CDMA-2000

Introduction

• CDMA -Code Division Multiple Access.

• Spread Spectrum technique using Direct Sequence i.e. each data bit is
represented (spread) by multiple bits in transmitted signal.
• It supports data rates both circuit and packet switched of 9.6kbps to 2
Mbps.
• Operates in wide range of environments
• Outdoor Mega cells(cells 35km radius)
• Outdoor macro cells(1-35 km radius)
• Indoor/outdoor micro cells(1km radius)
• Indoor/outdoor Pico cells(<50-m radius)
 Contd…

• Cdma2000 can be deployed in

– Indoor/Outdoor environment
– Wireless Local Loops
– Vehicular Environments
– Mixed Vehicular & Indoor/Outdoor Environments
 Contd…
• CDMA 2000 is a radio and network access system that is part
of the IMT-2000 (ITU) specification suite of 3G systems.
• Goals of IMT-2000:Global Standard.
• High Speed Packet Data Services:
– 2Mbps for stationary use.
– 384kbps for pedestrian use.
– 144kbps for vehicular use.
• 3G applications enabled by CDMA 2000:
• Packet based services like, wireless Internet, e-mail,
ecommerce
and multimedia, location based services,
• longer battery life.
 Evolution of cdma-2000
• CDMA 2000 enables migration from and seamless backward compatibility to
cdmaOne 2G to 3G without fork-lifting the legacy system.
• CDMA 2000 migration path:
– CDMA 2000-1X (1xRTT)
-RTT- Radio Transmission Technology
• Currently available. Incorrectly considered 2.5G.
• First version of CDMA 2000 by Qualcomm.
• 144kbps data rate and 1.5 times the voice capacity.
• 1xEV-DO (HDR)
• Evolution of 1x to provide high data rate only, over a separate carrier.
• 2.4Mbps downstream and 300kbps upstream.
• 1xEV-DV
• Evolution of 1x to provide high data rate and voice capacity.
• 5.2Mbps.
• CDMA 2000-3X (3xRTT)
• Conceptual phase.
• Use of a new 3.75MHz (3 x1.25MHz) spectrum.
 cdma2000 Network Architecture
PSTN

BSC
IOS SS7
MSC/ HLR
Multi-mode BTS
(cdma2000-1x) Network
VLR
Voice
1x
------------
1xEV-DO Data
R-P
RNC PDSN/
(1xEV-DO) FA HA
IP
Network

Visited Home
AAA AAA

Abbreviations
AAA Authentications, Authorization and Visited Home
Accounting cdma2000 cdma2000
HA Home Agent
Network Network
FA Foreign Agent
IOS Interoperability Standard
R-P Radio Packet Interface
RNC Radio Network Controller
PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
IOS InterOperability Specification
Cdma2000 Network Architecture

• AAA: Authentication, Authorization

and Accounting
• FA: Foreign Agent
• GR: Gateway Router
• HA: Home Agent
• PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node
 CDMA2000 Packet Data Architecture • A mobile station in a form of a handset,..
• CDMA2000-1x Radio Access Network (RAN)
• Packet Control Function (PCF)
• Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN)
supporting FA functionality in case of
Mobile IP
• Home and foreign AAA servers
• Home Agent (for the Mobile IP access
method)
• PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node

•When the mobile station connects to the CDMA2000 base station establishes a connection to a PDSN.
•In the case of Mobile IP, the mobile station is then connected to its serving HA by a tunnel between
PDSN/FA and the HA established using Mobile IP.
•The IP address of the mobile station is assigned from the address space of its Home network, either
statically provisioned or dynamically allocated by the HA at the beginning of the session.
•Mobile IP authentication and authorization is performed by both the PDSN and HA by querying the AAA
infrastructure
•the address must be assigned to mobile station by the PDSN and cannot be statically provisioned in the
MS.
•The authentication for this access method is based only on PDSN.
Cdma2000 packet Data Network Architecture
 Cdma2000 Layering Structure
• Upper Layer Services
• Voice
• End User data bearing services
• Signaling
• Lower Layer
• Link Access Control(LAC)
• Media Access Control(MAC)
• LAC manages point to point communication channels
• MAC provides 3 functions
• Media Access control state
• Best Effort Delivery
• Multiplexing & QOS control
Cdma2000 Layer Structure

• Layer functions
– Signaling Control
– Data Services
– Voice Services
– Mac Control states
– Qos
– Resource Allocation
– Multiplexing
– Coding & Modulation
• The link layer offers the protocol support and control mechanisms to
provide data transport services.
• Link layer maps logical data and signalling channels into code channels
that are supported by coding and modulation function of the physical
layer.
• all higher layer services above the link layer (i.e., the ISO/OSI Network,
Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application Layers) are collectively
abstracted as Upper Layer entities.
• The Link Layer supports varying levels of reliability and Quality of Service
(QoS) characteristics according to the needs of the specific Upper Layer
service.
• The Link Layer is further subdivided into two sublayers
– Link Access Control (LAC) and Media Access Control (MAC).
 LAC Layer
• The LAC sublayer provides transport of data over the air interface between
peer Upper Layer entities.
• It supports scalable transmission reliability capabilities to meet the varying
needs of the Upper Layer entities.
• To provide this service, the LAC employs a number of different protocols to
match the quality of service requirements of each Upper Layer entity
• (e.g., error rate, delay, degree of transparency, etc.) to the characteristics
of the MAC sublayer
 MAC Layer
• The MAC sublayer provides a control function
• manages resources that are supplied by the Physical Layer (e.g., physical code
channels for communication of information over the air interface)
• coordinates the usage of those resources desired by various LAC service entities.
• This coordination function (which operates under direct control of the base station
MAC function) resolves contention issues between LAC service entities within a
single mobile station, as well as between competing mobile stations.
• The MAC sublayer is also responsible for delivering the QoS level requested by a
LAC service entity (e.g., by reserving air interface resources or by resolving
priorities between competing LAC service entities)
• There are two types of channels defined in cdma2000:
• logical and
• physical channels.
 Logical Channels
• Forward/Reverse Common Traffic Channel (f/r-ctch) –
– is the forward or reverse logical channel that is used to carry short data bursts
associated with the data service in the Dormant/Burst Substate of the Dormant State.
– This logical channel is a point-to-point channel that is allocated for the duration of the
short burst.
• Forward/Reverse Dedicated MAC Channel (f/r-dmch_control) –
– is the forward or reverse logical channel that is used to carry Medium Access Control
(MAC) messages.
– This logical channel is a point-to-point channel that is allocated throughout the Active
State and Control Hold State of the data service.
• Forward/Reverse Dedicated Traffic Channel (f/r-dtch) –
– is the forward or reverse logical channel that is used to carry user data traffic.
– This logical channel is a point-to-point channel that is allocated for use throughout the
Active State of the data service.
• Reverse Common MAC Channel (r-cmch_control) –
– is the reverse logical channel which is used by the mobile station while data service is in
the Dormant/Idle Substate of the Dormant State or Suspended State.
– This logical channel is used to carry MAC messages.
– The r-cmch_control is shared by a group of mobile stations in the sense that access to
this channel is gained on a contention basis.
• Forward Common MAC Channel (f-cmch_control) –
– is the forward logical channel which is used by the base station while data service is in
the Dormant/Idle Substate of the Dormant State or Suspended State.
– This logical channel is used to carry MAC messages.
– The f-cmch_control is a point-to-multipoint channel.
 Physical Channels
• The cdma2000 Physical Layer provides coding and modulation services for
a set of logical channels that are utilized by the PLDCF(Physical Layer
Dependent Convergence Function) Mux and QoS Sublayer.
• Following coding and modulation, the physical layer generates a set of
physical channels that are directly transmitted over the air.

• A general classification of physical channels is into two groups

– Dedicated Physical Channel (F/R DPHCH)
– Common Physical Channel (F/R CPHCH)
 Dedicated Physical Channel (F/R DPHCH)
• the collection of all physical channels that carry information in a dedicated, point
to point manner between the base station
• and a single mobile station.
• The Forward DPHCH (F-DPHCH) is the collection of all physical channels that carry
information from the base station to a single mobile station.
 Dedicated Physical Channel
• Forward Fundamental Channel (F-FCH) : is used for voice traffic, low data
rate traffic, power control bits and control information.
• Forward Supplemental Channels (F-SCHs) : are used for data only , power
control bits and control information.
• Forward Dedicated Control Channel (F-DCCH) : is used for control
information and reverse link power control bits for specific mobile when
no fundamental channel is used.
• Forward Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot Channel (F-DAPICH) : is used with
antenna beam forming application and beam steering techniques to
increase the coverage and data rate towards a particular mobile station.
 Reverse DPHCH (R-DPHCH
• is the collection of all physical channels that carry information from a
single mobile station to the base station. I
• composed of the following channels:
• Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH) : is used for voice traffic, low data
rate traffic and control information.
• Reverse Supplemental Channels (R-SCHs) : are used for high data rate
traffic only.
• Reverse Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH) : is used for control
information during a call and is used instead of Fundamental channel.
• Reverse Pilot Channel (R-PICH) : is used for reverse link time
synchronization, phase synchronization and channel estimation.
 Common Physical Channel (F/R CPHCH)

• the collection of all physical channels that carry information in a shared

access, point to multipoint manner between the base station and multiple
mobile stations.
• There are two types of messages on the FCPHCH;
• overhead messages (broadcast) in which multiple mobiles are to receive
the message and
• directed messages in which a single mobile determines that the message is
destined for it by use of an explicit address (e.g. Paging messages).
 Forward Pilot Channel (F-PICH)
• Forward Pilot Channel (F-PICH) : is Continuously broadcast throughout the cell,
shared between all mobiles in the cell in order to provide timing and phase
information and used to obtain fast acquisition of new multipaths and channel
estimation (e.g. phase and multipath strength).
• Forward Common Auxiliary Pilot Channel (F-CAPICH) : is used for antenna
beam forming applications where common auxiliary pilots are used to
generate spot beams that can be used to increase coverage towards a
particular geographical point or to increase capacity towards hot spots.
• Forward Paging Channel (F-PCH) : is a backward compatible channel which
can transmit at a data rate of 9600 bps or 4800 bps.
– A cdma2000 system can have multiple paging channels per base station.
• Forward Common Control Channel (F-CCCH) : is used for communication of
layer 3 and MAC messages from the base station to the mobile station.
• Forward Sync Channel (F-SYNC) : is used by mobile stations operating
within the coverage area of base station to acquire initial time
synchronization.
• Forward Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel (F-TDPICH) : is used for transmit
diversity coherent detection.
• Forward Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel (F-ATDPICH) : is used for
transmit diversity coherent detection for a group of users.
• Forward Broadcast Channel (F-BCCH) : is used for broadcast messages to
all mobiles.
• Forward Quick Paging Channel (F-QPCH) : is used for informing mobiles to
listen to the Paging or Forward Common Control channels.
• Forward Common Assignment Channel (F-CACH) : is used for quick reverse
channel assignment for mobiles sending random access channel.
• Forward Common Power Control Channel (F-PCCH) : is used for power
control commands for mobiles common reverse link channel.
 Reverse CPHCH (R-CPHCH)

• is the collection of all physical channels that carry information

from multiple mobile stations to the base station on a
contention basis.
• It is composed of the Reverse Common Channel Type (R-
CCHT) channels
 Reverse CPHCH (R-CPHCH)
• Reverse Access Channel (R-ACH) : is used for control information and small
size packets transmitted at a fixed rate of either 4800 and 9600 kbps.
• Reverse Common Control Channel (R-CCCH) : is used for control
information for all mobiles.
• Reverse Enchanced Access Channel (R-EACH) : is used for random access
control information.