 kg) = 0.499 m
and, Tb = K bm
-1
Tb = (0.512 °C m )(0.499 m) = 0.256°C
Finally, we can add the boiling point elevation to
the boiling point of pure water at 1 atm, 100.00°C,
T = 100.256°C = 100.26°C
4. Calculate the molecular weight of an unknown
substance if dissolving 7.39 g in 85.0 g of benzene
(a non-polar solvent) raises the boiling point
from 80.2 °C to 82.6 °C. (Kb = 2.52 °C m-1)
Reading the problem this appears to be a boiling
point elevation problem, so Tb = K bm
Because benzene is a non-polar solvent we know
the unknown is NOT ionic, since ionic compounds
will not dissolve in non-polar solvents.
In this case we can use the equation to find the
molality, which in turn we can use to find moles and
thus molecular weight.
Rearranging, m = ( Tb)/(K b); m = (82.6 - 80.2 °C)/
(2.52 °C m-1) = (2.4°C)/(2.52 °C m-1) = 0.95 m 0.95
mol/kg
And from the grams we find that (7.39g/[85.0g]
[1kg/1,000g]) = (7.39g)/(0.085kg) = 86.9 g/kg
Finally,
MW = (86.9 g/kg)/(0.95 mol/kg) = 91g/mol
5. Calculate the boiling point of a 0.250 m
aqueous solution of iron(III) chloride at 1.00
atm. (Kb = 0.512 °C m-1)
Reading the problem this appears to be a boiling
point elevation problem, so Tb = K bm
Writing out the formula of the compound by
consulting the Periodic table we get, FeCl3 which
we expect to be ionic (Fe is lo, Cl is hi).
As a result we see that we will have four moles of
ions per mole of substance, so our molality, m =
4(0.250 m) = 1.00 m
The boiling point increase is then Tb = K bm =
(0.512 °C m-1)(1.00 m) = 0.512°C.
Adding the boiling point increase to the boiling
point of water at 1.00 atm we get:
T = 100.512°C = 100.51°C

6. Calculate the molecular weight of an unknown
substance if dissolving 1.42 g in 25.0 g of pure
benzene lowers the freezing point by 1.96°C.
(Kf = 5.12 °C m-1) [148 g/mol]
From reading the problem this is a freezing point
depression problem and Tf = -Kfm
In this case we can use the equation to find the
molality, which in turn we can use to find moles and
thus molecular weight.
Rearranging, m = ( Tf )/(-Kf) = (1.96°C)/(5.12 °C
m-1) = 0.383 m = 0.383 mol/kg solv.
Now if we find the mass/kg solv. we can find the
molecular weight: 1.42g/0.025kg = 56.8g/kg solv.
Finally:
MW = (56.8g/kg solv.)/(0.383 mol/kg solv.) =
148g/mol
7. What is the freezing point of a 0.100 m
aqueous solution of aluminum chloride? (Kf =
1.988 °C m-1)
Reading the problem this appears to be a freezing
point depression problem and Tf = -Kfm
Writing out the formula of the compound by
consulting the Periodic table we get, AlCl3 which
we expect to be ionic (Al is lo, Cl is hi).
As a result we see that we will have four moles of
ions per mole of substance, so our molality, m =
4(0.100 m) = 0.400 m
The freezing point depression is then: Tf = -Kfm =
(-1.988°C m-1)(0.400 m) = -0.7952 °C
So the freezing point becomes 0.000 -7.952 °C
Tf = -0.795°C
8. A 0.150 m solution of acetic acid in water is
found to have a freezing point of - 0.28 °C. What
is the concentration of hydrogen ions in this
weak acid solution? (Kf = 1.855 °C m-1)
For this problem we want to recall that acetic acid is
a weak acid, so the molality will be the sum of the
acid plus the hydrogen ion and acetate ion
concentrations.
From the data we can find the total molality.
Rearranging the freezing point depression
equation, Tf = -Kfm, we get: m = ( Tf )/(-Kf)
Solving with the data provided, m = (-0.28°C)/
(1.855 °C m-1) = 0.1509m
In this case we started by adding 0.150 moles of
acetic acid, which then partially dissociated.
CH3COOH CH3COO-1 + H+1
So after dissociation, assuming x is the amount
dissociated we have:
 acetic acid = 0.150 - x
 acetate ion = x
 hydrogen ion = x
 total moles then = 0.150 - x + 2x =
0.150 + x
Thus hydrogen ion concentration, [H+] = x =
0.1509m- 0.150m= 0.009m
[H+] = 0.009m
9. Find the osmotic pressure of a 0.500 M
solution of sodium chloride at 0 °C.
= MRT
Of course sodiium chloride is ionic so the molarity
of ions is double the stated molarity, 2(0.500 M) =
1.000 M = 1.000 mol L-1
Plugging values into the equation we get = (1.000
mol L-1)(0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1)(273.15 K)
= 22.4atm
10. In order to find the molecular weight of
hemoglobin 0.500 g was dissolved in enough
water in a volumetric flask to give 100.0 mL of
solution. The osmotic pressure of this solution
was then measured at 25°C and found to be 1.35
mmHg. Calculate the moleculaar weight.
= MRT
To find the molecular weight we need to have moles
the change in the freezing point of the water is
and grams. We are given grams in the problem, so
first let's find the moles via finding M -3.8 oC. The freezing point of the solution is,
Rearranging the osmotic pressure equation we get therefore, -3.8 oC.
M = /RT. Substituting values then we get:
M = {(1.35 mmHg)/(760 mmHg atm-1)}/{(0.0821 L
atm mol-1 K-1)(273.15 +25)K = (1.78 x 10-3 atm)/ A solution of 0.5 g of an unknown nonvolatile,
{(0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1)(278 K)}
nonelectrolyte solute is added to 100 mL of
M = 7.275 x 10-5 mol/L
water and then placed across a
From the problem we see that the solution had semipermeable membrane from a volume of
0.500 g/100.0 mL = 5.00g/L
pure water. When the system reaches
To get g/mol we then can use dimensional analysis
to set up the equation: equilibrium, the solution compartment is
elevated 5.6 cm above the solvent
MW = (5.00 g/L)/(7.275 x 10-5 mol/L) = 6.87 x
104g/mol compartment. Assuming that the density of the
solution is 1.0 g / mL, calculate the molecular

What is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent mass of the unknown.

if the vapor pressure of a solution of 10 g of

To solve this problem, we will rearrange the
sucrose (C6H12O6) in 100 g of ethanol (C2H6O)
formula for osmotic pressure:
is 55 mmHg?
To solve this problem, we will use Raoult's law:

Then we can calculate the pressure from the

pressure depth equation, then convert the units
Then rearrange the equation to solve for the
into atmospheres.
pressure of the pure solvent, Po. After
converting the gram amounts to moles we find
that the mole fraction of the solvent ethanol is
0.975. Therefore, the vapor pressure of the
solvent is 56.4 mmHg. Next, we can calculate the molarity of the
solution. Finally, we will use that molarity to

What is the freezing point of a solution of 15.0 calculate the molar mass of the unknown from

g of NaCl in 250 g of water? The molal freezing the volume of the solution and the mass of the

point constant, Kf, for water is 1.86 oC kg / mol. unknown.

ΔTf = - i Kf m
For NaCl, i = 2. The concentration of the
solution is 1.03 m in NaCl. Therefore,