CE 198 – Undergraduate Research Program in Civil Engineering (Research Proper) 22 March 2006

Final Presentation Major Field: Transportation Engineering

Comparison of the Implemented Traffic Regulations

in Different Cities in Metro Manila
RHEALYN P. ARICAYOS
GAYNDA MARIE T. ILABAN
B.S. Civil Engineering Program
Department of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman
Email:ria.aricayos@gmail.com, gaynda_marie.ilaban@up.edu.ph

Advisers:
Dr. Karl N. Vergel
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman

Engr. Manuel Jose D. Camagay

University Extension Associate, National Center for Transportation Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman

Abstract: Traffic regulations are formulated to avoid chaos and to enforce highway discipline. However, problems will
arise if there are different implemented traffic regulations in each city. Furthermore, there are also disagreements on which
agency has the power and jurisdiction to implement and enforce these traffic regulations. These inconsistencies will result
in conflicts that will largely affect different transport groups. The purpose of this study is to compare all of these
regulations and to point out the differences in each and to clarify the jurisdiction of the different agencies concerned in its
implementation. Also, to be able to check if there are existing ordinances about vehicle emissions in accordance of the
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. After several interviews with the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA) and reviews on the collected traffic related codes, it is found out that fourteen (14) out of seventeen (17) Local
Government Units (LGUs) in Metro Manila have already adopted and implemented a traffic code that is based on a draft
under Small Scale Traffic Improvement Measures for Metro Manila (SSTRIMM November 2001). Although these codes
are formulated from a single draft, there are sections that are added or omitted depending on its necessity and relevance.
And through a review of the MMDA and LGU codes, by virtue of their respective republic acts, MMDA has an authority
to administer Metro Manila wide traffic management while LGUs are responsible only within their boundaries.
Unfortunately, the Supreme Court recently decided to remove all legislative powers of the MMDA.

1. INTRODUCTION Philippines (FEJODAP) are against the decision of

1.1 Background of the Study
The Metro Manila Mayors comprising the Metro
Manila Council in June decided to take over the
traffic management in their localities and to issue
their own Traffic Violators Receipt or TVRs. They
agreed upon to designate the MMDA to being their
coordinating body and are therefore tasked to
harmonize the traffic regulations.
There are a lot of traffic violators in a day and not all
of them are being apprehended by the MMDA. Some
of them are caught and are given traffic receipts for
their violation but most of them are able to run away.
This, if we think about it is really unfair for most
people but this is also how the system works. The
decision of the mayors in taking over the traffic
management in their localities is a big push in
uplifting highway discipline for motorists.
The problem arises when they also decided to issue
their own traffic violation receipts (TVRs). Transport
groups like the Federation of Rizal Cubao Operators-
Drivers Alliance (FERCODA) and the Federation of
Jeepney Operators and Drivers Association of the
the Mayors taking over the traffic management in
their areas. They have threatened the government of
transport strikes if their call is not heard.
They also sited some reasons why they disagree to
this kind of management. One is that this can cause
confusion to motorists especially among public utility
drivers who transport people from one place to
another sometimes passing through different cities.
According to them, one ticket from a certain city is
not recognized by the other and by the MMDA so
then ending up with another ticket being issued from
another city which would then give yet another
problem to a motorist.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Every city in Metro Manila has its own set of traffic
rules and regulations that are being implemented. The
country also has the Republic Act 4136 that states
laws regarding the land transportation and traffic
rules. Along with these, the Metropolitan Manila
Development Authority is also there to make sure that
their own set of regulations and ordinances are being
followed. Given these situations, differences will

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occur. These inconsistencies will then result to
conflicts that will largely affect the transport groups.
This current situation leads to the question of
authority, which has power and jurisdiction in the
implementation of the traffic regulations, which set of
regulations are to be followed and how can the Clean
Air Act be further emphasized in the said regulations
1.3 Objectives and Significance of the Study
This study aims to acquire and compare the
implemented traffic related codes of each of the
cities/municipalities in Metro Manila. Also, to
compare it with those that are implemented by the
MMDA and those stated in RA 4136. Furthermore, in
the analysis of these laws, the issue of jurisdiction
and implementation will be resolved. And to check if
there exist ordinances about vehicle emissions in
accordance to Republic Act 8749 entitled “The
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.”
1.4 Scopes and Limitations
The study will focus on the comparison and
evaluation of the traffic management of the 17 LGUs
in Metro Manila, namely: Caloocan, Las Piñas,
Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Manila, Marikina,
Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig,
Pateros, Quezon City, San Juan, Taguig and
Valenzuela. The basis of the comparison will depend
on the traffic related codes that are acquired from
these LGUs.
1.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
“An act to compile the laws relative to land
transportation and traffic rules, to create a land
transportation commission and for other purposes”
Commonly known as the Land Transportation and
Traffic Code, the Republic Act 4136 provides a
means of controlling, as far as they apply, the
registration of motor vehicles and the licensing of
owners, dealers, conductors, drivers and similar
matters.
There are provisions for the policy of operations,
which include the issuance of license to drive motor
vehicles (fees and examinations to certify the
capability to use motor vehicles properly), the policy
regarding illegal use of license numbers and plates,
the policy regarding passenger and freight and the
policy regarding accessories of motor vehicles
(description of proper use for horns and taillights and
also dictates descriptions for standard brakes, wipers,
mufflers and the like). These rudiments are
descriptions of requirements when handling and using
a motor vehicle so as to prevent cause for accidents
and mishaps.
The most important aspect of the code details the
standard traffic rules utilizing basic traffic maneuvers
on and through the highway. Codified are the
following significant rules namely, speed limit and
keeping to the right particularly restrictions to speed
in different roads, overtaking and passing a vehicle as
well as turning at intersections, right of way signals
and lastly, turning and parking. Also included are
miscellaneous traffic systems including obstruction,
tampering, and reckless driving among others.

RA 4136 and Other The last part of the code is a compact instruction on
Existing Transportation penal provisions for violations and punishments for
and Environment Laws other offenses not covered by the act. The code also
provides for collection of fees, taxes and fines as well
as liens and allotment of funds.
MMDA Code LGU Code and
and Implemented Implemented
Traffic Related Traffic Related b) RA 8749. The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
Codes Codes
This code is an attempt to protect and rehabilitate the
atmosphere and the environment in general.
Particular emphasis is placed on pollution prevention
Implementing Conflicting Vehicle
Bodies and and Emission
rather than a response to produced pollutants.
their Consistent Ordinances
Jurisdictions Policies The code outlines steps and procedures regarding
vehicle emissions. It also promotes engine
efficiencies concerning fuel consumption and
OUTPUT discharge of air pollutants from all vehicles. A
standard air quality management system has been
endorsed by the Act and can be enforced as a filter in
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE commercial distribution of brand new, imported or
second hand vehicles.
2.1 Related Transportation and Environment
Laws The Republic Act 8749 also enumerates the bureaus
and agencies involved in implementing the
a) RA 4136. The Land Transportation Code resolutions. It also places great emphasis on
information dissemination to all subdivisions of the
government.

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c) RA 7924. The Metropolitan Manila
Development Authority Code
“An act creating the Metropolitan Manila
Development Authority, defining its powers and
functions, providing funds therefore and for other
purposes”
This Code is a declared policy on the creation of a
special administrative and development region for
services involving Metro Manila. Its actions and
implementations are to be autonomous without
affecting the Local Government Unit.
It states the main function, scope and limitations and
outlined the powers of the MMDA in the metropolis.
d) RA 7160. The Local Government Code of 1991
This is a statute for the guiding principles in giving
autonomy to government subdivisions in each
municipality, city and/or region. A territorial and
political boundary is implemented to contain an
institutionalized decentralization for local
government units.
The corporate and political nature of the local
government, the eminent domain, the power to
generate resources and more are extensively
discussed to account for the functions and powers of
the local government units.
2.2 Previous Studies Related to Traffic
Management
a) DOTC 2005 Transport Summit (May 2005)
The assembly of public utility jeepneys, buses,
truckers and haulers, taxis, AUVs and personnel from
the government sector was convened to address the
traffic issues arising in Metro Manila.
The ensuing discussions focused mainly on the issues
regarding franchising, namely the delays in the
LTFRB registration procedures, enforcement
problems of the transport sector, heavy traffic flows,
worsening Manila traffic jams and government
assistance in the form of subsidy to the public sector.
The Summit provided proposals ranging from GSIS
approved provisions in insurance, revision of some
Republic Acts, Deregulation of Oil Prices, Agencies
issuing tickets when infractions are made.
Finally the summit pinpointed common grounds for
compromise and collated the proposals for study and
implementation.
b) Small Scale Traffic Improvement Measures for
Metro Manila (SSTRIMM) (November 2001)
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The main objective of the study was to impart on
LGUs the ability to formulate measures that maybe
small-scale, but with big impacts on traffic conditions
in their respective jurisdictions, and would be well
within their financial capabilities to implement. It
presented its findings on the various identified traffic
problem areas, their assessment of the institutional
aspects of traffic management, and the recommended
improvement measures for the traffic problem areas
included in the study. A second component of this is
a Draft Traffic Management Code that the LGUs may
wish to follow in enacting their own traffic
ordinances.
c) MMUTIS Technical Report No. 10 Traffic
Management (November 1997)
The Technical Report presents the results of the study
on traffic management in the study area. The
objectives of the study specific to traffic management
are to review of the existing traffic management in
Metro Manila as well as the identification of
problems and issues related to traffic management.
This study also aims for the development of future
improvement directions of traffic management and to
formulate traffic management measures
recommended.
Based on the results preceding works, problems and
issues are identified and discussed. Finally, future
direction of traffic management policy is presented
and measures to improve the current traffic
conditions as well as traffic management capabilities
are recommended.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Data Collection
The MMDA office was visited and traffic related
codes of fifteen (15) LGUs were obtained, as well as
a list of traffic ordinances that the MMDA were
implementing. Also, Ms. Lydia Domingo of the
MMDA Council Secretariat was interviewed about
the topic.
Copies of RA 4136, RA 7924, Philippine Clean Air
Act and The Local Government Code of the
Philippines are acquired through the internet (i.e.
Chan Robles Virtual Law Library), and were verified
with the College of Law Library. These will be used
for comparison with the compiled traffic regulations
of each city.
3.2 Method of Analysis
The compiled traffic related codes will then be
compared with each other and the conflicting and
consistent policies will be listed. In the case of the
conflicting policies, interviews with the local officials
were conducted regarding the basis and reason for
their deviation from the other traffic regulations. The
interview was also conducted to find out the Emission Standards for Motor Vehicles X none
departments in charge in the traffic management as Motor Vehicle Emission Test X none
well as their relation with the MMDA.
Motor Vehicle Emission Testing Fee X none

In addition, review of RA 7924 and The Local

b) Las Piñas
Government Code of the Philippines will be of
importance in identifying which sector has the

Las Piñas

Others
jurisdiction in terms of implementation.

Lastly, to include provisions regarding vehicle

Driving Through Roundabouts or Rotundas none X
emissions in accordance to the Philippine Clean Air
Act for better and more effective implementation. Driving in Bicycle Lanes none X
Approach of Emergency Vehicles inc X
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Roundabouts or Rotundas none X
Clearance Required for Change Color or
4.1 Comparison of the Traffic Related Codes Engine of Motor Vehicles none X

Of all the seventeen (17) LGUs in Metro Manila, c) Mandaluyong

fourteen (14) where able to adopt and implement a

Mandaluyong
uniform traffic code. The remaining three, namely:

Others
Malabon, Marikina and Valenzuela are still using a
transportation code that was based with RA 4136

In comparing these traffic codes, the researchers Prohibition and Banning of Drag Racing X none
omitted the said three (3) LGUs since it is completely Persons Liable Under the Ordinance X none
different from the others. The Traffic Management Penalties X none
Code used as a main draft in this study has been Enforcement of Ordinance X none
based on the template provided by the 2001
Purpose and Scope X none
SSTRIMM.
License Required none X
Traffic Laws Applicable to Persons Riding
Although each of the LGUs has a template on the Bicycles or Tricycles X X
Traffic Management Code, they are still able to Compulsory Registration of Pedicabs for Hire X none
legislate or add sections and articles focusing on the
Registration Fees X none
problems that they usually encounter in their
respective cities. In all of the fourteen (14) cities that Issuance of Permit X none
were included in the study, the Local Government Validity of permit X none
Units added some articles and sections that are Penalty X none
applicable in present situations. Registration (Tricycles) X none
Registration Fees X none
a) Caloocan
City Tricycle Franchising Board X none
Caloocan

Others

Creation of Tricycle Regulation Office X none

Certificate of Public Convenience X none
Prohibited Acts X none
Drivers Not to Obstruct Traffic none X
Certificate of Public Convenience, Fees X none
Driving Through Roundabouts or Rotundas X none
Penal Provisions X none
Driving in Bicycle Lanes X none Silent Zone for Schools, Colleges, Churches
Tourist Operating a Non-Philippines Registered and Hospitals X none
Motor-Vehicle beyond 90day period X none
Terminal Fees and Permits X none
Approach of Emergency Vehicles X X
Driving Schools X none
Roundabouts or Rotundas X none Procedures for Filing of Complaints by
Prohibition on Barkers and use of PA for Public Apprehended Party X none
Transport Terminal X none
Penalty for Enforcers X none
Overnight Parking none X
Collection X none
Enforcement of Overnight Parking none X
Traffic Laws Applicable to Persons Riding Creation of Traffic Development Trust Fund none X
Bicycles or Tricycles none X Time of Payment none none
Clearance Required for Change Color or Absence of Towing Vehicles X none
Engine of Motor Vehicles X none
Vehicles not Towed or Impounded X none
Traffic Administration none X
Creation of Transport and Traffic Bureau none X
Qualifications of the Bureau and Division Heads none X
Staffing none X

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d) Navotas 4. Student driver permit
5. Use, posting or display of fake or

Navotas

Others
unauthorized ID’s, stickers, etc.
6. Clearance required for change in color or
engine of motor vehicles.
License Required none X 7. Road worthiness
Tricycles and Pedicabs * X 8. Conditions of operations of public utility
vehicles
Summons on Illegally Parked Vehicle none X
9. Accessories of public utility vehicles
Failure to Comply with Summons
Attached to Parked Vehicles none X 10. PUV driver’s obligation, duties and
responsibilities.
Vehicular Volume Reduction Scheme ** X
11. Redemption center for confiscated license
* has an existing ordinance regarding tricycle de
and other materials.
padyak (Pambansang Ordinansa Blg. 2002-23)
12. Guidelines for towing
** The number-coding scheme does not apply to the
13. Towing procedures
municipality of Navotas.
14. Monitoring towing operations
15. Towing fees
e) Pateros
16. Prohibited license plate endings
17. Use of number plates
Pateros

Others
18. Exempted vehicles
19. Requirements and procedures for exemption
20. Fees for exemption.
Vehicular Volume Reduction Scheme none X
Prohibited License Plate Ending none X 4.2 Differences in Fines and Penalties
Use of Number Plates none X
Exempted Vehicles none X Aside from the differences in the 14 Traffic
Requirements and Procedures for Exemption none X Management Codes’ main texts, some of these cities
Fees for Exemption none X also have differences in their fines and penalties for
Uniform of Traffic Officers none X violations.

f) Parañaque Among the 14 LGUs, the city of Caloocan deviated

most from the rest.
Parañaque

Others

Caloocan

Others
Driving Through Roundabouts or
Driving outside bicycle lane 300 200
Rotundas none X
Driving tricycle on national road 300 500
Loads to be Properly Secured none X
Police Officers May Weigh Vehicles and Driving without license 1000 1000
Require none X Driving in sands/slippers 300 150
Removal of Excess Loads Driving thru funeral or other processions none 500
Restricting the Use Over Bridges none X Exceeding gross weight, axle and wheel load 500 150
Failure to carry/show registration 500 150
g) San Juan Following fire trucks and other emergency vehicle 1000 500
San Juan

Improper riding of bicycle or tricycle none 500

Makati

Improper uniform 1000 150

Improper opening of doors and alighting from vehicle 300 500
Qualifications of the Bureau and Improper use of horns, warning instruments 200 150
Division Heads X none Lack of accessories of taxicabs 500 300
Smoke-belching none X Loads not properly secured 500 100
Non-compliance with WRP none 300
There are a couple of other sections that has been
No safety helmet for motorcyclists 500 350
added on to the Traffic Management Code from
SSTRIMM that all of the cities and municipalities in Overloading passengers of bikes and tricycles 300 200
Metro Manila have in common. These are: No permit to move equipment and or load 500 2500
Out of route (PUB/PUJ) 3000 2500
1. Parking in front of residential or commercial Out of service area (tricycle/pedicel) none 1000
establishments Obstructing driver's view or mechanism 500 200
2. Vehicles for hire with no fixed routes.
Obstructing roads or sidewalks by residential estab. none 500
3. License, motor vehicle registration and other
Parking for certain prohibited purposes 500 400
requirements.
Parking in front residential or commercial estab 500 400

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Projecting loads on passenger vehicles 500 150
Putting glass or sharp objects on highway 2500 500 4.4 Implementing Bodies
Riding bicycle or tricycle without regular/permanent seat 300 400
Each LGU has department responsible solely for the
Restriction on some roads none 2500
enforcement of traffic management. The table below
Riding bicycle more than two abreast 200 500 shows the summary of the departments concerned in
Street diggings or road closure without permit none 2500 each city, whether or not they issue their own traffic
Unauthorized drag racing/speed contest 2000 1000 violation receipts and their relation with the MMDA.
Towing of bicycles 200 400 APPENDIX A shows the summary of the Traffic
Unregistered motor vehicle 500 1000
Management System in Metro Manila.
Use of expired commemorative, license plates, etc 1000 2500
4.5 Jurisdiction
Use of signaling devices 500 150
Unauthorized installation/use of jalousies, add'l aircon none 500 RA 7924 states the rationale for the creation
Unclean/unsanitary vehicle and lack of signs 500 300
Taxi w/o meter/uncalibrated or tampered taximeter seal 1000 2500 “certain basic services affecting or involving Metro
Violation of speed or drag racing contests 1000 2000 Manila as metro-wide services more efficiently and
effectively planned, supervised and coordinated by a
Violation of license restriction 500 1000
development authority.”
Violating pedestrian crossing 500 200
Violating restrictions on pedestrian # 200 Section 3 of RA 7924, specifies the scope of MMDA
Violating restriction on animal livestock @ 500 services as, among others,
# 1st offense: P150; 2nd offense: P300; 3rd offense:
P500 + community service “transport and traffic management which include the
@ 1st offense: P500; 2nd offense: P1000 + formulation, coordination, and monitoring of
confiscation of animals policies, standards, programs and projects to
rationalize the existing transport operations”
Mandaluyong
Las Piñas

As one of the functions and powers of MMDA,

Others
Pasig

“shall set the policies concerning traffic in Metro

Manila, and shall coordinate and regulate the
Driving without license 1000 2500 1000 1000 implementation of all programs and projects
No permit to move equipment and or load 2000 2500 2500 2500 concerning traffic management, specifically
Unauthorized installation/use of jalousies, pertaining to enforcement, engineering and
add'l aircon 500 500 300 500 education. Upon request, it shall be extended
Unclean/unsanitary vehicle and lack of signs 300 300 2500 300 assistance and cooperation, including but not limited
Taxi w/o meter/uncalibrated or tampered to, assignment of personnel, by all other government
taximeter seal 2500 2500 500 2500 agencies and offices concerned.”
Violation of no left turn, no right turn 500 500 2000 500
Violation of no entry sign 2000 2000 500 2000 Also,
Violation of no U-turn sign 500 500 1000 500
Violation of speed limits 1000 1000 2000 1000 “Install and administer a single ticketing system, fix,
Violation of speed or drag racing contests 2000 2000 2000 2000
impose and collect fines and penalties for all kinds of
violations of traffic rules and regulations, whether
Violation of operating rule on one-way streets 2000 2000 750 2000
moving or non-moving in nature, and confiscate and
Violation of loading/unloading zones 750 750 400 750 suspend or revoke drivers' licenses in the
Violation of parking areas 400 400 2000 400 enforcement of such traffic laws and regulations.”
Violation of procedures involving traffic
accidents 2000 2000 300 2000
Violation in any section of lighting, warning
On the other hand, RA 7160 commonly called Local
signs, equipment, etc. 300 300 500 300 Government Code of 1991 assigned to municipalities
the responsibility of construction and maintenance of
4.3 Vehicle Emissions Ordinance infrastructure funded by the municipality, which
includes, “municipal roads and bridges, traffic
Only five (5) out of seventeen (17) LGUs have signals and road signs and other similar facilities.”
Vehicle Emissions Ordinances, namely: Quezon City, For the city, responsibilities cover “adequate
Muntinlupa, Pasig, Makati and Mandaluyong. communication and transportation facilities”. Other
Whereas, the city of Caloocan and San Juan have than what is mentioned above there is no provision
incorporated it in there respective Traffic that pertains to transportation, traffic management
Management Code. But it is merely limited to and/or enforcement. But LGUs are vested with the
emission testing, testing fee, smoke belching, and a function of traffic management within its area of
very general provision stating that motor vehicles jurisdiction. While MMDA has an authority to
should abide by the Philippine Clean Air Act. administer Metro Manila-wide traffic management.

6

Therefore, by virtue of their respective Republic
Acts, traffic management powers are administered by
MMDA. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court recently
ruled to remove all legislative powers of the MMDA.
This means that all ordinances drafted by them, both
past and present are voided. And that they can only
enforce laws of the land.
5. CONCLUSION
The study aimed to determine the conflicting and
consistent policies in the implemented traffic
regulations in the different cities in Metro Manila.
Even if fourteen (14) out of seventeen (17) LGUs had
adopted a uniform traffic code, minor differences still
occur because of the added or omitted sections and
articles focusing on the problems encountered in their
respective cities.
For instance, Caloocan has incorporated vehicle
emission standards in their traffic code, but is limited
only to emission testing and fees. In addition, section
for traffic administration has been omitted. Las Piñas
and Parañaque do not have rotundas in their
boundaries, thus omitting provisions not applicable.
The traffic code of Mandaluyong has additional
sections for speed restrictions and for compulsory
registration of motorized and non-motorized three
wheelers. Aside from penalties for violators,
Mandaluyong also has penalties for erring traffic
enforcers. Additional appendices for locations of “No
Crossing”, “Loading and Unloading Zones”, “Illegal
Parking and Towing Zones” and “U-Turn Slots” were
specified. The section relating to the Vehicular
Volume Reduction Scheme is deleted in the traffic
code of Navotas because the number-coding scheme
is not imposed. In San Juan, a provision for smoke -
belching and compliance with the Philippine Clean
Air Act of 1999 was emphasized. Caloocan has the
most number of deviations among the LGUs,
particularly the variable fines and penalties for
violators. In addition, the review of traffic codes
showed that these LGUs have the power to confiscate
traffic violators’ driver’s licenses and to issue their
own TVRs or OVRs, which will be honored across
the metropolis thus avoiding conflicts.
Most importantly, the issue of jurisdiction and
implementation of the traffic management has been
resolved. Through the decision of the Supreme Court
to remove the legislative powers of the MMDA, each
LGU has taken over traffic management not only
within their local boundaries but also the major
thoroughfares within their area. This verdict resulted
in the suspension of the MMDA enforcers’ power to
apprehend traffic violators. However, MMDA
enforcers are still deployed all over Metro Manila,
mainly for assistance in keeping the flow of traffic in
order.
Finally, with regards to the Philippine Clean Air Act,
difficulty in implementation has been encountered
since only five (5) LGUs have a comprehensive and
separate ordinance regarding vehicle emissions. This
may be due to the lack of information and resources
especially in acquiring emission-testing apparatus.
REFERENCES
1. Republic Act 4136, An Act to Compile the Laws
Relative to Land Transportation and Traffic
Rules, to Create a Land Transportation
Commission and for Other Purposes, June 20,
1964.
2. Republic Act 7924, An Act Creating the
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority,
Defining its Powers and Functions, Providing
Funds Thereof and for Other Purposes, March 1,
1995.
3. Republic Act 8749, Philippine Clean Air Act of
1999, June 23, 1999.
4. Republic Act 7160. The Local Government
Code of the 1991.
5. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
(November 2001), Final Report – Main Text,
The Study on the Formulation of Small Scale
Traffic Improvement Measures for Metro
Manila
6. Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration
Study (MMUTIS) (November 1997) Technical
Report 10. Traffic Management.
7. Salaverria, Leila B., et. al. (2003) Metro Manila
Mayors Take Over Traffic Duty, Philippine
Daily Inquirer, June 26, 2003.
8. Remo, Amy (2003) Traffic Ticketing System:
Transport Strike Threat Over Mayor’s Plan
Bared, Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 18, 2003
9. Department of Transportation and
Communication (2005) 2005 Transport
Summit, Philippine Trade Training Center,
Pasay City, May 2005.