As per 31.

102.4.5 Bending. The minimum wall thickness at

any point in a completed bend shall not be less than
required by Formulas (3) or (3A) of para. 104.1.2(A).
(A) Table 102.4.5 is a guide to the designer who
must speciQ wall thickness for ordering pipe. In general
it has been the experience that when good shop practices
are employed, the minimum thicknesses of straight pipe
shown in Table 102.4.5 should be sufficient for bending,
and still meet the minimum thickness requirements of
para. 104.1.2(A).
(B) The bend thinning allowance in Table 102.4.5
may be provided in all parts of the cross section of
the pipe circumference without any detrimental effects
being produced.
TABLE 102.4.5
Min. Thickness
Recommended Prior to
Radius of Bends Bending
6 pipe diameters or greater 1.06tm
4 pipe diameters 1.14tm
3 pipe diameters 1.25tm
5 pipe diameters l.ostm

-
GENERAL NOTES:
(ai interpolation is permissible tor bending to intermediate radii.
tb) fm is determined by Formula (3) or (3A) of para. 104.1.2(A).
(cl Pipe diameter is the nominal diameter as tabulated in ASME
836.10#, Tables 2 and 4, and ASME B36.19M, Table 1. For
piping with a diameter not listed in these Tables, and also for
tubing, the nominal diameter corresponds with the outside
diameter.

IBR

348.Method of Manufacture, Heat Treatment and Marking- (a) On completion of any

work which involves heating, whether for hot bending of the pipe or for any other similar
purpose, the pipe shall be carefully annealed.

** (b) (i) The cold drawn seamless carbon steel pipes and welded carbon steel pipes
shall be supplied in normalized condition.

(ii) Hot finished seamless carbon steel pipes shall be supplied in hot finished
condition or in normalized condition at the option of the manufacturer.

(iii) The seamless alloy steel pipe either cold finished or hot finished and
welded pipes shall be supplied in normalized and tempered condition.

(iv) By agreement between the users and the manufacturer, the pipes may be
delivered in a condition
other than normalized and tempered condition in which case they shall be suitable for
subsequent
 manipulation and the user shall be informed of the heat-treatment necessary to give
required properties.

(c) (i) Pipe bending and forming (viz. reducing / swaging) operation shall be
done by any hot or cold method and to any radius which shall result in a surface
free from cracks, buckles or other defects as determined by the method of
inspection specified in the design. A post bending or post forming heat treatment
for carbon steel material is required with a nominal wall thickness in excess of 19.0
millimeters unless the bending or forming operation are performed and completed
at normalizing temperatures, where no further heat treatment is required. The heat
treatment where required shall be normalized or stress relieved, as the case may be.

(ii) A post bending or post forming heat treatment shall be require for all
ferritic alloy steel material with
nominal pipe size 100.00 millimeters and larger or with a nominal thickness 13.0
millimeters or greater.

(iii) If hot bending or forming is performed the material shall received

normalize and temper or tempering heat-treatment as required by the design. For cold
operation, tempering heat-treatment shall be applied.

(d) Marking- Marking shall be carried out in accordance with regulation 395-F.

361. Wrought Bends- (a) Pipes of thickness determined in accordance with equation
91 with increase of 12.5% shall not be bent to radii less than those given in the following
Table (Click here to view the Table). Where smaller radii are necessary, further allowance
shall be made for thinning at the back of the bend except where it can be demonstrated to
the satisfaction of the Inspecting Authority that the use oft b will not reduce the thickness
below y t at any point after bending:

where,
t = min. thickness as per Eqn. 91,
tb = min. thickness before bending.

(b) The thickness of the pipes, from which bends are made shall be such that the
minimum thickness required by equation (91) is maintained throughout after the bending
operation. The deviation from circularity in percentage at any cross-section of a bend
shall be calculated by the following formula
 where,

C = The percentage deviation of circularity,

D max. = maximum external diameter of the pipe as gauged at the bend,

D min. = minimum external diameter of the pipe as gauged at the bend,

D = nominal external diameter of the pipe,

R = Radius of the bend on the central line of the bend.

** (c) Fabricated pipe bends may be made by Welding together bevelled section of
straight pipe, provided-.

(i) the angle between the axis of the adjoining sections does not exceed 30° and

(ii) the thickness is at least : K - 0.5 / K - 1 times the minimum thickness required for
the straight pipe to which the bend is joined.

where,

K=ratio of the radius of the bend (from center of curvature to center of pipe) to
the inside radius of the pipe.

Note. Gusseted Bends shall be used for pressure not exceeding 21 kilogramme per
square centimeter and
temperature not exceeding 260 Degree Centigrade.

** (d) For the forged bends, the radii shall be not less than those given below:-

Long radii forged bends - R = 1.5 x d

Short radii forged bends - R = 1.0 x d

The thickness at any point of the bend shall not be less than 87.5% of the nominal
thickness of the bend. The thickness at any point of the bend shall be such that the
minimum thickness required equation 91 is maintained throughout after finishing
operation