CONNOTATIVE AND DENOTATIVE MEANING OF THE SHORT STORY ‘THE

GIFT OF THE MAGI’ BY O HENRY : AN ANALYSIS STUDY

Sabila Nur Azizah; Husnia Naylil Ulya

Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
Sabilaazizah13@gmail.com; Husnianay@gmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this research is to analyze connotative and

denotative meaning from the short story ‘the gift of the Magi’ by
O Henry, in the scope of identifying the physical appearance and
expression focusing on one of the main characters, Della. The
researchers applied the descriptive qualitative method in
analyzing the topic. Moreover, this research attached some
previous studies which unpacking the same issue about
semantics analysis of connotative and denotative to describe the
similarities and differences among those papers, thus this
research was claimed has the same area in those particular paper.
The usage of data collection derived out of journal articles,
theses, some book chapters that could reinforce the analysis. This
analysis applied the fundamental theory of Kreidler in the book
Introducing English Semantics. This study also aims to ease the
reader in comprehending the literal and implied meaning of the
short story The Gift of Magi. Thus, the result of this study is to
demonstrate denotative and connotative meaning in the short
story The Gift of Magi, in some phrases which identified Della’s
physical appearance and expression.

Keywords : Semantics, Denotative meaning, Connotative meaning,

Della’s Physical Appearance, Della’s Expression

INTRODUCTION

The basic needs of using the systematic of meaning portrays in our

daily life, chiefly in communication. Language study was stated that the
study of meaning contributes as Semantics, respecting to the necessary of
gaining a succesful discourses. In sum, semantics is an area engages the
meaning of a language in the diverse of linguistic expression. Generally,
the meaning is not merely stands as a meaning its self, by its
qualification, meaning has a significant variation due to its functions.
Regarding the concept of semantics aspect, dividing in many parts of
semantics terms exists specifically. Such as, the current topics which will
the reaserchers investigate in this paper, is conotation and denotation.
The chosen topics is made by some consideration, concerning the pivotal
of comprehending the intended or lexical meaning in a words, phrase,

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clause or sentences in this literary work. The wider of structures, the
more complicated to interpret its meaning.

Related to its utilization, language is used for some purposes,

involving the use of language in political areas (Dunmire, 2018), teaching-
learning process, and so forth engaging the implementation besides the
theory. Moreover, the general public has been good at using signs,
symbols, or meaning in interacting or conveying aspirations, opinions, or
his opinion to others. One way to express an opinion or aspiration is to
write in the form of literary work. The need for using connotation in
literary works is also encountered the occurrence of implicature meaning
associated with the selected literary work in this white paper. Thus,
gaining the intended meaning of a particular work is engaged with the
study of the dimensions of meaning which is currently pivotal in being
observed to reach the precise content. In fact, the word choice of literary
works contributes to the crucial part in increasing the reader’s attraction
to the works.

In literary work, it can not be separated from meaning. Although the

language used in literary works requires more time to understand, we
must find a word or phrase that we are not allowed to understand
textually. Because every word has a field of meaning and understanding
the connotative meaning in a language textually will cause
misunderstanding about the meaning. Considering a literary work, it
genuinely talks about the beauty of literature. Which the beauty is a-must
having by literary works. Thus, some authors used unusual language that
not common to apply in daily life. In some extent, reflecting the values of
life, the form of criticism on the political or economical issue, and
revealing what the feeling related to personal live are an example of
things that determine the content of the work of a writer. Then, to
beautify the structures of its work, the authors usually express an opinion
by using connotation meaning with the aim of conveying something
politely or roughly.

The form of language is not merely about oral, it could be in a written

term. The main reason the researchers are chosen this topic because, in
our daily life, a human will not appear with the meaning. Functioning as
the restating the ideas and the main on what the other utterances.
Denotation is used to reveal what the demand directly. While
connotation is contributed to state the ideas indirectly (Hoed, 2011:12). A
good communication is produced by how the agents understanding each
other from their discourse. Genuinely, the meaning of the words is
distinguished by a denotative and connotative meaning (Kreidler, 1998).
Such is the literary work that the authors are taken in this analysis, the
short story of the gift of Magi has an intended value constructed by
connotative and denotative in each sentence. Therefore, the authors are
used to take this topic, to ease the reader understanding during
comprehending the text of the short story of the gift of Magi.

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 Consider the two of prominent reason in determining this topics, the
reaserchers had given more attention to its academic purposes and the
popularity and uniqueness of the short story ‘The Gift of Magi’.
Assertively, related to academic aquisitions encloses the importance of
improving the academic status especially in language side. Concerning
the extented knowledge of language requires the need of more discussion
againts linguistics aspect. Moreover, the study of the implementation of
linguistics towards literary work is a must-maintaining relies on the
reasercher focuses on this subject. Thus, seeing from this academic
purpose, this paper is precise to analyze. Furthermore, emphasize on the
masterpiece by O Henry which is the short story ‘The Gift of Magi’, the
work is interesting to analyze reliant towards the popularity of its short
story. It becomes a work that interesting to study. Also, respect to ease
the impricate and lexical meaning of the content.

This research takes connotative and denotative meaning analysis

againts Della’s Physical Apearance and Expression, the main focus that
contained in the gift of magi’s short story. The purpose of this study is to
find out the meaning of the connotation contained in the story, the
implied or explicit message, and what is the role of the connotation
meaning to the message conveyed by the short story.

The existence of this research is not solely emerged by the researchers.

It appears from the theses or journals which the researchers had inspired.
Precisely, previous studies have the same discussion with this paper. In
determining the subject of this study or applying some particular way in
choosing the topic and some aspects contained in the analysis of work
concerns with the previous studies that had already discuss before. For
this reason, the researchers take five examples of paper that have
similarities and differences in each content, in the term of their
methodology, focus subject, theory, and the aim of the studies. In the four
paper that the researchers had taken, their have the same methodology i.e
descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the study. Also, describing
the connotative and denotative meaning in the studies is the prominent
aim of those papers. Affirming the literal and implied meaning of the
subject of the study, and constructing the structures of semantic roles and
their related meaning. Those papers merely used semantics theory in
investigating the discussion.

Nevertheless, the focus subject of those studies has distinctive

features regarding the kind of chosen work. There was an analysis of a
novel, the three of those papers focused on analyzing some news and
newspaper and the last paper discussed the public interpretation of a
particular case in China. This research has not similarity deal with focus
subject among those example papers. But, this research has little in
common on choosing a literary work with the one paper, neither the
paper examined a novel nor this research confers a short story.
Furthermore, the descriptive qualitative method also applied in this
research related to those example papers. In addition, this research

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 implements a precise theory i.e Kreidler’s theory of Semantics in
connotative and denotative meaning. Also, identical on the aim of
discussion, is to identify connotative and denotative meaning in a certain
works.

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Discussion Topic
As the smallest part of prose in literary works, short stories tend
to be short, concise, and direct to an objective compared to other works of
fiction that are longer like novels and novella. Short stories also do not
really happen but can happen at any time. Another understanding of a
short story is a fictional sub-article that contains the life of a person and
society or a life that is told briefly. The elements of a short story should
always be presented such as characters, plot, setting, point of view,
dimension and myth, symbolism, significance (Levy, 2012). This study
was conducted to analyze a short story The Gift of The Magi that was
also classified as a marvelous short story published in 1905. The gift of
The Magi consists of appealing characters and a dazzling plot, even more
also contains a myth and symbolism of a particular tale. This short story
composed by O Henry discloses about a husband and wife who will
celebrate Christmas. Hoping that they will give their best gifts, but the
economic situation forces them to do something that brings out an
extraordinary event between the two. Regarding those elements of a
short story, the researchers desire to appreciate more and decided to
become an object of this research.
2. Theory
For this reason, to uphold the analysis of the short story referred
to Kreidler's Theory of Semantics in analyzing connotative and
denotative meaning. Introducing English Semantics owned by Kreidler
supported the researchers' analysis process. Whereas semantics is a study
of meaning, the discussion is divided into a dimension of meaning
chapter. Also, semantics discusses about the systematic of meaning.
Including the meaning of the words, phrases and sentences (Yule, 2010:
112). As one of the linguistics filed, it is related to the meaning of words
that having a relations in each words of sentences. Languge that appears
in the form of words, phrases, or sentences has its own meaning. Each of
words have a meaning, whereas semantics takes a big role in this
position. The emergence of meaning in words, phrases and sentences
indicates the level of language in meaning. For example the words paint,
happy, and affixes –er of painter and the –un of unhappy, in this case,

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 combining morphemes that become a words is unseparated, because it
appears a particular meaning that can not stand alone.
There is a type of meaning, i.e connotative and denotative. While
denotation is a possible word that has a literal meaning also concerns
with the ability of the speakers to comprehend the meaning of a
particular word. Besides the literal meaning, the existence of a broad area
which express an attitude and involve a social context, it means that a
word in a phrase, sentence or clause have a variation of meaning or
implied, where each person have their own assumption of connotative
meaning based on the knowledge they have (Kreidler, 1998).

METHOD

a. The Methods
This research applies a descriptive qualitative method. A qualitative
method is a research prosedure which generates a descriptive data in the
form of written which can be observed (Zuldafrial, 2012 : 2).
b. Data and The Source of Data
b.1 Data
As stated by Arikunto (Fahrana, 2011: 38) Data is a facts and
numbers which can be a reference to arrange an information. The data in
this study are lingual units that contain meaning connotative and
denotative taken in the short story the gift of magi. Citing the data
needed in accordance with that research has benn established.
b.2. Data collection methods
In the process of collecting data is using the methodology research
is often referred to as a method or technique. Method and technique is a
way of processing data. Method is the way to be implemented; technique
is a way of carrying out the Sudayanto method (Muhammad, 2012:47). In
collecting data in this study used some methods that are relevant to the
type of research carried out viz through the documentation method,
referr to method, while the collection technique data using citing
techniques of the relevance studies.
b.3. Documentation methods.
According to Arikunto (2011: 158) documentation is the method
used to fnd and collect data about things in the form of book and book
chapters, journals, theses and conference paper related to the topic. The
documentation referred to in the research is the short story The Gift Of
Magi. At this stage, will be collected and examined all data relating to the
connotative and denotative meaning in the text of the short story.

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 c. Data analysis methods
According to Darma (2009: 55) data analysis is an effort to find and
organizing data systematically to enhace researcher’s understanding of
the case under study and present it as a finding for others. The data
analysis method in this reasearch uses Qualitative method by
systematically searching and compiling data obtained from the
documentation, break down into units, do synthesis, arrage patterns,
choosing which ones are important and which will be learned, and
making conclusions so that they are easily understood by themselves and
others (Sugiyono 2014: 244).

FINDING

The researchers find connotative and denotative meaning in some

Della’s physical appearnce and expressions. It needs to unpack the lexical
and implied meaning for increasing the undestanding of the short story.
Discovering some notions in the short story that the reseracher perceived
that to ease the reader comprehension, the need of analyzing denotative
and connotative appears.

The research finding on denotative and connotative meaning of Della’s

physical appearance and expressions is summarized in the following
table.

Phrase Kind of Della Connotative Denotative

Phrase Physical Expression Meaning Meaning
Appearance
Growing Verb phrase √ 1 1
quieter
Complete Adjective √ 1 1
length phrase
Shining Verb phrase √ 1 1
Brown water Adjective √ 1 1
phrase
Into a dress for Prepositional √ 1 1
her phrase
Her crying Noun phrase √ 1 1
The marks of it Noun phrase √ 1 1
from her face
Shining Verb phrase √ 1 1
brightly
Lost its color Verb phrase √ 1 1

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 In the table above shows that researcher found nine phrases that
focus on Della’s physical appearances and expressions. There are five
phrases in physical appearances and four phrases in expressions which
have denotative and connotative meaning.

DISCUSSION

Based on the Kreidler’s theory of semantics in connotative and

denotative meaning, it was stated by the researchers in the theoretical
framework above, the theories are simply used in this discussion. Instead
of the implementation of a way in analyzing the meaning, the researchers
referred to some previous studies in the way how comprehending the
meaning of denotative and connotative.

In the making and analyzing the topic, the researchers referred to

the relevance study that had been stated in the theoretical framework.
Generating the comparisons in revealing between connotative and
denotative meaning in some clauses of the short story that could show
and select some Della’s Physical Appearance and Expression. Thus, the
researchers classify the analysis into two parts; 1.) Connotative and
Denotative meaning againts Della’s Physical Appearnce, and 2.)
Connotative and Denotative meaning againts Della’s Expression.

1. Connotative and Denotative meaning againts Della’s Physical Appearance

In this short story, there are several languages that show the connotative
and denotative meaning against Della’s physical appearance in the form
of clause and sentence. We compare the denotative meaning from each
word in connotative meaning.

1. “Slowly growing quieter”

a. Denotative meaning
Denotative meaning gives understanding meaning in accordance
with the text. in the literal or primary meaning we can translate the
sentence above with “perlahan tumbuh lebih tenang”. This meaning is
understood in text without looking at another meanings contained in the
text. In denotative meaning the word slowly means move without hurry
and fast. The word growing means arise (live) and grow bigger or perfect
(about the seeds of plants). In these words we know that the adjective
slowly and the verb growing indicate a physical appearance experienced
by Della. And the word quieter means heart feeling and a situation where
someone feels not nervous).

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 b. Connotative meaning
According to Binkert (2003: 163), connottaive meaning and
denotative meaning have relationships that are connected to one another.
Thus, connotative meaning cannot separated from denotative meaning
because they influence one another. It gives a different color in
understanding the text without losing the overall denotative meaning.
The clause slowly growing quieter has given information that these two
words slowly and growing indicate physical appearance in denotative
meaning. So, there is physical changes that are visible and can be seen by
eyes. And the word quieter is an adjective in the form of comparative
which shows similar nature with increasing levels. Therefore, the
connotative meaning of the word quieter is interpred as ”more mature in
thinking” is more appropriate. Then when these three words are united
in the form of clause means “lambat laun ia tumbuh menjadi wanita
yang cantik secara fisik dan dewasa dalam berfikir”. Physically Della
undergoes changes to his physical that she slowly grew into a woman
who looked more beautiful and mature.
2. “let it fall to its complete length (hair)”
a. Denotative meaning
Base on dictionary, the clause above translated as “Biarkan ia jatuh
panjang sempurna”. In denotative meaning, the verb fall means go down
very fast. It is usually happens to someone physically caused by tripping
or accident. But in this clause, the word fall is referred to in a hair where
hair is a noun that doesn’t can fall. So, the word fall if translated as jatuh
is irrelevant because it gives rise to another understanding. The word
complete is an adjective means has no shortcomings and intact in
denotative meaning and transleted as sempurna. and the noun length is
translated as panjang. Base on dictionary this word means the dimension
of an object that states the distance between the ends.
b. Connotative meaning
In connotative meaning, the clause “let it fall to its complete length
(hair)” Translated as “Biarkan (rambut) panjangnya terurai dengan
sempurna”. As in the previous explanation, the word fall is a verb that
indicates an activity. But in this case this verb referred to a noun hair that
unable to move or cannot do activity. By mean of this, we do not choose
the word jatuh to translate this verb. But we translate this word as terurai
in connotative meaning is more acceptable to represent the word fall
which refers to the word hair. While the word complete and length
follow the denotative meaning that base on dictionary, because these
word is acceptable and do not cause other interpretation.

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3. “Shining like a falling stream of brown water”.
a. Denotative meaning
Base on dictionary, the clause above translated as “Bersinar seperti
aliran air cokelat yang jatuh”. The word shining means emitting light that
usually reffers to a lamp or something that emitting light. The word
stream means flowing or move forward that usually reffers to a water.
Brown is a kind of color. And the water is a liquid object containing
hydrogen and oxygen. In each word that has each of these denotative
meaning, also has connotative meaning if these word united into one
clause.
b. Connotatative meaning
In connotative meaning the clause Shining like a falling stream of
brown water means that “berkilau bagai pantulan aliran air kecoklatan”.
Shining is an adjective which means bersinar. If this word refers to hair,
this word is not appropriate to be translated as bersinar because the hair
is a part of body that cannot produce the light. Therefore, we use the
word berkilau to translete the word shining to describe the beautiful hair
of Della. The phrase falling stream of brown water means the color of
Della’s hair is blonde and falling stream of brown water shows that Della
has a straight hair and not wavy. From this imagery we can imagine how
beautiful Della’s hair is.
4. “It almost made itself into a dress for her”.
a. Denotative meaning
Base on dictionary, the sentence above means “itu hampir
membuatnya menjadi gaun untuknya”. In denotative meaning, the word
dress is a woman’s or girl’s clothes that covers a woman’s body parts
which makes the wearer more attractive and charming. This is a true
meaning of the noun dress. In addition, dress a woman or girl’s clothes
made of cloth that is worn on the body. Thus, if the noun dress refers to
the word hair in denotative meaning will cause misunderstanding
because dress is worn on the body not on the head. So, the word dress
cannot understood in the form of denotative meaning.
b. Connotative meaning
In denotative meaning the word dress is a clothes that make a
women look beautiful, in connotative meaning dress means Della’s
beautiful hair that becomes a part of her clothes that makes she looks
beautiful. In this explanation appears that the denotative meaning affects
the connottaive meaning in a function. In its function, the dress is a
beautiful clothes that cover the body to make women look more
beautiful. While the function of hair is to make a women look more
beautiful, but the hair is on the head. To sum up, In Bahasa we translete

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 the sentene above with “Rambut Della seakan akan telah menjadi bagian
dari pakaian indah yang membuat Della terlihat cantik”.

2. Connotative and Denotative meaning againts Della’s Expression

The existing of varied expression involving sadness, happiness etc is

a certain things that genuine to happen in the whole literary works. To
attract and enhance the reader’s interest in reading, regarding the
purpose of a literary work is to entertain. Moreover, the need of
unpacking its academic field triggers the reaserchers to analyze more
some parts of the short story ‘the Gift of the Magi’, specifically on Della’s
expression. Because the implicit meaning of some her expression is
emerge, as we know that the connotative meaning exits closely with the
denotative meaning. Thus, the researchers perceived doing the analysis
of a chosen expression to ease the understanding of the reader.

a. Della finished her crying and cleaned the marks of it from her face.
a.1) Denotative meaning
The phrase of her crying has a precise or literal mening that seen from
each words, the word her used, generally as the object of a verb or
preposition, to indicate to a woman, or girl, while crying represents to
cultivate tears as the result of a strong emotion, such as unhappiness or
pain (Cambridge Dictionary). In the thematic role, her crying has a
position as theme from the agent of Della. From denotative side, it is not
concerning the prominent emotions or the dominance between negative
or positive direction.While the sentence ‘Della finished he crying’ is
demonstrated as the activities, human-reasoneableness which people are
deserved. It didn’t show any intents. Also, the sentence used a past
participle of the verb usage defines in Indonesia as ‘telah’ in each words.
‘Her crying’ means that Della was just falling her tears, water which came
out from her eyes. Commonly, a tears leave a marks in the cheeks. This
notion is the proven situation that identifies the phrase the marks of it from
her face. It is all done that the sentences ‘Della finished her crying and cleaned
the marks of it from her face’ could just meaning as Della menyelesaikan
tangisannya dan membersihkan tanda-tanda itu dari wajahnya. It doesn’t
belong to see the context or a wide range of a words or other sentences
regarding to determine a literal meaning.
a.2 ) Connotative Meaning
Connotation relates to the diverse of positive and negative circles that
most words consistently bear with them. The concept of connotation is
the affecting and artistic association around a word. Thus, it is a
subjective value or prespective that each person have their own
imaginative to comprehend the meaning of a sentences. It is constructed

10
by social and cultural views. So, the sentence Della finished her crying and
cleaned the marks of it from her face can be interpreted with Della menyudahi
tangisannya dan mengusap bekas air mata di wajah nya, a giving-meaning of
connotative is smoother than denotative, and it is more appropriate to
say. From the researchers context, the sentence indicates an expression of
sadness, it seems from its substance. Due to the agent is doing activiy
which identifies the agent’s expression.
The word meaning of ‘menyudahi’ in translating the word ‘finished’
is more relevant. The sentence ‘Della finished her crying’ connotatively
can be concluded that della is experiencing something bad that makes her
cry, but on the other side there is something that encourages her to stop
her crying. No more tears fell from her eyes, followed by the next
sentence which also shows della’s sadness deeply, is ‘and cleaned the
marks of it from her face’. The sentence portrays connotatively that Della
wiped her tears and did not want to dissolve in sadness. As we know,
Regarding the situation in the story that the reason of Della’s crying is
because she didn’t have much money to buy Jim a gift in a Cristmast.
Therefore, the word ‘cleaned’ is proper to translate as ‘mengusap’,
concerning the object of the predicate is tears.

In sum, both denotative or connotative identified a sadness

expression of Della. But, in revealing the sadness interpretation is
different towards the two principal methods of comprehending the
meanings of sentence.

b. Her eyes were shining brightly, but her face had lost its color.
b.1) Denotative Meaning
These sentences contain a literal meaning i.e Matanya bersinar dengan
terang, tetapi wajahnya kehilangan warnanya. Lexically, the eyes is not
capable to shine, as we know that the eyes can not produce a beam,
instead of the skin color of face can not lose in our physical. It is weird if
we comprehend those sentence literally. The entity of a parts of human
body exists, generally those terms can not engage with the predicate that
endures in the sentences. So, the notion of Della’s expression is not
invented in denotative meaning. It solely informs us the literal meaning
of the sentences, whereas there is no special meaning of it.
b.2 ) Connotative Meaning
In the aspect of suggestive meaning (connotations), these clauses
enclose the implied meaning that contains some expressions of Della. The
writer used a complicated utterances in depicting what Della’s feeling
which becomes an expression. The emerge of connotative in revealing
Della’s expression becomes a way of writing variatively. While translate
it connotatively, it gives us instruction to undestand the meaning in

11
 these clauses. Her eyes were shining brightly, but her face had lost its color
means Matanya memancarkan cahaya dengan terang, tetapi telah hilang warna
di wajahnya. It is seen from the words contained in the sentence, the fact
that it will not really happen in real life. Verily, it impacts the appearance
of implied meaning related the story. Relating with human phsycology,
the first clause means Della has an amazing idea in her mind until her
beautiful eyes could show something good for her current situation in the
short story. But in the next clause, her face had lost its color portrayed a bad
effect besides her brilliant idea.

CONCLUSION

The denotative meaning is the actual meaning contained in the word

and usually the meaning contained in the dictionary. While the
connotative meaning is a meaning that is not actually in a word or group
of word. Based on research that has been done about denotative and
connotative meaning in the short story The Gift of Magi by O. Henry, we
found several connotative meaning that we compared with denotative
meaning in the form of Della’s physical appearance and expression. We
found three clauses and one sentence that show Della’s physical
appearance. There are slowly growing quieter, let it fall to its complete length,
shining like a falling stream of brown water, and a sentence it almost made
itself into a dress for her. In physical expression we take two sentences from
several sentences which contain physical expressions of Della. There are
Della finished her crying and cleaned the marks of it from her face, and her eyes
were shining brightly, but her face had lost its color.

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