Lecture#8 (Distribution System) PDF

En.
636 Water Supply Engineering

Instructor: Asst. Prof. Abdul Rahman “Mosameem”
Kandahar University
Faculty of Engineering
Water & Environmental Engineering
Department
 Introduction
 Requirements of a good distribution system
 Classification of water distribution system
 Residual pressure and minimum pipe size
 System of supply of water
 Distribution or service reservoirs
 Layout of distribution system
 Design of distribution system
 Analysis of pipe networks of distribution system
 Appurtenances in distribution system
 Illustrative examples
2
September/Semester (2019)
Lecture # 8: Distribution System
• The water which has been treated and made safe, has to be
supplied to the consumers.
• Networks are system of pipe and trenches providing the
appropriate quality and quantity of water to a community. The
network construction and layout have to be carefully prepared
in order to guarantee enough pressure and ensure hygienically
safe water.
• A distribution system for the supply of water includes:
 Distribution or service reservoirs for storing treated water,
stabilizing pressures and feeding into the distribution pipes.
 Pipe lines of various sizes which includes are:
 Mains
 Submains
 Branches
En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 3

Components of water supply system:

• Valves for controlling flow of water in pipes.
• Hydrants for releasing water during fires.
• Service connections for individual consumers.
• Meters for measuring the quantity of water supplied.

A good distribution system should satisfy the following:

 It should be capable of supplying water to all the consumers at
adequate residual pressure in sufficient quantity.
 It should be capable of meeting the fire demand simultaneously.
 The distribution system should be completely watertight and it
should maintain the degree of purity.
 The initial cost of the distribution system should be as low as
possible.
 The distribution system should be thoroughly reliable which
includes:
• Interconnecting all water mains and controlling flow
through sluice valves located at suitable points.
• Laying the mains with a sufficient cover of about 0.9 m
under roads and streets so that they are not open to any
damage because of any hazard of passing traffic.

Water Distribution system may be classified as follows:

 Gravity system
 Combined gravity and pumping system
 Pumping system
1. Gravity System:
In this system water is conveyed through pipes by gravity
only. This system is adopted where the treated water to be
supplied is available at a higher level than that of
distribution areas, and the gravity system is the most
reliable system of distribution.
However, in case of a fire, pumps may be used to develop
high pressures for fire fighting purposes.
2. Combined gravity and pumping system

• In this system the treated water to be supplied is
pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir
from which than it is supplied to the consumers under
gravity.
• This system is adopted where the treated water to be
supplied is available the same level as the area of
distribution, and hence in order to obtain sufficient
distribution pressure the water is pumped to a reservoir
located on higher ground or elevated on a tower. From
the elevated reservoir the water is then conveyed
through pipes under gravity.

2. Combined gravity and pumping system (Cont.)

3. Pumping System
• In this system water is pumped directly into the
distribution mains. And number of pumps depend on
demand of water.
• Its rate varies depending on the demand of water.
• In case of a fire, pumps can be used to develop high
pressure, but this system is not convenient on account of
the following reasons.
o In case of power failure, the entire water distribution system of
the locality is disturbed.
o It requires constant attendance to avoid sudden failure of pumps
and it would lead to great hardship.

3. Pumping System (Cont.)

1. Residual pressure:
• It is necessary that water is supplied to the consumers with
adequate residual pressures at ferrule points so that the
storage tanks provided at the roof-tops of the buildings
may receive sufficient supply of water.
• As recommended in the manual on water supply and
Treatment a Publication of the Ministry of Urban
Development Government of India, The distribution
system should be designed for the following minimum
residual pressures at ferrule points:
1. Single story building: 7 m
2. Two story building: 12 m
3. Three story building: 17 m
2. Minimum Pipe Sizes:

• The Manual on water supply and Treatment of India
recommends the following minimum pipe sizes for the
distribution system.
 For towns having population up to 50 000: 100 mm
 For towns having population above 50 000: 150 mm
 For dead ends pipes of sizes less than 100 mm may be adopted.
 If it is a grid pipes of sizes less than 100 mm may be adopted in
situations where no further expansion contemplated.

• Water may be supplied to the consumers by the following

two systems:
• Continuous system
• Intermittent system
1. Continuous System:
• In this system of supply, water is supplied to the
consumers for all the 24 hours of a day.
• A considerable water loss take place in this system, hence
water meter is must for this system.

2. Intermittent system:
• In this system of supply, water is supplied to the customers
during certain fixed hours of the day only.
The Usual Periods are:
• 1-4 hours in the morning (6 A.M – 10 A.M) and about the
same period in the after noon time (4 P.M – 8 P.M)
• Two reasons are present that makes intermittent system to
be used.
1. Less quantity of water
2. Poor pressure

2. Intermittent system (cont.):

• This system has several drawback as follow:
 Fire demand
 Number of valves
 Staff requirements
 Wastage of water
 Pollution of water supply
 Size of pipes
 Pollution of stored water

• Distribution or service reservoirs are used in a distribution

system to provide storage for:
1. Meeting fluctuations in demand of water
2. Providing storage for fire fighting
3. Emergencies such as breakdowns, repairs, etc.
4. Stabilizing pressures in the distribution system
Reservoirs may be constructed as:
1. Brick/Stone masonry
2. Pcc/Rcc
3. Steel

Types of distribution reservoirs:

• The distribution reservoirs are classified in following three
types.
1. Surface reservoirs
2. Elevated reservoirs
3. Standpipes

Types of distribution reservoirs (Cont.):

1) Surface reservoirs:
• Surface reservoirs are circular or rectangular in shape and
can be constructed at ground level or below ground level
so also called ground reservoirs or non-elevated reservoirs.


2) Elevated reservoirs
• Elevated reservoirs are constructed at an elevation from
ground level. Also known as overhead tanks. These
reservoirs may be constructed of rectangular, circular or
elliptical in shape.


3) Stand pipes
• A stand pipe is a vertical cylindrical tank resting just
above the ground.
• The diameter of standpipe varies from 10 to 15 m and its
height varies from 15 to 30 m.
• Standpipes are made of steel or R.C.C.
• Steel standpipes are more common as it is difficult to
construct watertight R.C.C. standpipes under heads greater
than 15 m.


3) Stand pipes

Location of distribution reservoirs:

• Distribution reservoirs should be located centrally or as
close as possible to the areas to be served by them,
because it will reduce friction losses in the distribution
pipes due to reduction of pipes and the pressure over the
entire distribution area will be uniform during periods of
both high and low demands.

Location of distribution reservoirs (cont.):

• If a distribution reservoir is not located centrally ,there
will be large head loss and when water reaches the tail end
of the area the pressure will be too low for satisfactory
supply of water to the consumers.

• There are four different systems of layout of distribution

system as:
1. Dead-end system or Tree system
2. Grid-iron system or Reticulation system or interlaced system
3. Circular system or Ring system
4. Radial system
1. Dead-end system or Tree system:
• In the dead end system (also called tree system), one main
pipeline runs through the center of the populated area and
sub-mains branch off from both sides.
• The sub-mains divide into several branch lines from which
service connections are provided.

1. Dead-end system or Tree system:

1. Dead-end system or Tree system (Cont.):

Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Design calculation is easy 1. In case of damage , the
and simple. portion beyond the damaged
2. Pipe diameter is designed for point will be effected.
the population likely. 2. Due to dead-end system,
3. Comparatively needs less water stagnation is resulted.
numbers of cutoff valves. 3. Less successful in
4. The laying of pipe is simple. maintaining satisfactory
pressure in remote parts.
4. Water can not be diverted in
case of fire.

2. Grid Iron or Reticulation system or interlaced system

• In this system the main supply line runs through the center
of the area and sub mains branch off in perpendicular
directions.
• The branch lines interconnect the sub-mains. This system
is ideal for cities laid out on a rectangular plan resembling
a gridiron. The distinguishing feature of this system is that
all of the pipes are interconnected and there are no dead
ends. Water can reach a given point of withdrawal from
several directions, which permits more flexible operation,
particularly when repairs are required



Advantages:
 The free circulation of water, without any stagnation or
sediment deposit, minimizes the chances of pollution due
to stagnation.
 Because of the interconnections water is available at every
point with minimum loss of head.
 Enough water is available at street fire hydrants, as the
hydrant draws water from the various branch lines.
 During repairs, only a small area of distribution is
affected.


Disadvantages:
 A large number of cut-off valves are required.
 The system requires longer pipe lengths with larger
diameters.
 The analysis of discharge, pressure and velocities in the
pipes is difficult and cumbersome.
 The cost of pipe laying is higher.

3. Circular or Ring System

• In a circular or ring system, the supply main forms a ring
around the distribution area.
• The branches are connected cross-wise to the mains and
also to each other.
• This system is most reliable for a town with well-planned
streets and roads.
• The advantages and disadvantages of this system are the
same as those of the gridiron system.
• However, in case of fire, a larger quantity of water is
available, and the length of the distribution main is much
higher.
3. Circular or Ring System … (Cont.):

4. Radial System
• In this system, the whole area is divided into a number
of distribution districts.
• Each district has a centrally located
distribution reservoir (elevated) from where
distribution pipes run radially towards the periphery of
the distribution district.
• This system provides swift service, without much loss
of head. The design calculations are much simpler.

4. Radial System
• In this system, the whole area is divided into a number
of distribution districts. Each district has a centrally
located distribution reservoir (elevated) from where
distribution pipes run radially towards the periphery of
the distribution district.
• This system provides swift service, without much loss
of head. The design calculations are much simpler.

• Various steps involved in the design of a distribution

system as indicated below.
1: Survey and preparation of Contoured plans and maps
2: Tentative Layout
3: Discharge in pipe lines
• The pipes are designed for a discharge ranging from
2.25 to 3 times the average rate of supply.
• For population over 50 000 the distribution mains are
designed for a discharge of 2.25 times the average rate
of supply.
• For population less than 50 000 the distribution mains
are designed for a discharge of 3 times the average rate
of supply.
4: Calculation of pipe diameters

• For the known design discharge the pipe diameters are
assumed in such a way that the velocity of flow varies
from o.6 to 3 m/s.
• Smaller velocity is assumed for pipes of smaller
diameter and larger velocity for pipes of larger diameter.
• The loss of head in the pipes is then calculated using
Hazen-Williams formula or Darcy-Weisbach Formula or
manning’s Formula.
• These Formulas are derived and proofed in chapter 6 of
the text book you may refer for further clarification over
there.

5: Computation of available residual pressure heads

• Starting from the distribution or service reservoir, or the
pumping station where the total pressure head is known,
the head available at the end of any pipe line may be
determined by allowing for the fictional loss of head and
any rise or fall due to slope of the pipe line and the
ground levels.
• If the available residual pressure head is less than the
required minimum residual pressure head then the
assumed pipe size should be revised.

• A group of interconnected pipes forming several loops

or circuits as shown in fig. 10.17 is called a network of
pipes.

The conditions to be satisfied in any network of pipes are as

follows:
1. According to the principle of continuity the flow into each
junction must be equal to the flow out of the junction. For
example at junction A, the inflow must be equal to the flow
through AB and AC.
2. In each loop, the loss of head due to flow in clockwise direction
must be equal to the loss of head due to flow in anticlockwise
direction. For example in the loop ABDC the sum of the head
losses due to flow in AB and BD (clockwise flow) must be equal
to the sum of the head losses due to flow in AC and CD
(anticlockwise flow).
3. In each pipe of network the hazen-williams formula or Darcy-
Weisbach formula must be satisfied for flow in each pipe of the
network.

The loss of head hf through any pipe discharging at the rate of Q can
be expressed as:
hf = 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛 … (1)
Where,
r = is a proportionality factor and n = is an exponent.
According to Hazen-Williams formula the loss of head hf is equal to:

10.68 𝐿𝐿 𝑄𝑄1.852
hf = … (2)
𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻 1.852 𝐷𝐷 4.87
Where,
L = length of Pipe Q = Discharge of Pipe
CH = roughness coefficient, D = diameter of the pipe
Hf = head loss due to friction
Thus by comparison of these two equation, we obtain

10.68 𝐿𝐿
r= ; and n = 1.852 … (3)
𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻 1.852 𝐷𝐷 4.87
Similarly according to Darcy-Weisbach formula the loss of head hf is given as:
𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿 𝑄𝑄2
hf = … (4)
12.1 𝐷𝐷5
By comparison of Equ (1) to Equ (4), we obtain:
𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿
r= ; and n = 2 … (5)
12.1 𝐷𝐷 5
Various methods are used for the analysis of pipe networks of a

distribution system as indicated below.

1. Equivalent pipe method

2. Hardy cross method
3. Method of sections
4. Circle method
5. Graphical method
6. Electrical network analyze method
7. Pitometer distribution studies method
Out of these methods the first two methods are very commonly used.

Hardy Cross Method

• Hardy Cross method, named after its original investigator.
• Hardy-cross method is a method of successive approximations
which involves a controlled trial and error process.
• The analysis of pipe network by Hardy Cross method may be
carried out in the following two ways.
• Balancing heads by correcting assumed flows.
• Balancing flows by correcting assumed heads.
• Out of these methods the “method of balancing heads” is the
original Hardy Cross method which is more commonly used.
• The “method of balancing flows” is a modification of the original
Hardy Cross method and it is relatively less common.

Hardy Cross Method … (Cont.):

Balancing heads by Correcting assumed flows:
• In this method the assumed flows are corrected and the procedure
is repeated until the loss of head in a loop in the clockwise
direction is equal to that in the anticlockwise direction.
• The Various steps involved in the computation are as indicated
below.
1. Assuming suitable values of flow (Q) in each pipe line such that
the flows coming into each junction of the loop are equal to the
flows leaving the junction.
2. With assumed values of (Q), compute the head loss hf in each
pipe using the equation, hf = 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛 .


Balancing heads by Correcting assumed flows (Cont.):
3. Consider different loops and compute the net head loss around
each loop considering the head loss in clockwise flows as
positive and in anticlockwise flows as negative. For a correct
distribution of flow the net head loss around each loop should be
equal to zero, so that the loop will be balanced.
4. However, in most of the cases, for the assumed distribution of
flow the head loss around the loop will not be equal to zero. The
assumed flows are then corrected by introducing a correction ∆𝑄𝑄
for the flows, till the loop is balanced.
5. The value of the correction ∆𝑄𝑄 to be applied to the assumed
flows of the loop may be obtained as follows:


For any pipe if Q0 is the assumed discharge and Q is the correct
discharge, then:
Q = Q0 + ∆Q
And the head loss in the pipe:
hf = 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛 = 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0 + ∆𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛
Thus for the complete loop:
𝛴𝛴hf = 𝛴𝛴 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛 = 𝛴𝛴 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0 + ∆𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛
By expanding the terms in the brackets by binomial theorem:
𝛴𝛴 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛 = 𝛴𝛴 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0𝑛𝑛 + 𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄0𝑛𝑛−1 ∆𝑄𝑄 + ⋯


If ∆𝑄𝑄 is small compared with 𝑄𝑄0 all terms of the series after the
second one may be dropped. Thus:
𝛴𝛴 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛 = 𝛴𝛴 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0𝑛𝑛 + 𝛴𝛴 𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄0𝑛𝑛−1 ∆𝑄𝑄
For the correct distribution the loop is balanced and hence 𝛴𝛴 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛 = 0
Therefore:
𝛴𝛴 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0𝑛𝑛 + 𝛴𝛴 𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛𝑄𝑄0𝑛𝑛−1 ∆𝑄𝑄 = 0
Solving for ∆𝑄𝑄:
∑ 𝒓𝒓 𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎𝒏𝒏
∆𝑸𝑸 = − ∑ 𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏
𝒓𝒓 𝒏𝒏𝑸𝑸𝟎𝟎


• In the above expression for the correction ∆𝑄𝑄, the denominator is
the sum of absolute terms and hence it has no sign.
• Further if the head losses due to flow in the clockwise direction are
more than the head losses due to flow in the anticlockwise
direction, then according to the sign convention adopted, ∆𝑄𝑄 will
be negative and hence it should be added to the flow in the
anticlockwise direction and subtracted from the flow in the
clockwise direction.


 On the other hand if the head losses due to flow in the clock wise
direction are less than the head losses due to flow in the
anticlockwise direction, then ∆𝑄𝑄 will be positive and hence it
should be added to the flow in the clockwise direction and
subtracted from the flow in the anticlockwise direction.
When this method described applicable?
The method of balancing heads is applicable when the quantities of
water entering and leaving the network are known.

• For an easy and effective water distribution process,

various appurtenances are required to be used in water
distribution system. Some commonly used ones are as
follow:
1. Valves
2. Manholes
3. Fire Hydrant
4. Water meters

• Valves are provided in the pipeline to:

• To control the flow of water
• To isolate & Drain pipeline sections for:
 Testing
 Inspection
 Cleaning & Repairs
• To Regulate Pressures
• To release or admit air
• Various types of valves commonly used in WSDN are as
follows:
o Sluice Valves or Gate Valves
o Butterfly Valves
o Globe Valves
o Check Valves
o Air Valves or Air-relief Valves
o Pressure-relief Valves
o Scour Valves or Blow-off Valves or Drain Valves

1. Sluice Valves or Gate Valves:

• This type of valves are the most common types of valves which are
used to regulate the flow of water through pipelines. As shown.

2. Butterfly Valves:
• This type of valves are used to regulate and stop the flow especially
in large size conduits.
• They are cheaper than sluice valves for larger sizes and occupy less
space.

3. Globe Valve:
• A globe valve consists of a disc
connected axially to vertical spindle
and hand wheel as shown in figure.
• In globe valves the flow changes
direction through 90° twice which
results in high head losses. Used
normally in pipeline of small
diameter (less than 100 mm) and as
water taps.

4. Check Valves:
• Also known as reflux valves or non-
return valves.
• Check valve allows water to flow in
one direction only and the flow in the
reverse direction is automatically
stopped by it.
• The reflux valve is invariably placed
in a pumping main so that if the
pump fails or stops, the water is
prevented from flowing back to the
pump here the equipment is saved
from possible damaged.

5. Air Valves or Air-relief Valves:

• When a pipeline is filled with water the air present in pipeline
maybe trapped. The trapped air tends to accumulate at high points in
a pipeline.
• The accumulation of air results in a serious blockade to the flow of
water that diminishes the area of the pipe and resulting to increase
head losses and reducing the discharge through pipeline.
• Hence, necessary to remove the accumulated air from it and thus air
valves are provided. Also, when pipeline being emptied or when
vacuum occurs this valve permits air into the network.

6. Pressure-relieve Valves:
• These valves are provided to keep the pressure in a pipeline below a
predetermined value, and thus protect it against the possible danger
of bursting due to excessive pressure.
• When the pressure exceed then design pressure, the valve opens
automatically and allows certain amount of water to flow out from
the pipe to waste, thereby reducing the pressure in the pipe line.

7. Scour Valves or Blow-off Valves or Drain Valves:

• These valves are provided for completely emptying or draining of
the pipe for removing sand or silt deposited and for inspection,
repair, etc.
• They are ordinary Sluice type valves, located at dead ends. The
water discharges into natural drainage or sewer.

• A fire hydrant is an outlet provided in

pipeline for tapping water mainly for fire
fighting. However, sometimes may also be
used for sprinkling on roads, flushing
roads.
• When fire breaks out, water obtained for
fire fighting from a nearby fire hydrant
through a fire hose.
• If water at required pressure is available
for a fire hydrant, it can be directly used
for fire fighting. However, if water at
higher pressure is required the same
developed by attaching a fire engine or a
pump to the hydrant’s outlet.

• Water meters are devices which are installed in pipeline to measure

the quantity of water flowing through them.
• Water maybe classified into two category:
 Inferential type meters or velocity meters
 Displacement type meters
1. Inferential type meters or velocity meters:
This type of meters work on principle that the discharge through a
given cross-section is proportional to the velocity of flow. Common
types are:
a) Rotary or turbine meters
b) Venturi Meters
Rotary or turbine meters:

a) Rotary or turbine meters:

• This type of meters are used for measuring small domestic flow.
• It consists of a small wheel having a series of radial blades or vanes
and mounted on a shaft. It is enclosed in a casing which is provided
with inlet and outlet.
• The wheel is caused to rotate by the water flowing through the
meter.
• The number of revolutions per unit time made by the wheel will
depend on the velocity of flow of water.
• The rotation of the wheel actuates a clock-like mechanism through a
system of gears system of dials.
• The meter is calibrated to read directly the total quantity of water
flowing though it over a certain period of time.

• For other types of meters please refer to text book pg (698 – 700)


Analyze the pipe network shown in the accompanying

figure. Take CH = 100 in Hazen Williams formula.

Solution:
The loss of head hf through any pipe carrying discharge Q is
given by:
hf = 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 𝑛𝑛
According to Hazen-Williams formula:
10.68 𝐿𝐿
r= ; and n = 1.852
𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻 1.852 𝐷𝐷4.87
The values of r for different pipes of the network are given
in the following table.

Solution (Cont.):
Length L Diameter (D)

Pipe r
(m) (mm) (m)
AB 500 400 0.40 91.47
AC 1000 300 0.30 743.00
BD 1000 250 0.25 1806.00
BC 1118 300 0.30 830.70
CD 500 250 0.25 903.10

Solution (Cont.):
For the first trial the distribution is assumed as shown in the tables below.
Loop ABC Loop BDC
Discharge 1.852 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄 0.852 Discharge 1.852 1.852𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 0.852

Pipe r 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄 Pipe r 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄
3 3
l/s m /s l/s m /s
AB 700 0.70 91.47 47.24 125.00 BD 150 0.15 1806.00 53.80 664.3
BC 350 0.35 830.70 119.00 629.20 BC 350 0.35 830.70 -119.00 629.2
AC 300 0.30 743.00 -79.91 493.40 CD 350 0.35 903.10 -129.20 683.9
For above distribution the correction ∆𝑄𝑄 for the loops ABC and BDC is computed as follows.
∑ 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄1.852 = 86.33 ∑ 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄1.852 = −194.4
∑ 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0.852 = 1247.6 ∑ 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0.852 = 1977.4
86.33 𝑚𝑚3 −194.4 𝑚𝑚3
∆𝑄𝑄 = − = −0.069 = −69 lit/s ∆𝑄𝑄 = − = 0.098 = 98 lit/s
1247.6 𝑠𝑠 1977.4 𝑠𝑠

Solution (Cont.):
By applying the above obtained corrections the modified discharges for various pipes
are shown in following table which is the distribution for the second trial.
Loop ABC Loop BDC
Discharge 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄 0.852 Discharge 1.852𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 0.852

Pipe r 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄 1.852 Pipe r 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 1.852
3
l/s m /s l/s 3
m /s
AB 631 0.631 91.47 38.97 114.4 BD 248 0.248 1806.00 136.60 1020.0
BC 183 0.183 830.70 35.78 362.1 BC 183 0.183 830.70 -35.78 362.1
AC 369 0.369 743.00 -117.20 588.6 CD 252 0.252 903.10 -70.33 516.9
∑ 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄1.852 = −42.45 ∑ 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄1.852 = 30.49
∑ 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0.852 = 1065.1 ∑ 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0.852 = 1899
−42.45 𝑚𝑚3 30.49 𝑚𝑚3
∆𝑄𝑄 = − = 0.040 = 40 lit/s ∆𝑄𝑄 = − = −0.016 = −16 lit/s
1065.1 𝑠𝑠 1899 𝑠𝑠

Solution (Cont.):
are shown in following table which is the distribution for the third trial.
Loop ABC Loop BDC

3 3
l/s m /s l/s m /s
AB 671 0.671 91.47 43.67 120.6 BD 232 0.232 1806.00 120.70 963.4
BC 239 0.239 830.70 58.65 454.5 BC 239 0.239 830.70 -58.65 454.5
AC 329 0.329 743.00 -94.82 533.8 CD 268 0.268 903.10 -78.79 544.6
∑ 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄1.852 = 7.50 ∑ 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄1.852 = −16.74
∑ 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0.852 = 1108.9 ∑ 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0.852 = 1962.5
7.5 𝑚𝑚3 (−16.74) 𝑚𝑚3
∆𝑄𝑄 = − = −0.007 = −7 lit/s ∆𝑄𝑄 = − = 0.009 = 9 lit/s
1108.9 𝑠𝑠 1962.5 𝑠𝑠

Solution (Cont.):
are shown in following table which is the distribution for the fourth trial.
Loop ABC Loop BDC
Discharge 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄 0.852 Discharge 1.852𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 0.852

Pipe r 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄 1.852 Pipe r 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄 1.852
3 3
l/s m /s l/s m /s
AB 664 0.664 91.47 42.85 119.5 BD 241 0.241 1806.00 129.50 995.1
BC 223 0.223 830.70 51.59 428.5 BC 223 0.223 830.70 -51.59 428.5
AC 336 0.336 743.00 -99.72 543.4 CD 259 0.259 903.10 -73.98 529.0
∑ 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄1.852 = −5.28 ∑ 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄1.852 = 3.93
∑ 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0.852 = 1091.4 ∑ 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0.852 = 1952.6
(−5.28) 𝑚𝑚3 3.93 𝑚𝑚3
∆𝑄𝑄 = − = 0.005 = 5 lit/s ∆𝑄𝑄 = − = −0.002 = −2 lit/s
1091.4 𝑠𝑠 1952.6 𝑠𝑠

Solution (Cont.):
are shown in following table which is the distribution for the fifth trial.
Loop ABC Loop BDC

3 3
l/s m /s l/s m /s
AB 669 0.669 91.47 43.43 120.2 BD 239 0.239 1806.00 127.50 988.1
BC 230 0.230 830.70 54.62 439.9 BC 230 0.230 830.70 -54.62 439.9
AC 331 0.331 743.00 -95.88 536.5 CD 261 0.261 903.10 -75.02 532.5
∑ 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄1.852 = 2.17 ∑ 𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄1.852 = −2.14
∑ 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0.852 = 1096.6 ∑ 1.852 𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄0.852 = 1960.5
2.17 𝑚𝑚3 (−2.14) 𝑚𝑚3
∆𝑄𝑄 = − = −0.002 = −2 lit/s ∆𝑄𝑄 = − = 0.001 = 1 lit/s
1096.6 𝑠𝑠 1960.5 𝑠𝑠

Solution (Cont.):
• Since the values of the correction ∆𝑄𝑄 to be applied are
considerably low, no further trials are needed. Thus by applying
the above obtained corrections the discharges for various pipes are
shown in the accompanying figure.

73

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En.

636 Water Supply Engineering

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 3

Components of water supply system:

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 4

A good distribution system should satisfy the following:

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 5

Water Distribution system may be classified as follows:

2. Combined gravity and pumping system

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 7

2. Combined gravity and pumping system (Cont.)

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 8

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 9

3. Pumping System (Cont.)

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 10

2. Minimum Pipe Sizes:

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 12

• Water may be supplied to the consumers by the following

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 13

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 14

2. Intermittent system (cont.):

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 15

• Distribution or service reservoirs are used in a distribution

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 16

Types of distribution reservoirs:

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 17

Types of distribution reservoirs (Cont.):

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 18

Types of distribution reservoirs (Cont.):

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 19

Types of distribution reservoirs (Cont.):

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 20

Types of distribution reservoirs (Cont.):

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 21

Location of distribution reservoirs:

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 22

Location of distribution reservoirs (cont.):

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 23

• There are four different systems of layout of distribution

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 24

1. Dead-end system or Tree system:

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 25

1. Dead-end system or Tree system (Cont.):

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 26

2. Grid Iron or Reticulation system or interlaced system

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 27

2. Grid Iron or Reticulation system or interlaced system

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 28

2. Grid Iron or Reticulation system or interlaced system

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 29

2. Grid Iron or Reticulation system or interlaced system

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 30

3. Circular or Ring System

3. Circular or Ring System … (Cont.):

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 32

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 33

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 34

• Various steps involved in the design of a distribution

4: Calculation of pipe diameters

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 36

5: Computation of available residual pressure heads

En. 636 [Water Supply Engineering] September/Semester (2019) 37