Fluid Statics

Pressure and Measuring Devices

Lecture 4
 Pressure
„ Units used are:
„ N/m2, lbf/in2 (psi), Pascal (Pa), bar,
atmosphere
p (atm)
( )

„ Conversions:
„ 1 atm = 1.103235 x 105 N/m2, 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
„ 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 14.5
14 5 psi
 Hydrostatic Conditions
„ There is no relative motion between fluid elements
„ Either fluid is at rest,
rest or
„ The fluid is moving with a uniform velocity
„ since fluid cannot withstand any tensile stress and
since there is no shear stress when no relative
motion exists, the only stress to be considered is the
compression stress or the static pressure
„ Pressure force is a force which has a magnitude, a
direction and a p
point of action
ΔF dF
„ Pressure intensity p = lim = ( scalar quantity )
ΔA→ 0 ΔA dA

p ≡ F / L2 (N / m2 )
 Pressure Characteristics
Pascal’s Law
„ Pascal's Law states that if pressure is
applied
li d to
t a non-flowing
fl i fluid
fl id in
i a
container, then that pressure is
transmitted equally in all directions within
the container
„ Pressure is isotropic
„ P ess e variation
Pressure a iation in ho
horizontal
i ontal direction
di ection
„ Pressure variation in vertical direction
 Pressure Characteristics
1)Pressure is same in all directions –Pascal’s Law

„ Pascal’s law
„ The pressure att any point
Th i t iin a non-flowing
fl i fluid
fl id has
h a
single value, independent of direction
„ Pressure is a scalar field:
p = p(x; y; z; t)
„ The value of p varies in space, but p is not
associated with a direction
„ A pressure sensor will not detect different values
of pressure when the orientation of the sensor is
changed at a fixed measurement point
Pascal’s
l law
l ̶ Prooff

∑F x = ma x = 0

∑F y = ma y = − mg
 P
Pascal’s
l’ law
l ̶ P
Prooff

∑F x = p x × A ABEF − p s × A ABCD × sin θ =

= p x δ yδ z − p s δ sδ z sin θ =
δy
= p x δ yδ z − p s δ s δ z
δs
= ( p x − p s ) δ yδ z = 0

p x = ps
P
Pascal’s
l’ law
l ̶ P
Prooff

∑F y = p y × ACDEF − p s × A ABCD × cos θ

= p y δxδz − p s δsδz cos θ

δx
= p y δxδz − p s δs δz
δs
= ( p y − p s ) δ xδ z = − m g = − ρ g δ xδ yδ z 2

for δ x , δ y , δ z → 0 p y = ps

px = p y = ps
Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid
Pascal’s Law

_
 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid
Pascal’s Law

„ pressure at the faces of the element

∂p δ z 1 ∂2 p δ z 2
pz + = p + + ( ) + O(3)
∂z 2 2 ∂z 2
2

∂p δ z 1 ∂2 p δ z 2
pz − = p − + ( ) + O(3)
∂z 2 2 ∂z 2
2

∂p δ x 1 ∂2 p δ x 2
p =p + + ( ) + O(3)
∂x 2 2 ∂x 2
+ 2
x

∂p δ x 1 ∂2 p δ x 2
px − = p − + ( ) + O(3)
∂x 2 2 ∂x 2
2
 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid
Horizontal Variation – Pascal’s Law

F
Force equilibrium
ilib i ∑F x = px − (δ y δ z ) − px + (δ y δ z ) = 0

∂p δ x 1 ∂2 p δ x 2 ∂p δ x 1 ∂2 p δ x 2
∴[ px− − px+ ] =[ p − + ( ) −( p + + ( ) ) + H.O.T.]= 0
∂x 2 2 ∂x 2
2
∂x 2 2 ∂x 2 2

∂p
− δ x + H.O.T. = 0, But H.O.T. → 0 as (δ x, δ y, δ z) → 0
∂x

∂p ∂p
∴ = 0 , similarily =0
∂x ∂y
 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid
Vertical direction
Force equilibrium ∑F =pz z−
(δ x δ y) − pz+ (δ x δ y) − ρ g (δ x δ y δ z) = 0

∂ p δ z 1 ∂2 p δ z 2 ∂ p δ z 1 ∂2 p δ z 2
∴[ pz− − px+ − ρ gδ z] = [p − + ( ) − (p+ + ( ) ) − ρ gδ z + H.O.T. ]= 0
∂z 2 2 ∂z 2 2
∂z 2 2 ∂z 2 2

∂p
− δ z − ρ g δ z + H.O.T. = 0,, H.O.T.→ 0 as (δ x, δ y, δ z) → 0
∂z
∂p ∂p
∴ + ρg = +γ =0
∂z ∂z

∂p ∂p ∂p dp
∴ = = 0, + γ =0 ⇒ = −γ
∂x ∂ y ∂z dz
 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid
Vertical direction
Z
dp
= −γ = constant ∴ p = p0 − γz
dz
at z= -h, p= p0 + γh
γh = Hydrostatic pressure

„ Pressure variation is due to g

gravity
y only
y in a constant density
y fluid
 Pressure Characteristics
2) Variation of pressure with elevation

∑F vertical = p 1 A − p 2 A − mg = 0

p1 A − p 2 A = ρ A( z 2 − z1 )g

p1 − p 2 = ρ ( z 2 − z1 )g
 Pressure Characteristics
3) Equality
E li off pressure at the
h same level
l l
in a static fluid

∑F horizontal = p1 A − p2 A = 0

p1 = p 2
 Pressure Characteristics
3) Equality of pressure at the same level in
a static fluid

p R = p P + ρ gh p S = pQ + ρ gh
pR = pS

p P = pQ
 Pressure Variation with
Elevation
„ If γ is a constant
dp
= −γ 1 z = z1, p = p1
dz
p2 z2
Δp = −γΔz
∫ dp = −γ ∫ dz
p1 p
p1 z1 + z1 = 2 + z 2
p2 − p1 = −γ ( z 2 − z1 )
γ γ
Δp = −γΔz 2 z = z 2 , p = p2
p
Pz = + z = constant (piezometric head)
γ
Elevation head
Pressure head z=0
Piezometric head
Piezometric Head

p1 p2 / γ
p
γ + z = constant
2
γ
1 z2
z1
z=0

Open Tank
Piezometric Head

p1 p
+ z = constant
γ γ
p2
γ p3
1 γ

2
z1
z2 3
z3
z=0
Pressurized Tank
Variation of pressure in an
incompressible fluid (liquid)

1 p 2 − p1 = − ρ g ( z 2 − z1 )
2

p 2 = p atm − ρ g ( z 2 − z1 )
at z1= 0
p1= patm p 2 = p atm + γ h

ll d pressure head
h is called h d
 Application on Pascal
Pascal’ss Law
Hydraulic Jack
F1 = P1 A1 F2 = P2 A2

Oil
P1 = P2
F1 F2 F2 A
= → = 2
A1 A2 F1 A1

We can increase the force F1 as many times as A2/A1