Studies in Language and Linguistics

Selected Readings for Students of English Philology

editors
Piotr Cap and Magdalena Kozanecka
Contents

Foreword 5
(Piotr Cap and Magdalena Kozanecka)

CHAPTER ONE English sentence:

syntax-semantics interface
PART ONE Analysis o f a simple sentence 9
(Szymon Pedziwiatr)
PART TWO Analysis o f a complex sentence 27
(Piotr Cap)

CHAPTER TWO Language in action: pragmatic

and social aspects of language use
PART ONE The pragmatics o f interpersonal communication 39
(Piotr Cap)
PART TWO Analysis o f cultural texts 57
(Magdalena Nowacka)

CHAPTER THREE Methods of teaching English

as a foreign language
Selected aspects of classroom discourse and their impact
on language development in the torelgn language context 69
(MirosCaw Pawlak)

CHAPTER FOUR Introduction to translation theory 111

(Magdalena Kozanecka)

CHAPTER FIVE Introduction to Cognitive Grammar

(Kamila Turewicz)
PART ONE Cognitive Grammar:
the nature of language and meaning 171
PART TWO Cognitive Grammar:
semantic structure o f grammatical categories 185
Foreword
 The present volume contains contributions by the staff of the English Department at
the Academy of Humanities and Economics (AHE) in t o d i . The aim of the volume is to
present students, in a clear and consistent form, with reading material as used during most
of the undergraduate and graduate courses in English language and linguistics at the AHE.
However, the addressees of the material are also students of English at other higher-educa-
tion institutions, both state and private, such as teacher training colleges or translation and
interpreting centers.
The material has been selected and arranged according to the teaching curricula fol-
lowed by most philological departments in Poland. Chapters 1-111 deal with issues which
students are faced with during the first three years of academic instruction, and chapters IV-V
tackle topics which students encounter later, e.g. during M.A. seminars. For that reason, the
consecutive chapters and chapter parts can be characterized as getting increasingly more
difficult and specialized.
Chapter One provides students with material concerning English syntax and semantics.
The first part of the chapter deals with the syntax of the simple sentence, while the second
discusses the structure of the complex sentence. Both parts can be successfully used during,
for instance, descriptive grammar courses, esp. in the first two years of instruction.
Chapter Two positions selected observations from chapter one, in interpersonal and
intercultural contexts of 'real-life' discourse. In the first part, the discussion is centered
around concepts of linguistic pragmatics. Among traditional topics, students are offered
a look at how language can be used to accomplish concrete goals in face-to-face persuasion.
In the second part, students are familiarized with broader, sociolinguistic issues which con-
cern relationship between language and culture. The second part of chapter two also brings
up some notions which have to do with English language teaching, and thus provides a feasible
introduction to the next chapter.
 Chapter Three contains an in-depth overview of English teaching methods and strate-
gies; it also discusses the development of English teaching over years. This material is of
a special importance to those students who, in their careers, intend to become teachers of
English, whether on a classroom or tutorial basis.
Chapter Four is a more difficult and specialized contribution, dealing with the many
domains of translation and translation theory. Included in the discussion are such concepts
as translatability, equivalence, and evaluation, as well as a number of the most typical trans-
lation strategies at the word, phrase and sentence level. This material should, in principle, be
used by students attending graduate seminars in translation and translation theory.
Chapter Five is again devoted to complex, specialized issues which are normally under-
taken not sooner than during M.A. research. The chapter describes and evaluates a relatively
novel development in linguistics, which has come to be termed as Cognitive Grammar. The
discussion tackles the profound questions of the nature of language and cognition, and the
relationship holding between them. 'This relationship is shown to determine the structure of
particular grammatical categories in a language, of which English is an example.
The authors wish to extend multiple thanks to all those who submitted their contribu-
tions to the volume. Also, we owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Kamila Turewicz, the Pro-
Rector in Charge of Development of the AHE, for her continuous support underlying the
project. We are equally indebted to Professor Piotr Stalmaszczyk from the University of
tbdz, for reviewing the text. Finally, words of thanks go to Dr Monika Gregorowicz-Cap
for editorial help.

Piotr Cap, Magdalena Kozanecka

t b d i , August 2002
 CHAPTER ONE

English sentence:
syntax-semantics interface

(Szymon Pqdziwiatr and Piotr Cap)

PART ONE

Szymon Pqdziwiatr
The Academy of Humanities and Economics in l o d i

Analysis
of a simple sentence
 PRESUP- TEXT
Intratextual SUBJECT COMPOSITIONS
NON-VERBAL STYLISTIC TEXT ELEMENTS
CONTENT MATTER POSITIONS ELEMENTS SENTENCE
LEXIC SUPRASEGM.
Extratextual STR. F.