Experiment No.

) 4 )
Single phase full-wave uncontrolled rectifier
4.1 Objective:
1. To study the performance and waveforms of single phase full wave
(bridge) uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load (R), inductive load (R-L).
2. Plot the waveforms of Vs , V 0 , i0 ,VD1 and VD3 vs. Time(wt) ,
To calculate Pomeam ’ Forms ,Ƞ, FF, RF ,
4.2. Apparatus required:
List, of Equipments Quantity

AC Power Supply 220 V 1

Single-phase Transformer 220/28 V 1
Bridge rectifier (4-D) 1
Variable Resistive Load 1
Variable Inductive Load 1
DC Ammeter 1
DC Voltmeter 1
Oscilloscope 1
Wires

4.3.Theory:
This layout is widely used in circuits, and in different forms. The load on the
output side of rectifier may be R, RL .

4.3.1. R-Load
A single phase bridge rectifier employing diodes is shown in flg.(4-1 -a) .
When point (a) is positive with respect to point (b), diodes D1 , D2 conduct
together so that output voltage is vab. Each of the diodes D3 and D4 is
subjected to a reverse voltage of Vs as shown in fig(4-2-b) when point(b)is
positive with respect to point(a),diodes D3,D4conduct together and output
voltage is Vba each of the two diodes D1 and D2 experience a, reverse voltage
of Vs as shown

Fig.(4-1) Single phase bridge rectifier (a) circuit diagram and waveforms
Vmean = V0 = [∫ ]=
I mean= I0= =
Vo rms =
√
Irms=Io = =
√
P omeam = V 0 I 0
The efficiency of a rectifier
Ƞ=
The form factor (FF), which is a measure of the shape of output voltage
FF=
The ripple factor (RF), which is a measure of the ripple content
√
RF= √ √
4.3.2. R L- load

Fig.(4.2) Single phase bridge diode rectifier with RL load (a) Circuit
diagram and (b) waveforms
When L is very high, the change of current and the ripple can be assumed
zero. The load current can be assumed to be pure dc or the load current will
be approximately pure dc.
ID2(rms)& ID2(rms)=[ ∫
Is rms=[ ∫
Procedure :
Connect the circuit diagram of single phase bridge rectifier with R- load as
shown in I'ig(4.3).
Switch on the rectifier .
Connect the oscilloscopc channel across the load terminals .
Vary a variable resistive load(R) in step-by-step gradually to obtain rated
current.
For Inductive Load(RL) repeat steps I,2,3&4 for the circuit shown in
Fig(4.4).
4.5 Results and Calculations:
1- plot the waveforms of Vs , V 0 , i0 ,VD1 and VD3 vs. Time(wt) with the help of
oscilloscope
2- measure and write down the readings of ammeter and voltmeter
load Vs(volt) Vo(volt) I0(A) VD1(volt) VD3(volt)
R
R-l

3- Calculate
load Pomeam Porms Ƞ FF RF
R
R-l i

4.6. Discussion:
1- Explain each waveform part by part clearly and briefly.
2-Compare the waveforms taken by the experiment with theoretical one.
3-Compare between half & full wave uncontrolled rectifiers.
 Single phase full

Discussion
Explain each waveform part by part clearly and briefly.
Its an AC input and the peak decreases at each step.
The (V0) wave forms have the shape m for states of (R) But after varying
the (R-Load) the peak of the wave decreases gradually at each steps.
Compare the waveforms taken by the experiment with theoretical one.
It's undoubtedly certain that the wave for taken theoretically are more
(precise)
Than the ones obtained experimentally due to (human errors), (precision of
the instrument use) and (there is tune of the enables).
Compare between half and full wave uncontrolled rectifiers.
In the full wave the O/P will be:-
We take full period
In half wave the O/P will be:-
We take half period
 Experiment No.( 7 )
Single- phase full- wave controlled
bridge rectifier
Objective:
Study of the single-phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier with Resistive Load, and with
Resistive-Inductive Load.

Apparatus required:

List of Equipments Quantity

1. SCR 2P4M (on board) 4

2. Resistance IK, 10W (on board) 1
3. Resistance 270E, 5W (on board) 1
4. Inductor 68mH (on board) 2
5-oscilloscope 1
------
6-Wires

7.3-Theory:
Controlled rectifiers are basically AC, to DC converters. The power transferred to the
load is controlled by controlling triggering angle of the devices. Fig.(7.1) shows this
operation.

(7-1)

Fig.(7.2) illustrate the single-phase full -wave controlled bridge rectifier and its various
voltage and current waveforms .

The triggering angle (α) of the devices is controlled by control circuit.

The input to the controlled rectifier is normally AC mains. The output of the controlled
rectifier is adjustable DC voltage. Hence the power transferred across the load is
regulated. Use thyristors (or one of its family traic, power transistor) as the main
components.

Fig.(7.2)Single-phase full -Wave controlled bridge rectifier (a)cireuit diagram (b) various
voltage and current waveforms

The induced voltage L= in the inductance of the load keeps pairs of thyristors (T1 &
T2 or T3 & T4) ON after the zero crossing point.
Therefore, negative parts appear at the load voltage. However for example, when T1 and
T2 are ON, then switching ON T3 will cause T1 to be reversed biased (can be seen from
the circuit diagram and its voltages distributions) and hence switched off. The same can
be said for T4 and T2. The negative parts can be removed by adding freewheeling diode
across the load. Also these negative parts can be removed by changing T4and T2 to
diodes.
Using FD is preferred since it gives the required turn off time of the thyristors.
7.4.1 -Procedure:
1- Connect the circuit of fully-controlled bridge rectifier as shown Fig. (7.3).
Rotate the firing control Potentiometer in fulLclockwise direction.
Switch ‘On’ the power.
Measure the ac voltage (Vrms) by voltmeter between point 0V-15 V and calculate Em by
Em =1.414 X Vrms.
Switch ‘Off the power.
Switch ‘On’ the power.
Connect the oscilloscope and voltmeter across the load.

7.4.2- Circuit diagram

The circuit diagram of basic fully controlled bridge rectifier is shown in the below

Fig.(7-3) Connection diagram of fully controlled Bridge Rectifier

- Results and Calculations:
Vary the firing control pot. and set on 30°, 60°, 90°, 120° and 150°, firing
angles using the formula :
Observe the output waveforms and note the readings of voltage across load on different
firing angle.
Connect the oscilloscope one by one across ….., and SCR3 & SCR4 and observe the
waveforms when firing angle is 90° respectively.
Calculate the average load IDC current and power PDC from measured load voltage Vo.
Plot the input signal, …... and drop signal across SCR and output waveforms when firing
angle is 90° with resistive and resistive-inductive load.
R=200 Ω

Discussion:-
Single phase bridge rectifier R-Load component diode is point
positive with respect to point conductor to gather that output voltage.
We find that theoretical result has different from experiment result
because the effect it diode voltage and resistance due to error during
measurement.
Amplifier can be conbcuosly from phase degrees mant to the bass
sound from best front staging.

T=α*

T= =

=2.5
 Experiment No.( 8 )
Three-phase full-wave controlled bridge rectifier
8.1-Objective:
1- To study the performance and waveforms of three-phase full- wave
(thyristors) controlled rectifier with resistive load (R), inductive load (R-L)
and inductive load with freewheeling diode (FWD).
2- To Plot the waveforms of gate pulses ( Vg 1 . . . Vg6), V 0 , i0 . iT1 and is VS.
Time( ( w t ) .
3-To Calculate Pomeam,Porms ,Ƞ,VAR rating ,PF,FF .
Apparatus required:
List of Equipments Quantity

Three-phase Power Supply 1

Three-phase Transformer 1
Thyristors ( T1…..T6) 1
freewheeling diode (FWD) 1
Variable Resistive Load 1
Variable Inductive Load 1
AC Ammeter 1
AC Voltmeter 1
DC Ammeter 1
DC Voltmeter 1
Oscilloscope 1
Wires -

8.3-Theory:
Rectification is the process of conversion of alternating input voltage to
direct output voltage i.e. a rectifier converts AC power to DC.
In diode -based rectifiers, the output voltage cannot be controlled.
In a three-phase full- wave controlled rectifier, it is better to commence with
the study of three-phase AC to DC convertors using diodes .
The load on the output side of rectifier may be R, RL or RL with a
freewheeling diode .These are now discussed briefly.
At (wt= Π/6 +α) thyristor T6 is conducting and thyristor T1 is turned on.
During interval (Π/6 +α) < w t > (Π/2 +α) , thyristors Tl and T6 conduct and
line- to-line voltage vab(=van-vbn) appears across the load . At (wt= Π/2 +α)
thyristor T2 is fired and thyristor T6 is reversed biased immediately. T6 is
turned off due to natural commutation.
During interval (Π/2 +α) <w t> (5Π/6 +α) , thyristors Tland T2 conduct and
line- to-line voltage vac appears across the load. If the thyristors are
numbered as shown in Figure (8.1.a),the firing sequence is( 12, 23, 34,45,56,
and 61). Figure (8.1.b) shows the waveforms for input voltage, output
voltage, input current, and currents through thyristors.
Fig.(8.1) shows the waveform for( α= Π/3) .For (α > Π/3) .the instantaneous
output voltage( v0) has a negative part .Because the current through the
thyristor cannot be negative , the load cun-ent is always positive .Thus, with
a resistive load , the instantaneous load voltage cannot be negative , and full
load convertor behaves as semi converter .
Vs =phase voltage=VL-L /√ , Vm=√
The average output voltage is found from the equation :
√
Vdc= cosα=Vomeam
I dc= =Iomeam (Foi R-load)
The maximum output voltage (normalized) for delay angle(α= 0) , is :
√
Vn =
The rms-value of the output voltage is found from the equation :
√
Vrms=√ cos2α=Vomeam
I rms = (For R-load)
The average current of a thyristor (A) is found from:
IA=
The rms current of a thyristor (A) is found from:
IR=Irms√
The rectification efficiency is:
Ƞ=
The rms input line current is found from:

Is=Irms√

The input VAR-Rating is found from:

VI=3 Vs Is
The output power is found from the equation:
Po = 3 I2 rms R
The power factor (PF) is found from the equation :
PF=

The form factor (FF) is found from the equation:

FF =
8.4. Procedure:
Connect the circuit diagram of three-phase full- wave (thyristors) controlled
rectifier with resistive load (R) as shown in Fig (8.4)
Switch on the rectifier.
Connect the oscilloscope channel across the load terminals.
Vary a variable resistive load(R) in step-by-step gradually to obtain rated
current.
Vary the firing control pot. and set on 30°, 60°, 90°, 120° and 150° firing
angles using the formula :
T = (α X 10ms) / 180 .
Observe the output waveforms and note the readings of voltage across load
on different tiring angle.
Connect the oscilloscope one by one across SCR1, SCR2, SCR3 ,SCR4,
SCR5 & SCR6 and observe the waveforms when firing angle is 90°
respectively.
For Inductive Load (RL) repeat steps 1, 2, 3,4,5,6&7 for the circuit shown in
Fig (8.5).
For Inductive Load (RL) with (FWD) repeat steps 1, 2, 3,4,5,6&7 for the
circuit shown in Fig (8.6).
8.5. Results and Calculations:
Measure and write down the readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter with
resistive and load.
S.NO. Firing angles Vs (volt)
(Phase) is (A) Vo (volt) I0( A)
In In Time
(Degree) (ms)

Plot the waveforms of gate pulses ( Vg 1 . . . Vg6), V 0 , i0 . iT1 and is VS. Time
( w t ) when firing angle is 90° with resistive with the help of Oscilloscope .
Calculate Pomeam, Porms ,Ƞ,VAR rating ,PF,FF .
S.NO Pomeam pomrs Ƞ= VAR rating PF FF=
(Vomeam Iomeam) (I2 rms R) (3Vsls) (.P / V I )
orms

- Discussion:
Compare the waveforms taken by the experiment with theoretical one.
What are the advantages of three-phase full- wave Over three-phase half-
wave (thyristors) controlled rectifiers.
What is the frequency of the lowest order harmonic in three-phase full-
wave converter?
How is gate- turn-off thyristors turned on and off?
How is phase- control thyrisyors turned on and off?
What is a natural or line commutation?
 α vomax (L.L) Vomean iomean
0 537 512.7 10.25
30 537 444 8.88
60 465 222 4.44
90 265 0 0
120 60 56.8 1.136
150 0 28.5 0.561

Discussion:-
1 - Compare the wave forms taken by the experiment with theoretical one.
no i0(A) Vomean (volt)

1 72.6 1088.6

2 47.1 942.8

3 21.8 544.3

4 0 0

5 -31 -1088.6

What are the advantages of three phase full wave over three phase half wave
(thermistors) controlled rectifiers.
In three phase full wave controlled rectifier its better to commence with the
study of 3Ø A.C to D.C using diodes.
What is the frequency of the lowest order harmonic in three phase full wave
converter?
The frequency of output ripple voltage is (6fs) and filtering requirement is
less that of 30 half wave rectifier.
How is gate turn off thyristors turned used in high power application it
always suffered from being a semi controlled device even through it could
be switched on by a gate signal it has to be turned off by a gate signal it has
to be turned off by interrupting the main current using a commutation
circuit.
How is phase control thyristors turned on and off?
Phase control is the most common from of thyristor power control.
The thyistor is held in the off condition that is all current flow in the circuit
is blocked by the thyristor except a minute leakage current. Then the
thyristor is triggered into an (on) condition by control circuit.
6- What is a natural or line commutation?
There are two methods of commutation of thristors.
1- Natural commotion 2- forced commutation
Natural commotion is the process of turning of thyristor without using any
external circuits is known natural commination.
This type of commination is only possible in AC applications.