Problem: 01

From P-V and T-S diagram for constant volume process:

 Pressure increases from P1 to P2.

 Since the process is constant volume, change in volume equals to zero therefore work done is
zero. V1 = V2
 Since heat is added to the system, so internal energy U increases. U2 > U1.
 From curve, entropy also increases. S2 > S1.
 The dryness fraction also increases. X2 > X1.

Problem: 02

1. Water with quality of 0.5.

2. Fully gaseous state.
3. Further heating from fully gaseous state (2).
Problem: 03
 The entropy of isolated system cannot decrease. However when a system is not isolated, but is
in contact with its surrounding, then the entropy off this open system may decreases, with a
necessary compensating increase in the entropy of the surroundings.
 We can decrease entropy locally and this is the basis of the life process. The total entropy of the
closed system cannot decreases. Evolution (animals and plants) are an example of entropy of a
local system decreasing.
 The total entropy of the universe can never decrease. Entropy can decrease somewhere,
provided it increases somewhere else by at least as much. The entropy of a system decreases
only when it interacts with some other system whose entropy increases in the process.

Problem: 04
Title of the video: Perpetual Motion Machine – Periodic Table of Video

Link of the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muruba8ORGA

According to my point of view, there must be an energy source that rotates that wheel. It may be
pressure difference, some battery etc. Because there must be a source of energy to do work according
to laws of thermodynamics. Each one comes with different idea how it works and after testing, they can
et an idea whether they are right or not. If I will do the test on the box that is in the middle of the wheel
whether it is a power source or not. After covering it or replacing it, I can get the idea.

I am looking forward to help us to give the reason of this perpetual motion machine.

Problem: 05
To Find:
 Change in entropy of the system =?
 Change in entropy of the environment =?
 Process is reversible or irreversible =?

Solution:
a) 50 Joules of heat is transferred from a system at 100 °C to a reservoir at 5 °C
𝛿𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝑠 =
𝑇
−50
∆𝑆𝑠 =
100 + 273
∆𝑺𝒔 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝑱/𝑲
𝛿𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ∆𝑆𝑒 =
𝑇
50
∆𝑆𝑠 =
5 + 273
 ∆𝑺𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝑱/𝑲
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑒
= −0.134 + 0.18
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓 𝑱/𝑲
As we know that the entropy of the universes can never be decreases. Hence, the above process is
possible and irreversible.

b) 50 Joules of heat is transferred from a system at 5 °C to a reservoir at 100 °C.

𝛿𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝑠 =
𝑇
−50
∆𝑆𝑠 =
5 + 273
∆𝑺𝒔 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝑱/𝑲
𝛿𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ∆𝑆𝑒 =
𝑇
50
∆𝑆𝑠 =
100 + 273
∆𝑺𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝑱/𝑲
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑒
= −0.18 + 0.134
= −𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓 𝑱/𝑲
According to the entropy law, the above process is not possible.

c) 50 Joules of heat is transferred from a system at 5 °C to a reservoir at 5 °C.

𝛿𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝑠 =
𝑇
−50
∆𝑆𝑠 =
5 + 273
∆𝑺𝒔 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝑱/𝑲
𝛿𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ∆𝑆𝑒 =
𝑇
50
∆𝑆𝑠 =
5 + 273
∆𝑺𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝑱/𝑲
 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑒

= −0.18 + 0.18
= 𝟎 𝑱/𝑲
The above process is reversible.

d) 50 Joules of heat is transferred to a reservoir at 5 °C. During this heat transfer process, the
temperature of the system changes from 15 °C to 5 °C so that dT = 2 δQ.
𝑇2
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝑠 = 𝐶𝑝 ln
𝑇1
278
∆𝑆𝑠 = 0.5 ln
288
∆𝑺𝒔 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟕 𝑱/𝑲
𝛿𝑄
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ∆𝑆𝑒 =
𝑇
50
∆𝑆𝑠 =
5 + 273
∆𝑺𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝑱/𝑲
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑒

= −0.01767 + 0.18
= 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝑱/𝑲
The above process is irreversible.

Problem: 06
Given Data:
State 1 10 kPa, 20 oC

State 2 5 MPa, 20 oC

State 3 5 MPa, 500 oC

State 4 10 kPa, x=0.95

To Find:
Efficiency =?
Solution:
𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20 ℃ = 20 + 273 = 293 𝐾
𝑇𝐻 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 500 ℃ = 500 + 273 = 773 𝐾
𝑇𝐿
𝜂𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 1 −
𝑇𝐻
293
=1−
773
= 1 − 0.3790
𝜼𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒕 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟏 %

Problem: 07
Given Data:

 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 𝑄𝐻̇ = 6 𝑘𝑊

 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇𝐿 = 30℃ = 30 + 273 = 303 𝐾
 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇𝐻 = 250 + 273 = 523 𝐾

To Find:

 Power Output =?
 Heat rejection rate =?

Solution:

𝑇𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑦 = 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
𝑇𝐻

303
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
523

𝜂𝑡ℎ = 0.42

𝑊̇
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝑄𝐻̇

𝑊̇ = 𝜂𝑡ℎ ∗ 𝑄𝐻̇

= 0.42 ∗ 6

𝑾̇ = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑾
 𝑄𝐿̇ = 𝑄𝐻̇ + 𝑊̇

= 6 − 2.524

𝑸̇𝑳 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒌𝑾

Problem: 08
Given Data:

 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇𝐻 = 100℃ = 100 + 273 = 373 𝐾

 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇𝐿 = 10 + 273 = 283 𝐾

To Find:

 Maximum efficiency =?
 Maximum Temperature =?

Solution:

𝑇𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑦 = 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
𝑇𝐻

283
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
373

𝜼𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟐

If the efficiency gets doubled:

𝜂𝑡ℎ = 0.2412 ∗ 2 = 0.4824

𝑇𝐿
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
𝑇𝐻

283
0.4824 = 1 −
𝑇𝐻

𝑻𝑯 = 𝟓𝟒𝟔 𝑲 = 𝟐𝟕𝟑 ℃