Introduction and Fundamenta

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND
FUNDAMENTAL
1
CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and Fundamental
Prepared by: Nur Ain Bt Mohd Zainuddin
LECTURE OUTLINE
This chapter covers:
1.1 Environment – Regulation and Policies
1.2 Wastewater Constituents- Physical,

Chemical and Biological
2
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:
Explain in detail for section 25 and 29
in EQA 1974
Clearly explain Regulation related to
IETS in IER 2009.
Explain IECS procedure.
Explain in detail physical, chemical and biological

parameter
Able to Understand how to measure

physical, chemical and biological
properties.
3
1.1: Environment – Regulation and Policies
1.1: ENVIRONMENT – REGULATION AND

POLICIES
ENVIRONMENT QUALITY
ACT 1974
(ACT 1927)
An Act relating to
prevention, abatement,
control of pollution and
enhancement of the
environment, and for
purposes connected
therewith.
4
Legal Requirement For Wastewater

Pollution Control
Environmental
Quality Act 1974
(EQA 1974).
Environmental Environmental
Quality (Industrial Quality
Effluent) (Sewage)
Regulation 2009 Regulation 2009
5
Section Provides a Section Focuses on

25 general 29 the control of
provision for
pollution of
the control of
Malaysian
pollution of
Waters.
inlands
water. Malaysian
Inland water waters refers
refer to to the
reservoirs, territorial
lakes, rivers, waters of
streams etc. Malaysia
and which is
subsurface practically
water. understood
that extend
12 Nautical
miles from
the shore. 6
Section 25: Restriction on Pollution of Inland
Waters.
 Section 25: Restriction on Pollution of Inland
Waters.
1) No person shall, unless licensed, emit, discharge or
deposit any environmentally hazardous substances,
pollutants or wastes into any inland waters in
contravention of the acceptable conditions specified
under section 21.
2) Without limiting the generality of subsection (1), a
person shall be deemed to emit, discharge or
deposit wastes into inland waters if-
a) he places any wastes in or on any waters or in a
place where it may gain access to any waters;
7
Section 25: Restriction on Pollution of Inland
Waters.
b) He places any waste in a position where it falls, descends,
drains, evaporates, is washed, is blown or percolates or is
likely to fall, descend, drain, evaporate or be washed, be
blown or percolated into any waters, or knowingly or through
his negligence, whether directly or indirectly, causes or
permits any wastes to be placed in such a position;
c) He causes the temperature of the receiving waters to be
raised or lowered by more than the prescribed limits.
3) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) shall be guilty of
an offence and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one
hundred thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a period not
exceeding five years or to both and to a further fine not
exceeding one thousand ringgit a day for every day that the
offence is continued after a notice by the Director General
requiring him to cease the act specified therein has been
served upon him. 8
Section 29: Prohibition Of Discharge Of Wastes
Into Malaysian Waters
 Section 29: Prohibition Of Discharge Of Wastes

Into Malaysian Waters
1) No person shall, unless licensed, discharge
environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants
or wastes into the Malaysian waters in
contravention of the acceptable conditions specified
under section 21.
2) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) shall
be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine
not exceeding five hundred thousand ringgit or to
imprisonment for not exceeding five years or to
both.
9
ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ACT 1974

(ACT 1927)
SECTION SECTION
25 29
IER2009
10
Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent)
Regulation 2009 (IER 2009)
 Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent)

1. Regulation 1 : Citation.
2. Regulation 2: Interpretation
i. "industrial effluent" means any waste in the form of
liquid or wastewater generated from manufacturing
process including the treatment of water for water supply
or any activity occurring at any industrial premises;
ii. "mixed effluent" means any waste in the form of liquid
or wastewater containing both industrial effluent and
sewage;
iii. "sludge" means any deposit of particulate matter
settled from any liquid, including deposit resulting from
physical, chemical, biological or other treatment of water
11
or industrial effluent or mixed effluent;
iv. "sewage" means any liquid waste or wastewater
discharge containing human, animal, domestic, or
putrescible matter in suspension or solution, and
includes liquids containing chemicals in solution either in
the raw, treated or partially treated form;
v. "parameter" means chemical oxygen demand or any of
the factors shown in the first column of the Fifth
Schedule or in the Ninth Schedule;
vi. "batch discharge" means any controlled discharge of a
discrete volume of industrial effluent or mixed effluent;
vii. "industrial effluent treatment system" means any
facility including the effluent collection system, designed
and constructed for the purpose of reducing the potential
of the industrial effluent or mixed effluent to cause
12
pollution. CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and Fundamental
3. REGULATION 3: APPLICATION;
These Regulations shall apply to any premises which
discharge or release industrial effluent or mixed
effluent, onto or into any soil, or into inland waters or
Malaysian waters, other than the premises as
specified in the First Schedule.
 Sources which generate raw effluent for the
following are subjected to IER:
i. The BOD load of the effluent of more than 6 kg/d.
ii. The SS load of the effluent more than 6 kg/d.
13
REGULATION 3: APPLICATION
iii. The sum total of BOD and SS load of the effluent
more than 6 kg/d.
iv.The effluent discharge volume of 60 m3/day or more.
v. An effluent containing contaminant (mostly
metals): mercury, cadmium, hexavalent
chromium, arsenic, cyanide (non metal), lead,
trivalent chromium, copper, manganese, nickel
and tin irrespective of the load of the
contaminant discharged.
vi. An effluent containing oil and grease (O&G),
irrespective of the load of O&G discharged.
14
 The characteristics (flowrate, load, presence of

contaminants) mentioned above refer to the
characteristics of the raw effluents before
undergoing treatment.
 In IER, two categories effluents are recognized:
i. Industrial effluent
ii. Combined effluent (Mixture of raw
(untreated) industrial effluent and raw
(untreated) sewage)
𝑘𝑔
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑄𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐. (𝑖𝑛 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦
CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and

15
Fundamental
Question 1
Q = 30 m3/day Plant operation: 24 hr/day
Effluent concentration:
BOD = 50 mg/L SS = 2 mg/L
SUBJECT TO IER 2009?

16
Fundamental
Question 2
Q = 20 m3/hr Plant operation: 8 hr/day
Effluent concentration:
BOD = 50 mg/L O & G = 2 mg/L
Copper = 1.5 mg/L
SUBJECT TO IER 2009?
CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and Fundamental 17

LIST OF PREMISES TO WHICH THESE REGULATIONS DO NOT APPLY
1. Processing of oil-palm fruit or oil-palm fresh fruit bunches into crude palm
oil, whether as an intermediate or final product.
2. Processing of natural rubber in technically specified form, latex form
including prevulcanised or the form of modified and special purpose rubber,
conventional sheet, skim, crepe or scrap rubber.
3. Mining activities.
4. Processing, manufacturing, washing or servicing of any other products or
goods that produce industrial effluent or mixed effluent of less than 60 cubic
meters per day.
goods that produce industrial effluent or mixed effluent of which does not
contain oil and grease or those contaminants listed as parameters (v) to (xv)
in the first column of the Fifth Schedule.
goods where the total load of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 at 20°C) or
suspended solids or both, shall not exceed 6 kg/day (concentration of 100
mg/L). 18
REGULATION 4: OBLIGATION TO
NOTIFY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL
REGULATION 4: : OBLIGATION TO NOTIFY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL
 Prior Written Notification to the Director General (DG)

of the Department of Environment (DOE) is required
within 30 days before commencing any work or
construction or IETS upgrading that would result in
new source of effluent discharge or a change in the
quality and quantity of the effluent from existing
source.
 IETS upgrading that involves substantial modification to
the IETS such as addition or abandonment of a unit
process or unit operation requires a written notification
because the exercise will result in changes to
information on IETS furnished earlier in Section D of the
Second Schedule.
19
 Written Notification is required to be made by
using the form specified in the Second Schedule.
 The submission of Third Schedule to declare that
IETS has been designed and constructed according
to the specification of the Guidance Document on
the Design and Operation of IETS also required.
 Signature of the owner and the relevant professional
engineers are required for the submission of Third
Schedule.
20
4. Regulation 4: Obligation to notify the Director General (DG)
(1)No person shall, without prior written notification to the DG;
(a) Carry out any work on any premises that may result in a new source of
discharge of industrial effluent or mixed effluent;
(b) Construct on any land, building or facility designed or used for a purpose
that may cause the land or building or facility to result in a new source of
discharge of industrial effluent or mixed effluent;
(c) Make or cause or permit to be made any change of, to, or in any plant,
machine, or equipment used or installed at the premises that causes a
material change in the quantity or quality of the discharge or release from an
existing source; or
(d) Carry out upgrading work of an existing industrial effluent treatment
system that may result in a material change in the quantity or quality of the
discharge or release.
(2) The written notification to carry out any work, construction, or upgrading,
or to make any change referred to in subregulation (1) shall be submitted to
the Director General in the form as specified in the Second Schedule within
thirty days before the work or construction or upgrading commences.
21
SECOND SCHEDULE
[Subregulation 4(2)]
NOTIFICATION FOR NEW OR ALTERED SOURCES
OF DISCHARGE OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT OR
MIXED EFFLUENT
Note: Refer to the note in ilearn for the detail information

SECOND SCHEDULE-R4-IER2009
22

REGULATION 5: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM
REGULATION 5: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM
(1) An owner or occupier of a premises shall

conduct any design and construction of the
industrial effluent treatment system to collect and
treat the industrial effluent or mixed effluent
generated within the premises in strict compliance
with the specifications as specified in the Guidance
Document on the Design and Operation of
Industrial Effluent Treatment System issued by the
Department of Environment.

(2) An owner or occupier of the premises shall

appoint a professional engineer to undertake the
design and supervision of the construction of the
industrial effluent treatment system and the work
performed shall meet the satisfaction of the Director
General.
(3) An owner or occupier of the premises and the
professional engineer referred to in subregulation
(2) shall provide a written declaration, in a form as
specified in the Third Schedule, certifying that the
design and construction of the industrial effluent
treatment system have complied with the
specifications referred to in subregulation (1). 25
(4) As-built drawings that show the placement of

any works or structures that form art of the industrial
effluent treatment system shall be submitted to the
Director General not later than thirty days from
the date the premises commences operation.
(5) In this regulation, “as built drawings” means the

engineering drawing that shows the placement of
facilities as measured after a work is completed.

27
CPE675: WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
WRITTEN DECLARATION (REGULATION 5)

The submission of Third Schedule to declare that
IETS has been designed and constructed
according to the specification of the Guidance
Document on the Design and Operation of IETS
also required.
Depending on the certain case, the signature of
the owner and relevant professional engineers
are required for the submission of Third Schedule.
5
REGULATION 6: COMPLIANCE WITH
SPECIFICATION OF IETS
REGULATION 6: COMPLIANCE WITH SPECIFICATIONS
OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM
(1) No person shall operate any industrial effluent
treatment system unless it complies with the
specifications as specified in subregulation 5(1).
(2) The Director General may issue a directive to
the owner or occupier of a premises who does not
comply with subregulation (1) requiring him to
repair, alter, replace or install any additional
equipment or instruments or to conduct
performance monitoring of industrial effluent
treatment system at his own expense, in any
manner as the Director General may determine in
such directive. CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and Fundamental 29
REGULATION 7: MONITORING OF DISCHARGE OF
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT OR MIXED EFFLUENT
 The monitoring of the discharge of the effluents is

required under regulation 7 of IER.
 Required to keep records of the discharge and
also submit monthly discharge monitoring report
to the DOE on monthly basis.
 Report can be submitted electronically through the
Online Environmental Report (OER).
 By examining the Tenth Schedule it is clear that the
sources are required to conduct weekly sampling
of the final discharge but the compiled report are
submitted on a monthly basis to the DOE within 30
days after the end of the month.
30
(1) An owner or occupier of a premises that discharges

industrial effluent or mixed effluent onto or into any soil, or
into any inland waters or Malaysian waters shall, at his own
expense:-
(a) monitor the concentration of chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and any parameter as specified in the Fifth
Schedule; and
(b) install flow-meters, sampling, monitoring and recording
equipment.
(2) The owner or occupier of the premises shall maintain a
record of industrial effluent or mixed effluent discharge
monitoring data in the form as specified in the Tenth
Schedule.
31
(3) The owner or occupier of the premises shall submit the

first record of industrial effluent or mixed effluent discharge
monitoring data to the Director General within thirty days
after the date of coming into operation of these Regulations
and the subsequent records shall be submitted within thirty
days after the end of the calendar month for the report of
the previous month.
(4) The record of industrial effluent or mixed effluent
discharge shall also be made available for inspection by
any authorized officer.
32
ONLINE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT (OER)
33
34
35
36
CPE675: WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
Fundamental
TENTH SCHEDULE
[Subregulation 7(2)]
MONTHLY INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT OR MIXED EFFLUENT
DISCHARGE MONITORING REPORT
Parameter*** First Week Second Week Third Week Fourth
Week
Date: Date: Date: Date:
Temperature
pH Value
BOD at 20°C
COD
Suspended Solids
Etc.
TENTH SCHEDULE-R7-IER2009
37
38
PARAMETER TO BE MONITORED???
 Industries are given the responsibility to decide by
themselves which parameter are relevant and
significant to their manufacturing operation and
hence appropriated to be monitored.
 The decision can be arrived at by examining the
information from several sources such as;
i. The Industrial Effluent Characteristic Study (IECS).
ii. The raw material used.
iii. The historical data on raw effluent quality.
iv. The data from similar industries operated at some other
location.
v. The guide on significant parameter is also given in the
Guidance Document on Performance Monitoring of IETS.39
REGULATION 8: PROPER OPERATION OF IETS
 Industries are required to operate and maintain

their IETS accordance with normal practices as
practices by professionals in IETS.
 In day to day operation, to assure practises and
activities to assure each of process in IETS is
occurring in optimal manner.
 Maintaining key parameter relevant to the process
within acceptable ranges as establish by sound
engineering practice.
40
(1) An owner or occupier of a premises shall operate

and maintain industrial effluent treatment system in
accordance with sound engineering practice for the
treatment of the industrial effluent or mixed effluent and
ensure that all components of the industrial effluent
treatment system are in good working condition.
(2) In this regulation, "sound engineering
practice" means the manner by which effluent
treatment system is operated where the operational
characteristics are maintained within the normal range
of values commonly used for the treatment of industrial
effluent or mixed effluent.
41
REGULATION 9: PERFORMANCE MONITORING
OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM
REGULATION 9: PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF

EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM
 Requirement for sources to conduct performance

monitoring of the IETS is provided in Regulation 9.
 Performance monitoring is proactive and
preventive approach to the operation of IETS where
key parameters are monitored and maintained within
acceptable ranges.
 The industries need to acquire the relevant
equipment to enable their IETS team to perform
performance monitoring.
42
REGULATION 9: PERFORMANCE MONITORING
OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM
(1) An owner or occupier of a premises shall:-

(a) conduct performance monitoring of the components
of the effluent treatment system in the manner as
specified in the Guidance Document on Performance
Monitoring of Industrial Effluent Treatment Systems
issued by Department of Environment; and
(b) equip himself or itself with facilities, relevant
equipment or instruments for the purpose of conducting
performance monitoring referred to in paragraph (a).
(2) In this regulation, "performance monitoring" means the
routine monitoring of certain characteristics to provide an
indication that a treatment process is functional and
capable of treating the industrial effluent or mixed effluent.
43
REGULATION 10: COMPETENT PERSON

 Industries are required to employ qualified and
trained personal to supervise the operation of the
IETS.
 IETS personal must attend the training program
implemented by EiMAS to obtain the acquired
knowledge and skills to be certified as competent
person to enable them to supervise the IETS
operation and comply with legal requirements as
stipulated in Regulation 10 of IER.
 The industries must have sufficient number of
competent persons. The number is determined by
the number of operation per day and IETS operation
(continuous or batch). 44
 IETS are generally categorized as a biological

process or a physical process.
 Certified environmental Professional in IETS
Operation- Biological Process (CePIETSO-BP)
 Certified environmental Professional in IETS
Operation- Physical Chemical Process
(CePIETSO-PCP)
 If an IETS has several component that can be
categorized as BP and PCP, the IETS staff must
attend both courses. CePIETSO-PCP and
CePIETSO-BP.
45
(1) The operation of an industrial effluent treatment

system shall be supervised by a competent person.
(2) A competent person shall be any person who has
been certified by the Director General that he is duly
qualified to supervise the operation of an industrial
effluent treatment system.
(3) An owner or occupier of a premises shall ensure
that a competent person is on duty at any time the
industrial effluent treatment system is in operation.
46
What is relationship between regulation 8, regulation 9 and
regulation 10?
Acceptable Ranges
8
PROPER OPERATION OF
IETS
PERFORMANCE
MONITORING
9
10
COMPETENT PERSON
47
REGULATION 11: ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE
DISCHARGE OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT OTHER THAN
PARAMETER OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
REGULATION 11: ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE DISCHARGE OF

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT OTHER THAN PARAMETER OF COD.
 The main provision dictating the quality of final effluent is to be
complied with is Regulation 11.
 Discharged standard for all regulated parameters except for
COD are prescribed in the Fifth Schedule.
 Regulation 12 stipulates the COD standards which are
prescribed in the Seventh Schedule.
 COD standard are set according to the industry categories.
 Standard A: applies to source which discharge point
watercourse is upstream of water abstraction point.
 Standard B:applies to source which discharge point
watercourse is downstream of water abstraction point.
48
(1) No person shall discharge industrial effluent which

contains any parameter in concentration greater than
the limits of:-
(a) Standard A, as shown in the third column of the
Fifth Schedule, into any inland waters within the
catchment areas as specified in the Sixth Schedule; or
(b) Standard B, as shown in the fourth column of the
Fifth Schedule, into any other inland waters or
Malaysian waters.
49
(2) Where two or more of the metals specified as

parameters (xii) to (xvi) as specified in the Fifth Schedule,
pursuant to subregulation (1), are present in the industrial
effluent or mixed effluent, the concentration of these metals
shall not be greater than:-
(a) 0.5 mg/L in total, where Standard A is applicable; or
(b) 3.0 mg/L in total, and 1.0 mg/L in total for soluble forms,
where Standard B is applicable.
(3) Where Standard B is applicable and when both phenol
and free chlorine are present in the same industrial effluent,
the concentration of phenol individually, shall not be greater
than 0.2 mg/L and the concentration of free chlorine
individually, shall not be greater than 1 mg/L.
50
FIFTH SCHEDULE [Paragraph 11(1)(a)]
ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS FOR DISCHARGE OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
OR MIXED EFFLUENT OF STANDARDS A AND B
Parameter Unit Standard
A B
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(i) Temperature oC 40 40
(ii) pH Value - 6.0-9.0 5.5-9.0
(iii) BOD at 20oC mg/L 20 50
(iv) Suspended Solids mg/L 50 100
(v) Mercury mg/L 0.005 0.05
(vi) Cadmium mg/L 0.01 0.02
(vii) Chromium, Hexavalent mg/L 0.05 0.05
Cont. etc

FIFTH SCHEDULE-R11-IER2009 51
CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and 52

Fundamental
53
A
STANDARD
DISCHARGE
POINT
WATER
ABSTRACTION
POINT
54
B
STANDARD
WATER
ABSTRACTION
POINT
DISCHARGE
POINT
55
DISCHARGE OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT FOR
PARAMETER OF COD
REGULATION 12: ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE DISCHARGE

OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT FOR PARAMETER OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND (COD)
In relation to any trade or industry as specified in the
Seventh Schedule, No person shall discharge industrial
effluent which contains COD in concentration greater
than the limits of:-
(a) Standard A, as shown in the third column of the
Seventh Schedule, into any inland waters within the
catchment areas as specified in the Sixth Schedule; or
(b) Standard B, as shown in the fourth column of the
Seventh Schedule, into any other inland waters or
Malaysian waters.
56
DISCHARGE OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT FOR
PARAMETER OF COD
SEVENTH SCHEDULE
(Regulation 12)
ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS FOR DISCHARGE OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
CONTAINING CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) FOR SPECIFIC TRADE OR
INDUSTRY SECTOR
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Trade/Industry Unit Standard Standard
A B
(a) Pulp and paper industry
(i) pulp mill mg/L 80 350
(ii) paper mill (recycled) mg/L 80 250
(iii) pulp and paper mill mg/L 80 300
(b) Textile industry mg/L 80 250
(c) Fermentation and distillery mg/L 400 400
industry
(d) Other industries mg/L 80 200
57
EFFLUENT DISCHARGE STANDARD (REGULATION 11 & 12 )
 The main provision dictating the quality of final effluent

is to be complied with is Regulation 11.
 Discharged standard for all regulated parameters
except for COD are prescribed in the Fifth Schedule.
 Regulation 12 stipulates the COD standards which are

prescribed in the Seventh Schedule.
 COD standard are set according to the industry

categories.
 Standard A: applies to source which discharge point
watercourse is upstream of water abstraction point.
 Standard B: applies to source which discharge point

watercourse is downstream of water abstraction
point. CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and Fundamental 58
REGULATION 27: MAINTENANCE OF RECORD

 Industries are required to maintain records of;
i. Manufacturing processes
ii. Operation, maintenance and performance monitoring of the
IETS.
 To comply with the requirements to maintain
records of manufacturing processes, at a minimum
the following must be kept;
i. Update flow chart of the manufacturing process which
show clearly the points of effluent stream generation.
 DOE requires premises to keep the relevant record
for a minimum of three years.
59
27. Maintenance of record

(1) An owner or occupier of a premises equipped with
the industrial effluent treatment system shall maintain
records of the manufacturing processes, operation,
maintenance and performance monitoring of the
industrial effluent treatment system.
(2) The records under subregulation (1) shall be made
available for inspection by the authorized officer.
60
REGULATION 28: PERSONNEL TRAINING
 Regulation 28 is on personnel training.

 All industry personnel who are involved in the
operation of IETS must have the required
knowledge and skills to enable them to perform their
duties satisfactory.
 They need to attend technical training course
including environmental regulations.
 Their training record must be maintained for
inspection.
 Additional to the competence person training
requirement.
61
REGULATION 28: PERSONNEL TRAINING
An owner or occupier of a premises:-

(a) shall ensure that his or its employees attend training
on environmental requirements and the best
management practices in the operation and
maintenance of industrial effluent treatment system
before they begin work;
(b) shall ensure that the training for his or its employees
include retraining on updates for new, revised and
existing requirements and procedures; and
(c) shall maintain records of training which shall include
the training date, name and position of employee,
training provider and a brief description of the training
content. 62
REGULATION 32: PENALTY

 Offense under any provision of the IER 2009 can be
charged in court, which carry maximum penalty of
RM100,000 or five years imprisonment or both.
 All offense under IER are also compoundable under
Environmental Quality (Compounding Offences)
Rules 1978.
 The maximum compound allowable under the rules
is RM 2000.00.
RM 100,000!!!!
5 YEARS!!!!
63
Regulation 32: Penalty

Any person who contravenes regulations 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29 and 30
shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to
a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand ringgit or to a term
of imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years or to both
and to a further fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit a day
for every day that the offence is continued after the notice by the
Director General requiring him to cease the act as specified in
the notice has been served upon him.
64
Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation
2009 (SR 2009)
Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation 2009 (SR 2009)

 SR 2009 consist of 27 Regulations;
Regulation 3: Application
These Regulations shall apply to any premises which
discharge sewage onto or into any soil, or into any
inland waters or Malaysian waters, other than any
housing or commercial development or both having a
population equivalent of less than one hundred and
fifty.
Note: Refer to the note in ilearn for the detail
information
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (SEWAGE) REGULATIONS 2009
65
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
CHARACTERIZATION STUDY (IECS)
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHARACTERIZATION STUDY (IECS)
 Also known as Wastewater Characterization

Study (WCS).
 IECS typically form an integral part of any efforts to
address effluent on compliant problem.
 To fully understand and identified the causes
contributing to the non-compliance.
 IECTS will identify contaminants that are presents in
various stream.
 IECS report will form the basis for making important
follow up decision or further investigation.
66
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
 IECS objective such as;
1. To determine the physical, biological and chemical
characteristic and the concentration of constituents in the
effluent.
2. To determine the best methods of treatment to reduce the
pollutant concentrations to comply with standards
stipulated under EQ IER 2009 and EQ SR 2009.
3. To explore opportunities for implementing cleaner
production activities such as effluent segregation and
recycle.
4. To determine effluent characteristic of industry which has
just commenced operation and compared them with the
estimated or assume characteristics at the design stage.
67
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
1. The study only focus on raw effluent stream.

2. It should be conducted by qualified professionals
where the analytical work of the effluent samples is
to be performed by SAMM accredited laboratories.
3. The analytical techniques accepted by DOE are
those listed in the Standard Methods, or United
States Code of Federal Regulation (CFR), or
accepted by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA).
68
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
Sampling Location
 Examination of the drawing that show influent

piping/drainage system and manholes will help to
determine the appropriate sampling locations.
 A walk through survey may be useful for certain
factory.
 General consideration in selecting the sampling
locations.
i. The flow conditions at the location encourage a
homogenous mixture.
69
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
Sampling Location
ii. The velocity of flow at the sampling point should
be sufficient to prevent deposition of solids. The
sample should be taken in the center of the
effluent channel. In deep, narrow drains, samples
should be taken from one-third the water depth
from the bottom.
iii. The site should be easily accessible by and
should be safe for the sampling personnel.
iv. The raw effluent sampling at sampling site should
not be mixed with sewage, any non process
waste stream or storm water.
70
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
 There are 2 mains methods of sampling, grab
sampling or composite sampling.
 Grab samples are single, instantaneous collection
of samples that represent the composition of the
samples at a particular sampling location and time.
 Composite sampling consists of a collection of
numerous individual discrete samples taken at
regular intervals over a period of time, usually 24
hours.
71
GRAB SAMPLING
 Grab sampling appropriate if;
1) The sample vary little in compositions throughout
the manufacturing period. This normally the case
where industries have a large storage capacity ( eg.
Holding pond or lagoon) with long retention time.
2) The influent discharged on intermittent basis, such
as batch dump from a contaminated process.
3) The effluent is highly variable, grab sampling may
be applicable to accurately characterize the
changing effluent composition if necessary.
4) Certain parameter including pH, O&G, Temperature,
volatile organics, petroleum hydrocarbon, dissolved
gases, residual chlorine and soluble sulphides. 72
COMPOSITE SAMPLING
 For the purpose of minimizing cost, composite
sampling may be used.
 Consist of 2 types, time proportional and flow
proportional composite sampling.
 Time proportional composite sampling involves the
collection of equal volumes of infuent at regular
intervals throughout a pre-set time period.
 Flow proportional composite sampling where
samplers collect and composite a fraction of the total
influent flow over specified time of period. It is also,
composite of individual samples taken at regular
intervals of time or flow, during a process day.
73
COMPOSITE SAMPLING
 Composite sampling is appropriate if;
i. It is desired to characterize the toxicity of an influent that
varies over time.
ii. influent composition may vary with internal activities of the
industry as changes in production.
 Samples are composited on 8 to 12 hours basis
when the influent characteristic relatively constant
and on 2 to 4 hours basis if the influent
characteristic exhibit significant variations.
 Sample period of 3 consecutive day.
 Batch discharge may required special techniques to
obtain representative samples.
74
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
Sample Preservation
 Sample preservation is important to ensure quality
physical, chemical and biological properties of the
samples is maintained during collection and sample
analysis period.
 Sample storage and shipping time to the laboratory
should be minimized and sample preservation and
holding time is prescribed in the standard method
must be follow.
75
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
Flowrate Measurement
 Information on flow and flowrates and flow variability
is important for composite sampling and for the
design of effluent treatment unit operation and unit
process.
 Some common measuring technique and device
such as:
i. Nozzles and orifices
ii. Weirs
iii. Bucket and stop watch
76
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
Flowrate Measurement
Paddle wheel flowmeter

Rotameter
Ultrasonic flowmeter 77
Magnetic flowmeter CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and Fundamental
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
UNIT EXPRESSION
 Measurement of chemical parameters are usually
expressed in mg/L or g/m3.
 Relationship between mg/L and ppm is:
mg L
ppm=
specific gravity of fluid
 For diluted system, the unit of mg/L is

interchangeable with ppm
 Conversion of gas concentration between ppm and
g/m3:
g  conc, ppm  mw,g/mole of gas  106  g g 

m3  22.414 10 3
m3 mole of gas  78
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
UNIT TO EXPRESS ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Table
BASIS APPLICATION UNIT
2.3

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
Table
BASIS 2.3 APPLICATION UNIT
80
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
Table
BASIS 2.3 APPLICATION UNIT
81
1.2: Wastewater Constituents-Physical,
Chemical and biological
1.2: WASTEWATER
CONSTITUENTS-PHYSICAL,
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
82
Hydrological cycle
83
Impurities In Water
 Impurities in water caused by;
1. Surface, or nuclei during condensation.
2. Liquid water travels through the remainder of
the hydrologic cycle – contact with other
material in air or an or beneath earth.
3. Human activities – industrial and domestic
waste, agricultural chemical.
 Impurities can be both in suspended and
dissolved form.
 Suspended material consist of particle larger
than molecular size that are supported by
buoyant and viscous force within the water 84
Fundamental
Impurities In Water
 Dissolved material consists of molecules or
ions that are held by the molecular structure of
water.
 Colloid are very small particle that technically
suspended but often exhibit many of the
characteristic of dissolved substances.
Figure 1: Size classification of solid in water 85

 Water pollution is defined as the presence in
water of impurities in such quantity and of such
nature as to impair the use of the water for a
stated purpose.
 Water quality is predicted on the intended use
of the water and a gross determination of the
quantity of suspended and dissolved solid.
 Standard Method for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater – analytical procedures
that quantitatively measure the parameters that
qualitatively reflect the impact of impurities on
water.
86
 3 categories to describe water quality;
1. Physical parameters: Associated with the
appearance of water
2. Chemical parameter: sometimes evidenced by
their observed reactions. Most often, difference
are not visible.
3. Biological parameter: Very important for
public health. Significant in modifying the
physical and chemicals characteristic of water.
87
1.2.1: PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Refer page 73, Metcalf
Refer Table 2.1 & Eddy, 5th edition

88
Fundamental
1.2.1.1: Suspended Solids
 Solid suspended in water may consist of
inorganic or organic or of immiscible liquids.
 SOURCES:
i. Natural contaminants resulting from the erosive
action of water flowing over surfaces.
ii. Results from human use of water – domestic
wastewater (organic).
iii.Result from industrial use of water (organic or
inorganic)
iv. Results contain inorganic (clay, silt) or organic
(plant fibers, bacteria)particles, immiscible
liquids (oil and grease)
89
 IMPACT
i. Aesthetically displeasing.
ii. Provide adsorption site for chemical and
biological agents.
iii. May be degraded biologically and produce by-
products.
iv. May include diseases-causing organisms.
 Solids removed by settling and separated from
wash water are called sludge, which may then
be pumped to drying beds or filtered for
extraction of additional water (dewatering). Dry
sludge, known as sludge cake.
90
Fundamental
 MEASUREMENT
i. Total solids (TS) test: Mass remain after
evaporation (104oC) a sample to dryness and
weighing the residue. Unit of mg/L on dry-mass-
of-solids basis.
ii. Suspended solid (SS) test: Filtering the water,
drying the residue and filter to a constant weight
at 104oC and lastly determine the mass of the
residue retained on the filter. Unit of mg/L on dry-
mass-of-solids basis.
iii. Dissolved solid (DS) test: The difference between
TS and SS. Unit of mg/L.
iv. Organic content: Firing the residue, 600oC for 1
hour. 91
Fundamental
 FILTERABLE RESIDUE & NON-FILTERABLE
RESIDUE
 Term used in laboratory analysis to represent
the SS and DS.
 Filterable residue closely related to DS while
non-filterable residue more closely to SS.
 USE
 SS is important parameter for wastewater.
 Measure the quality of wastewater influent.
 Monitor several treatment processes.
 Measure the quality of the effluent.

92
Fundamental
Total Dissolved Solids(TDS)

 Materials remaining in water after SS removal.
 Source:
i. Dissolve material result from solvent action of
water on solids, liquids and gaseous.
ii. Organic sources – decayed product of
vegetation, organic chemical and organic
gases
iii. Inorganic sources – minerals, metals, gases
Produce undesirable substances in water (color,
taste, odor, toxicity problem
93
Total Dissolved Solids(TDS)
 Impact:
i. May produce aesthetically deplleasing color, tastes and
odor.
ii. Toxic and carcinogenic.
 Measurement:
i. Direct measurement of TDS can be made by
evaporating to dryness a sample of water which has
been filtered to remove SS.
ii. The remaining residue is weighed and represent the
TDS.
iii. Unit: mg/L of dry-mass basis.
iv. Organic and Inorganic fractions can be determined by
firing the residue at 600°C. 94
DEFINITION FOR SOLID FOUND IN WASTEWATER
Table
TEST DESCRIPTION 2.4
Adopted from Standard Method (2012)

Figure
2.3
CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and 96

Fundamental
SETTLEABLE SOLID
 Place wastewater sample in a 1 litre Imhoff cone and
noting the volume of solids in mililtres that settle after
specified time period (1 hr).
 Typically, about 60% of suspended solids (SS) in

municipal wastewater are settleable.
97
TOTAL SOLID (TS)
 Total solids (TS) are obtained by evaporating a

sample of wastewater to dryness and measuring the
mass of residual residue.
 Filtration steps is
used to separate
Total Suspended
Solids (TSS) from
the Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
98
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) & Eddy, 5th edition
99
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)

VOLATILE AND FIXED SOLIDS
 Material that can be volatilized and burned off when

ignited at 500 ± 50⁰C is classified as volatile.
 Volatile solids (VS) are presumed to be organic

matter, although some organic matter will not burn,
and some inorganic solids break down at high
temperatures.
 Fixed solids (FS) comprise the residue that remains

after a sample has been ignited.

PARTICLE SIZE Table
2.5

102
Fundamental

103
Fundamental
1.2.1.2: Turbidity
 Measure of the light –transmitting properties of the
water due to presence of suspended material such as
clay, organic material, plankton & other particulate
material.
 A measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed
or scattered by suspended material in water.
 Not a direct quantitative measurement of SS.
& Eddy, 5th edition
104
1.2.1.2: Turbidity
Results from the erosion of colloidal material

such as clay, silt, rock fragments, metal
oxides from the soil.
S
O
Vegetables fiber and microorganism.
U
R
C Household and industrial wastewater.
E
S
Soaps, detergent and emulsifying agents.
105
1.2.1.2: Turbidity
Aesthetically displeasing opaqueness will appear.
Provides adsorption sites for chemicals and

I biological organism that may be harmful or
cause undesirable tastes and odors.
M
P Difficult for disinfection because the solids may
partially shield organisms from disinfectant.
A
C May impart a brown or other color for water.
T
May interfere with light penetration and
photosynthetic reactions in streams and lakes.
May cause sediment deposits that can affect the

flora and fauna of the stream.
106
1.2.1.2: Turbidity
Measured photometrically by determining the
M percentage of light of a given intensity that is either
absorbed or scattered.
E
The original measuring apparatus, called a
A Jackson turbidity meter,
S Absorption mode: for dark substances.
U photometer measure the light intensity on the
side of vial opposite from the light sources.
R
Scattering mode: photometer measures the
E light intensity at 90° from the light source.
M It is usually expressed as nephelometric turbidity
E units (NTU) or as metres depth.
N Other units, formazin turbidity units (FTU) or Jackson
T turbidity units (JTU).
107
1.2.1.3: Color
 Pure water is colorless, but water in nature is
often colored by foreign substances.
 Apparent color:color of water partly due to SS.
 True color: color contributed by DS.
 SOURCES
i. Yellowish-brown – water contact with organic
debris such as leaves, weeds or wood-pick-up
tannins, humic acid and humates.
ii. Reddish – cause by iron oxide
iii. Brown/blackish – manganese oxide
iv. Industrial waste – textile & dyeing operations,
food processing, chemical production. & Eddy, 5 edition th

108
Fundamental
1.2.1.3: Color
Unsuitable for laundering, dyeing,
papermaking, dairy production.
I
Affect the market of domestic and
M industrial company.
P
A Organic compound- reduce the
effectiveness of chlorine as disinfectant.
C
T Carcinogens- Product from combination of Cl
with some color-producing organic.
 Use
 used in potable water analysis (true color) – indirect
measurement of humic substances in the water.
 Usually not included in wastewater analysis. 109
1.2.1.3: Color
 Measurements
1. Comparison with standardized colored materials.
i. Unit: True color units (TCUs).
ii. 1 unit is equivalent to the color produced by 1 mg/L of
platinum in the form of chlorplatinate ions
iii. Special spectrophotometric techniques used for colors
other than yellowish-brown & industrial waste effluents.
iv. Sample should be tested within 72 hours of collection
because biological and chemical changes occurring
during storage may affect color.
2. Malaysia: American Dye Manufacturer Institute (ADMI).
110
1.2.1.4: Taste and Odor
 Sources:
i. Many substances such as mineral, metals and
salts from the soil end products from biological
reactions and constituents of wastewater which
contact with water may impart taste and odour.
ii. Inorganic substances produce taste.
iii. Alkaline material & metallic salts cause a bitter
taste to water
iv. Organic material contributed to both taste and
odor.
111
 Impacts:
i. Consumer find taste and odor aesthetically
displeasing.
ii. Odor from organic substances may be
carcinogenic.
 Measurements:
i. Direct measurements of materials that produce
taste and odor can be made if the causative
agents are known.
ii. Several type of analysis are available for
measuring-taste producing inorganics.
112
iii. Measurement of taste-and odor causing organics can
be made using GC or LC.
iv. Quantitative test – threshold odor number (TON).
 Use
Serves as guideline for potable water.
TON of 3 recommended by the Public Health Service.
113
1.2.1.5: Temperature
 Very important parameter - its effect on & Eddy, 5th edition
chemical reactions and reaction rates, aquatic

life, solubility of gases and the suitability of the
water for beneficial uses.
 Source:
i. Ambient temperature
ii. Discharge from industry
iii. Removal of forest canopies and irrigation
return flows.
114
1.2.1.5: Temperature
At lower temperatures, the rate of biological activity i.e utilization of food
supplies, growth, reproduction is slower.
If the temperature is increased, biological activity increases.

I
M Accelerated growth of algae often occurs in warm water.
P
Natural secretion of oil by algae and dead algae cells can result in
A taste and odor problem.
C
Fish are affected by temperature and dissolved oxygen level.
T
Affect chemical reaction rate and solubility levels of chemical.
Solubility of gases decreases at elevated temperatures.
115
1.2.2: Chemical Parameters
116
1.2.: Chemical Parameters
117
1.2.2.1: pH
& Eddy, 5th edition
pH
 Expression of hydrogen ion concentration in solution.
pH   log10  H  
 Suitable concentration range for most biological life is

typically between 6 to 9.
 Wastewater with extreme concentration of hydrogen

ion is difficult to treat by biological means.
 For treated effluents discharged to the environment,

the allowable pH usually varies from 6.5 to 8.5.
1.2.2.2: Chlorides
& Eddy, 5th edition
 Sources: Natural results from the leaching
chloride containing rocks and soils with which
the water comes in contacts.
 Sources: Salt intrusion – coastal areas.
 Sources: agricultural, industrial, and domestic

wastewater.

1.2.2.3: Alkalinity
 Alkalinity is defined as the quantity of ions in water
that will react to neutralize hydrogen ions.
 Measure of the ability of water to neutralize acids.
 Source:
i. Constituents of alkalinity in water include CO32,
HCO3-, OH-, HSiO3, H2BO3, HPO42- , H2PO42- , HS-
and NH3.
ii. Dissolution of mineral substances in soil and
atmosphere.
iii. Phosphate from detergent ww discharge, fertilizers
and insecticide from agricultural land.
iv. H2S and NH3 product of microbial decomposition of
organic material. 120
Fundamental
1.2.2.3: Alkalinity
 Impact: & Eddy, 5th edition
i. Bitter taste to waste water.

ii. Reaction can occur between alkalinity and
certain cation in water may produce precipitate.
 Measurement:
i. By titrating the water with and acid and
determine the hydrogen equivalent.
ii. Unit: mg/L of CaCO3.
121
1.2.2.4: Hardness
 Hardness: concentration of multivalent metallic
cations in solution.
 At supersaturated conditions, the hardness cations
will react with anions in the water to form a solid
precipitate.
 Carbonate hardness: hardness that equivalent to
alkalinity.
 Noncarbonated hardness: remaining hardness.
 Source:
i. Abundant-Ca & Mg ions in water.
ii. Little-iron(Fe2+),manganese(Mn2+), strontium(Sr2+)
and aluminum(Al3+)
122
1.2.2.4: Hardness
 Impact:
i. Soap consumption by hard waters is an economic
loss to the water user.
ii. Sodium soap react with metallic cations to form
precipitate, thus losing their surfactant properties.
iii. Hardness-soap precipitate – stick to surface of tubs,
sinks and dishwasher may stain clothing, dishes,
remain in the pore of skin cause feel rough and
uncomfortable.
iv. Boiler-fouling of water heaters and hot-water pipes.
123
1.2.2.4: Hardness
 Measurement:
 To determine the quantity of Ca & Mg ions.
i. Spectrophotometric technique.
ii. Chemical titration-titration using EDTA and EBT as
an indicator.
 Use:
i. For drinking water and domestic uses.
ii. For industrial uses.
124
1.2.2.5: Fluoride
 Naturally found in surface waters and groundwater
cause by a few type of sedimentary and ingenious
rock.
 Toxic in high concentration and beneficial in low
concentration to human and animal.
a. 1 mg/L in drinking water help prevent dental
cavities in children, stronger teeth that
resistance to decay.
b. >2 mg/L discoloration of teeth (mottling).
c. >5 mg/L result in bone fluorosis and other
skeletal abnormalities.
125
1.2.2.6: Metals
 All metals are soluble to some extents in water.
 Excessive amount may present health hazards.
 Toxic metal:harmfull in realtively small amount.
 Sources:
i. Dissolution from natural.
ii. Discharge from domestic.
iii. Industrial and agricultural wastewater.
 Measurement of metal in water usually made by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS).

& Eddy, 5th edition
126
1.2.2.6: Metals
Nontoxic Metals
 Hardness ions: Ca and Mg.
 Commonly found in water :Na, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu & Zn.
 Na is most common & highly reactive with other elements.
 Salt of Na are very soluble in water, excessive concentration
cause a bitter taste & health hazard to cardiac & kidney.
 Na is corrosive to metal surface & in large concentration is
toxic to plant.
 Fe & Mn in small amount cause color problem & present no
health hazard.
 Cu & Zn are synergetic & when both present, maybe toxic to
many biological species.
127
1.2.2.6: Metals
Toxic Metals
 Harmful to human & other organism in small
quantities.
 Ar, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg and Ag.
 Cumulative toxins such as Ar,vBa, Cd, Pb & Hg are
particularly hazardous- concentrated by the food
chain, thus posing the greatest danger to organism
near the top of chain.
 Source from mining, industrial & agricultural.
128
1.2.2.7: Organic
Organics
 Organic compound composed of combination of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, together with
nitrogen in some cases.
 Soluble in water
 Come from natural sources and human activities.
 Natural organic-decay product of organic solids.
 Synthetic organic-Wastewater discharge or
agricultural practice.
 Categories of dissolved organic:
i. Biodegradable
ii. Nonbiodegradable (refractory)
129
1.2.2.7: Organic
Biodegradable Organics
 Consist of organics that can be utilized for food by
naturally occurring microorganism within a
reasonable length of time.
 Organic material exist in dissolved form consist of
starches, fats, proteins, alcohols, acids, aldehydes
and esters – maybe the end product of microbial
decomposition of plant or animal tissue or from
wastewater (domestic / industrial) discharges.
 Microbial utilization of dissolved organic can be
accompanied by oxidation or reduction process.
 Oxidation: addition of oxygen to or deletion of
hydrogen from , element from the organic molecule. 130
1.2.2.7: Organic
Biodegradable Organics
 Reduction: addition of hydrogen to or deletion of

oxygen from , elements of the organic molecule.
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD): Amount of O2
consumed during microbial utilization of organics.
 BOD test: determine the O2 consumed from a
sample placed in an airtight contained in controlled
environment for a preselected period of time.
 Standard test– 300 ml bottle, incubated at 20oC, 5
days in dark room (prevent algae growth – produce
O2).
131
1.2.2.7: Organic
Nonbiological Organic
 Some organics materials are resistant to biological
degradation – tannic & lignic acid,cellulose,phenols.
 Molecules with extremely strong bond such as
polysaccharides (strong bond) and benzene (ringed
structures) are also nonbiodegradable e.g detergent
surfactant compound ABS. ABS causes frothing &
foaming.
 Many of the organic associated with petroleum & with
its refining & processing also contain benzene.
 Some organic are nonbiodegradable because they are
toxic to organism such as organic pesticides, some
industrial chemical, and hydrocarbon that combined
with chlorine. 132
1.2.2.7: Organic
Nonbiological Organic
 Insecticide, herbicide, pesticide accumulate to top
food chain, can cause extinction of animal species
 Organic insecticide are usually chlorinated
hydrocarbons.
 Measurement : usually by Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) test or estimated from Total
Organic Content (TOC) test.
 Specific organic compounds can be identified and
quantified through analysis by GC.
 Higher than BOD (because more compounds can
be chemically oxidized than can be biologically
oxidized). 133
Fundamental
1.2.2.7: Organic
 For wastewaters with ratios higher than 3, it is
assumed that some oxidizable material in the
sample is not biodegradable.
Differences Between BOD and COD
134
1.2.2.7: Organic
Measurement
1) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
2) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
3) Total organic carbon (TOC)
4) Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) –

Determine from chemical formula of organic
matter

1.2.2.7: Organic
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) & Eddy, 5th edition
 The most widely used parameter of organic pollution

applied for both wastewater and surface water is the
5-d BOD (BOD)5
 Determination involves the measurement of
dissolved oxygen used by the microorganism in the
biochemical oxidation of organic matter
OR
 The amount of O2 consumed during microbial
utilization of organics (how much available O2 is used
by bacteria to decay organic matter in the water)

1.2.2.7: Organic
Basis of BOD Test
 If sufficient oxygen is available, the aerobic biological
decomposition of an organic waste will continue until all of
the waste is consumed.
 Term COHNS (which represents the elements carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. and sulfur) to represent the
organic waste .
 Three more or less distinct activities occur.
 First, a portion of the waste is oxidized to end products
to obtain energy for cell maintenance and the synthesis of
new cell tissue.

1.2.2.7: Organic
Basis of BOD Test
 Simultaneously, some of the waste is converted into new
cell tissue using part of the energy released during
oxidation
 Finally, when the organic matter is used up, the new cells
begin to consume their cell tissue to obtain energy for
cell maintenance. This third process is called
endogenous respiration.
138
1.2.2.7: Organic
Basis of BOD Test
 If only the oxidation of the organic carbon that is present in

the waste is considered, the ultimate BOD is the oxygen
required to complete the three reactions given above.
 This oxygen demand is known as the ultimate

carbonaceous or first-stage BOD and is usually denoted
as UBOD.
 The ammonia produced in the energy reaction, Eq. (2—

55), can be oxidized further to nitrite and nitrate. Thus, the
BOD test only represents the amount of oxygen need to
oxidize the carbonaceous material in a sample.

1.2.2.7: Organic
Description of BOD Test Procedure & Eddy, 5th edition
 The standard BOD test involves placing a small sample

of wastewater in BOD bottle (volume = 300 mL)
 The bottle then is filled with dilution water saturated

in oxygen and containing nutrients required for
biological growth.
 To ensure that meaningful results are obtained, the

sample must be suitably diluted with a specially
prepared dilution water so that adequate nutrients and
oxygen will be available during the incubation period.
 Before stoppering the bottle, the oxygen concentration
in the bottle is measured.
1.2.2.7: Organic
Description of BOD Test Procedure
 The standard incubation period is usually five days at 20⁰C

but other lengths of time and temperatures can be used.
 After incubating tor a period of 5 days at 20⁰C, the dissolved

oxygen concentration is measured again. The BOD of the
sample is the difference in the dissolved oxygen
concentration values in mg/L, divided by the decimal
fraction of sample used (Standard Method, 2012).
DOi = Initial DO (mg/L)

DOi  DO f
BOD5  DOf = Final DO (mg/L)
P P = decimal fraction of sample in
300 mL bottle

1.2.2.7: Organic
Description of BOD Test Procedure
Standard
BOD test
BOD test for

low conc. of
microorganism
142
1.2.2.7: Organic
Modelling of BOD Reaction
 Rate of BOD oxidation (“exertion”) is modelled based
on assumption that the amount of organic material
remaining time, t id governed by first order function:
dBODr
 k1 BODr
dt
 Integrating the limits of UBOD and BODt at t=0 and t=t

yields:

BODr  UBOD e  k1t 
1.2.2.7: Organic
Modelling of BOD Reaction
BODr = amount waste remaining at time t (d) expressed
in oxygen equivalents, mg/L
UBOD = the total ultimate carbonaceous BOD, mg/L
k1 = first order reaction rate constant, 1/d
t = time, d
 BOD exerted up to time t is given by:
BODt  UBOD  BODr  UBOD  UBOD e  k1t  

BODt  UBOD 1  e  k1t   Eq. (2.60)
1.2.2.7: Organic
BOD of Reaction Rate Coefficient
 The value of k1 for untreated wastewater is

generally about 0.12 to 0.46 d-1 (base e), with
a typical value of about 0.23 d-1 (at 20⁰C)
 Relationship between k1 (base e) and K1

(base 10) is as follows:
k1  base e 
K1  base 10  
2.303
1.2.2.7: Organic
BOD of Reaction Rate Coefficient
 To determine reaction constant (k) at a temperature
other than 20⁰C, equation used is:
k2
  T2 T1 
k1
 The value of temperature coefficient  is vary from

1.056 in temperature between 20 to 30⁰C to 1.135 in
the temperature ranges between 4 to 20⁰C.
 Values  often quoted in literature is 1.047 (not apply
at cold temperatures)
 For polluted water and wastewater, a typical value of

k1 is 0.23 d-1 .
1.2.2.7: Organic
Example : Determining BOD
Tutorial
Exam Question
EXAM JAN 2018
Tutorial
SOLUTION
mg 290 mL 1g 1000 L g
D1  11.15     D1  10.78
L 300 mL 1000 mg 1 m3 m3
Tutorial
SOLUTION
Calculate BOD7
D1  D2
10.78  1.8g
10. 78  1.8  g
BOD7   m3  m3
P  10 mL   10 mL 
   
 300 mL   300 mL 
g
BOD7  269.1 3
m
Tutorial
SOLUTION
Calculate UBOD
 
BODt  UBOD 1  e  k1 t 
BOD7  UBOD1  e   
 k1 7
BOD7 269.1 269.1

UBOD   

1  e  k1 7   
1  e 0.257  1  0.17 
g
UBOD  325.7 3
m
Tutorial
SOLUTION
Calculate BOD5
 
BODt  UBOD 1  e  k1 t 
BOD5  UBOD1  e   
 k1 5
BOD5  325.7
g
m
1 e   
3
 0.25 5
 BOD5  232.4
g
m3
Tutorial
SOLUTION
M wt C5 H10 N 2O3   5C  10H  2N  3O  512  101  214  316
M wt C5 H10 N 2O3   146

g
For glutamic
mol Acid
C5 H10 N 2 O 3  4.5O 2 
 5CO 2  2NH 3  2H 2 O
Tutorial
Mass  mol  M wt
1 mol Glutamic acid  4.5 mol O 2
 g   g 
 1 mol  146  Glutamic acid   4.5  216  O 2
 mol   mol 
146 g Glutamic acid  144 g O 2 144 g O is needed to oxidize
2
146 g Glutamic Acid.
For 160
mg/L of  144  mg mg
Glutamic UBOD glutamic acid   160  157.8
Acid…
 146  L L
Tutorial
M wt C6 H12O6   6C  12H  6O  512  121  616
M wt C6 H12O6   168

g
For Glucose
mol
Mass  mol  M wt
For 160 1 mol Glucose  6 mol O 2
mg/L of
 g   g 
Glucose
 1 mol  168  Glucose   6  2    O2
16
 mol   mol 
168 g Glucose  192 g O 2 192 g O is needed to oxidize
2
168 g Glucose.
 192  mg mg
UBOD glucose    160  182.86
 168  L L
Tutorial
Total UBOD  UBODglutamic acid  UBODglucose  157.8  182.9

mg
Total UBOD  340.7
L
 
BODt  UBOD 1  e  k1  t 
BOD5  UBOD 1  e   
 k1 5
BOD5  340.7
mg
L
1  e  

0.25 5
 BOD5  243.1
mg
L
1.2.2.7: Organic
Nutrients
 Essential element for growth of plant, animal and
aquatic species.
 For aquatic species, the most required is carbon,
nitrogen and phosphorus.
 In most cases, nitrogen and phosphorus are
nutrients that are limiting factors in aquatic plant
growth.
157
1.2.2.7: Organic
Nitrogen
 Because nitrogen is an essential building block in the
synthesis of protein, nitrogen data will be required to
evaluate the treatability of wastewater by biological
processes.
 Oxidation of ammonia and ammonium to nitrate by aquatic
microbes results in additional BOD.
 Test for nitrogen in water commonly include analysis for
ammonia, nitrate and organic nitrogen.
 Where control of alga growth in the receiving water is
necessary to protect beneficial uses, removal or reduction of
nitrogen in wastewaters prior to discharge may be desirable.
 Unit: mg/L.
158
1.2.2.7: Organic
Phosphorus
 Phosphorus is typically the limiting nutrient in lakes
and algae growth is linked to phosphorus inputs.
 Problems
i. Taste and odor in drinking water.
ii. Can be toxic, especially to farm animals.
iii. Phosphate concentration as low as 2 mg/L
interfere with the chemical coagulation of
turbidity.
 Sources – fertilizers and detergents.
 Can exist in a variety of chemical forms, so total P
is normally measured.
159
1.2.3: Biological Water-Quality Parameter
 The environmental engineer must have

considerable knowledge of the biological of waste
water because it is a very important characteristics
factor in wastewater treatment.
 The main microorganisms of concern in
wastewater treatment are Bacteria, Fungi, Algae,
Protozoa, Viruses, and pathogenic microorganisms
groups. 160
Fundamental
Bacteria
 Types: Spheroid, rod curved rod, spiral, filamentous.
 Some important bacteria:
i. Pseudomonas: reduce NO3 to N2, important in
biological nitrate removal in treatment works.
ii. Zoogloea: helps through slim production in the
formation of flocs in the aeration tanks.
iii. Sphaerotilus natuns:Causes sludge bulking in the
aeration tanks.
iv. Bdellovibrio: destroy pathogens
v.Acinetobacter: Store large amounts of phosphate
under aerobic conditions and release it under an
anaerobic condition so, useful in phosphate removal161
Bacteria
vi. Nitrosomonas: transform NH4 into NO2-.
vii. Nitrobacter: transform NO2- to NO3-.
viii. Coliform bacteria:The most common type is E-
Coli or Echerichia Coli, (indicator for the
presence of pathogens.
Pseudomonas Zoogloeaar Sphaerotilus natuns

162
Bacteria
Bdellovibrio Acinetobacter
Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter Coliform bacteria

163
Fungi, algae, protozoa
 Fungi: Important in decomposing organic matter to

simple forms.
 Algae:
i. Cause eutrophication phenomena. (negative
effect).
ii. Useful in oxidation ponds. (positive effect).
iii. Cause taste and problems when decayed. (negative
effect).
 Protozoa: Feed on bacteria so they help in the
purification of treated waste water. Some of them
are pathogenic.
164
Viruses
 Viruses are a major hazard to public health. Some viruses
can live as long as 41 days in water and wastewater at 20ºC.
They cause lots of dangerous diseases.
 Diseases – disorder of the nervous system, poliomyelitis,
infectious hepatitis.
165
Tutorial
1. Example 2.1
2. Problem 2.5 (Sample B)
3. Problem 2.6
4. Problem 2.23
5. Problem 2.24
6. Problem 2.25
7. Problem 2.28
8. Problem 2.30 (a)
166

Introduction and Fundamenta

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CHAPTER 1

1.1 Environment – Regulation and Policies

1.2 Wastewater Constituents- Physical,

Explain IECS procedure.

Explain in detail physical, chemical and biological

Able to Understand how to measure

1.1: ENVIRONMENT – REGULATION AND

Legal Requirement For Wastewater

Section Provides a Section Focuses on

 Section 29: Prohibition Of Discharge Of Wastes

ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ACT 1974

 Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent)

 The characteristics (flowrate, load, presence of

CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and

SUBJECT TO IER 2009?

CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and

Q = 20 m3/hr Plant operation: 8 hr/day

SUBJECT TO IER 2009?

CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and Fundamental 17

 Prior Written Notification to the Director General (DG)

Note: Refer to the note in ilearn for the detail information

CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and Fundamental 23

REGULATION 5: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

(1) An owner or occupier of a premises shall

CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and Fundamental 24

(2) An owner or occupier of the premises shall

(4) As-built drawings that show the placement of

(5) In this regulation, “as built drawings” means the

CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and Fundamental 26

WRITTEN DECLARATION (REGULATION 5)

 The monitoring of the discharge of the effluents is

(1) An owner or occupier of a premises that discharges

(3) The owner or occupier of the premises shall submit the

ONLINE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT (OER)

ONLINE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT (OER)

ONLINE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT (OER)

REGULATION 8: PROPER OPERATION OF IETS

 Industries are required to operate and maintain

(1) An owner or occupier of a premises shall operate

REGULATION 9: PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF

 Requirement for sources to conduct performance

(1) An owner or occupier of a premises shall:-

REGULATION 10: COMPETENT PERSON

 IETS are generally categorized as a biological

(1) The operation of an industrial effluent treatment

REGULATION 11: ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE DISCHARGE OF

(1) No person shall discharge industrial effluent which

(2) Where two or more of the metals specified as

Note: Refer to the note in ilearn for the detail information

CPE675-Chapter 1: Introduction and 52

REGULATION 12: ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE DISCHARGE

 The main provision dictating the quality of final effluent

 Regulation 12 stipulates the COD standards which are

 COD standard are set according to the industry

 Standard B: applies to source which discharge point

REGULATION 27: MAINTENANCE OF RECORD

27. Maintenance of record

 Regulation 28 is on personnel training.

An owner or occupier of a premises:-

REGULATION 32: PENALTY

Regulation 32: Penalty

Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation 2009 (SR 2009)

 Also known as Wastewater Characterization