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THE SOCRATIC INQUIRY

The Official Weekly Newsletter of the Socrates Journal

VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019 (OCT 28-NOV03)

Editor Advisory Committee:


Dr Michelle Blakely Prof. Michael David Sollars, Chair-Department of English, Texas Southern
Assistant Editor, Journal Section - Political Science University, USA
Assistant Professor of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, E-Mail: mdsollars@socratesjournal.com
University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA Prof. Inderjeet Singh Sodhi, Professor (Public Administration) & Head
Email: michelle.blakely@socratesjournal.com Department of Local Governance, Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth
Development, Sriperumbudur, India
Assistant Editor E-Mail:inderjeet@socratesjournal.com
Dr Curt Blakely  Olivera Z. Mijuskovic, Professor, PhM, M.Sc. in Bioethics and Medical Ethics,
Professor of Criminal Justice Management Belgrade, Serbia, E-Mail: olivera.z.mijuskovic@socratesjournal.com
University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA Prof. Viviana Yaccuzzi Polisena, Professor of Philosophy, UNNE-
E-Mail: cblakely@socratesjournal.com SORBONNE-UCC-UCA, Argentina. E-Mail: vivianayaccuzzi@socratesjournal.com
Gamze Nesipoğlu, Researcher at Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of
Medicine Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Istanbul, Turkey
E-Mail: gamzeturkey@socratesjournal.com

IN THIS ISSUE
From the Editor

Featured article

Upcoming conferences

New funding opportunities

New job opportunities

New International organizations

Upcoming featured articles

Date of Publication : Sunday 3 November 2019


VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

FROM THE EDITOR

WELCOME TO THE FIRST ISSUE OF


THE SOCRATIC INQUIRY!
I am quite honored to be the Editor for this inaugural issue
and look forward to serving in this capacity.  Let me begin by introducing myself.  My
name is Dr. Michelle Blakely.  I am faculty at the University of Wyoming, located in
Laramie, USA.  My background is varied but includes work/training within the fields
of psychology, criminology, counseling and social and administrative pharmacy.  I
have written extensively on issues relevant to these fields and have recently
completed a book on the application of the physical sciences to the criminal justice
system entitled, Socio-Physics: Applying the Natural Sciences to Criminal Justice and
Penology (Academica Press).  Other recent publications include Improving
Communication between Healthcare Professionals and Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Patients (Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy) and Game Theory and its
Application to Penology (Socrates).

Socrates Journal continues to exemplify excellence and is consistently being recognized for its innovative, responsive,
timely and high-quality publications.  It is one of the few international, multi-disciplinary journals that is both refereed
and indexed.  This newsletter will help further expand our influence and will serve to keep scholars around the world
informed on current research and academic developments.

I would also like to take this opportunity to thank the distinguished Mr. Saurabh Chandra who is the Editor of Socrates
Journal, Faculty of Public Administration, Researcher and also serves as Director of the IPARN Foundation. His
confidence in me and his insight into the value of international collaboration serves to inspire generations of scholars
and researchers.
It is our hope that as your read the following pages, you will identify materials that may be appropriate for future
issues.  If so, please submit your news items, research notes, or brief papers to the appropriate Advisory Committee
member. The Newsletter Editorial Advisory Committee hopes to hear from you!

Warm regards,

Michelle

Page No. 01
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

FEATURED ARTICLE
EUTHANASIA AS A TABOO AND ITS
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS IN PUBLIC
š
Olivera Z. Miju kovi , PhM ć

The problem of euthanasia is a problem that leads to a dilemma not only science,
but also the entire public. Insufficiently illuminated term leads to fear and complete
diversion from the real issues when it comes to this topic. It is necessary to make a
clear distinction between murder, assisting in the murder or incentive, suicide and
euthanasia. In particular, it is necessary to decipher the motives, intentions, and
what follows as a consequence of a personal decision. Also, in the first plan it should
put a patient who is not only homo patient but moral entity with all his rights and
freedoms.
 

Keywords: euthanasia, dignity, murder, suicide, physician, patient

Euthanasia itself causes different attitudes in the public primarily because it`s associated with a murder or suicide, or
with assistance (even instigation) in it, which is morally and legally punishable act in almost all social systems in the
world. It is not rare event to look on euthanasia as a "legally allowed murder". Relying on existing and deeply rooted
ethical standards that are socially, religiously and legally accepted, the society of the modern world, despite scientific
rebounds and modernization of medical biotechnologies, is not ready to give its final judgment on euthanasia and its
justification. This raises the question of the right to life of an individual, which is a fundamental right of every human
being and there is a fear of "playing God and disruption of his order" by doctors and bioethicists, not only in religious
circles, but in all segments of the population regardless of social class, level of education and political orientation.

Actually, what is euthanasia?

One of the most important authors who deal with this issue, the American philosopher James Rachels tried to make a
parallel in the definition of active and passive euthanasia trying to bring its meaning to the public through his famous
examples of Jones and Smith. I have to note that most people wouldn't make a difference to the moral justification of
active and passive euthanasia through plastic cases that presented Rachels. I would also state, after the interpretation
of these examples, problematic of intentions in all this. Rachels writes about the case when the imaginary character
Smit kills with the intention his six-year relative in the tosh, because with his death he becomes heir to his fortune. He
arranges everything to look like an accident. In another example Jones accidentally witnesses the fall in the bathroom
of his six-year relative who bangs his head on the edge of the tub facing the water and drown. He's totally indifferent
and is even enthusiastically watching the scene and doesn`t help the child. Logically speaking, the case Smit is
immoral because he's a cold-blooded killer, while Jones isn`t directly to blame for the death of his relative. My view is
that both are immoral and it is supported by the intention which is the same in both cases, while only the means are
different. So, in this case I'm close to the theory of consequentialism.

Page No. 02
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

The question is how does this imply to euthanasia?

I'll be free enough to say, it seems to me that these examples are not the best examples. Active euthanasia would
present a procedure when the medical staff, family member or the patient does something to end the patient’s life

(transcription or taking a lethal dose of drugs most often). Passive euthanasia represents the case when the medical
staff ceases to maintain the patient's life (exclusion of apparatus that hold vital functions, ending the drug therapy that

maintains the patient in life, failure to perform an operation that would extend the life of the patient, failure to feed
the patient, etc.). After this, why am I of the view that examples of Rachels, Jones and Smith aren`t the best? Primarily
because by these examples Rachels automatically covered euthanasia under the act of murder that brings benefit to

the one who has done this act and carries numerous moral and legal implications. Completely forgotten is the role of
the one whose life is disrupted. Six year old cousin or the patient is the source of some benefit, and his will was
subsumed under a non-existent will and unconsciousness. The patient in the older traditions of medicine or

traditional medical ethics was defined as homo patient or a person who has some pain and whose health and therapy
will be in charge of the undisputed authority in the form of a doctor who decides on everything. The twentieth century

as the century of science and flourishing liberalism, brought a new approach to the patient who is not the only one
who is suffering and in whose name decides the authority embodied in the form of a doctor, but he is a person with
his moral subjectivity that has an absolute right to be familiar with his health situation, how he`ll be treated by therapy
that will be prescribed to him, as well as with the freedom to dispose of his life with the whole will. The willing moment
is what completely leveled example of Rachels, Jones and Smith. Is it in this case, that a six-year cousin willingly ended
his life to provide riches to the older careers and whether his wealth was the source of his immeasurable suffering? It
is not, and it cannot be because he is just a kid. Also, in some cases when the patient is unable to make decisions
about his health, therapy or termination of life (state of deep coma, neuro-psychiatric disorders, people who abuse
psychoactive substances) relatives decide about his life, or about the best therapy. I again ask the question - what
benefit doctors, family or other medical personnel would have from someone's death? Also, I try to look completely

objectively at the concept of euthanasia, dealing exclusively with its ethical aspect and therefor trying to remove it
from the classic murder or suicide. Also, there are different motives and the will. When it comes to suicide, it is usually
an act of self-destruction that is very close to the murderous impulses. In psychiatric encyclopedias it is stated that
suicide, regardless of race, gender, religion, is actually an expression of sadism of super-ego that is in conflict with
himself. Also, according to Freud (Sigmund Freud) and his famous theory of instincts, suicidality is associated with
man's instinct for self-destruction, or human death drive.
Euthanasia has nothing to do with self-destruction, but with a final decision when there all the possibilities of
pharmacology, surgery, alternative medicine and so on are exhausted. A patient for his peace is choosing to live in
pain and suffering or will terminate their lifetime before such a situation arises. One should also address the definition
of health that stands in the Geneva Declaration, i.e. in the modernized code that was written by Hippocrates many
centuries ago. Health is not only a harmony of mental and physical condition of the individual, but also the quality of
his life. Although the Hippocratic Oath states that a doctor cannot prescribe medication that will kill the man, it also
says that no patient must not tolerate the suffering and pain. Up-story on euthanasia and on public attitudes that still

does not have a clear idea of whether euthanasia is murder, suicide or complicity in it, is imposed upon the case of
British writer Terry Pratchett.

Page No. 03
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

Terry Pratchett became ill from a severe form of Alzheimer's disease that draws the consequences that this author

will disable to function in a manner that creates novels on which he`s recognizable around the world. Because of the

laws that apply in the UK, which prohibit euthanasia explicitly, Pratchett began the process of collecting the

documents, which would be conducted in a Swiss clinic "Dignitas", although his wish is to die in England. With the aim

of the campaign for approaching significance of euthanasia in the public, Pratchett filmed a documentary on
euthanasia "Terry Pratchett: Choosing to Die," which was broadcast on the BBC channel in 2011. The documentary
shows the entire process when Peter Smedley, seriously ill British millionaire (motor neuron disease) in front of

cameras drinks pills in the presence of his family and "dignified leaves this world" at its own discretion. The film has
stirred the public in the UK and there are a large number of those who still protest efforts on the subject of

euthanasia by Pratchett.
Even the legislation in different countries of the world has different views on this issue. In some countries passive
euthanasia is legally tolerated, as is the case with Norway, Germany and Austria. The Netherlands and Belgium have
legalized active euthanasia, while in Denmark stipulates a "health testament" of the patient, and in Spain, despite the
extreme religious domination, it allows the patient to arbitrarily refuse treatment. The strictest legislation on

euthanasia exists in Greece, Romania, Poland, Ireland and Croatia where doctors could be sentenced to 7 and 14
years in prison. In Serbia and Bosnia euthanasia is considered as murder and as such is also sanctioned.
If you look at the human rights and moral subjectivity of a man who decides on himself and his life, even as a patient,
it would open the problematic question of whether the legislation that euthanasia, as a willing to act every conscious

individual (or a testament to the state of consciousness, as is the case with Denmark, or personal example Terry
Pratchett) ranks along with a murder, although a murder and a suicide are completely separated from it by the
motives, psychiatric history and other
factors, is actually an attack on human freedom and the right to decide freely? Is this also an unfair treatment to
medical personnel who in this case is treated as a criminal and a cold-blooded killer? Attitudes of religion are certainly
important for every individual whose willing moment decides a way to

make his life more dignified, better, or how it will facilitate his life by religion or some other form of removal of

suffering.
However, is it up to every man as a moral entity to choose, and a state and society, as well as the achievements of a
modern human civilization should enable him or his life ending to be dignified and better, and ultimately in
accordance with his personal preferences.

References:
The Elements of Moral Philosophy Paperback – Abridged, December 1, 2011 by James Rachels      (Author), Stuart Rachels (Author) ISBN-13: 978-0078038242, ISBN-10:

0078038243.
Rachels, James. "Active and Passive Euthanasia" in What's Wrong: Applied Ethicists and Their Critics, ed. David Boonin and Graham Oddie (New York: Oxford University Press,
2010), 46-50.
The End of Life: Euthanasia and Morality (Studies in Bioethics) by James Rachels (Apr 3, 1986).
The fragile case for euthanasia: a reply to John Harris, pp. 46-55 (Euthanasia Examined)  by   John   Keown,  Publisher: Cambridge University Press, Print Publication Year: 1995
Online Publication Date:May 2010 Online ISBN:9780511663444.
Bioetika Vojin Rakić, Rada Drezgić, Ivan Mladenović Mesto izdanja: BeogradIzdavač: Službeni glasnik : Institut za filozofiju i društvenu teorijuGodina izdanja: 2012.
Lečić-Toševski D, Ćurčić V, Grbeša G, i sar. Zaštita mentalnog zdravlja u Srbiji – izazovi i rešenja. Psihijat dan 2005;37(1):9-15Lečić-Toševski D, Ćurčić V, Grbeša G, i sar. Zaštita
mentalnog zdravlja u Srbiji – izazovi i rešenja. Psihijat dan 2005;37(1):9-152002, 14(1):34-41.
Jenkins  R,  Kovess V. Evaluation of suicide prevention: A European approach. International review of psychiatry, 2002, 14(1):34-41.
Sigmun Freud. The Ego and the Id (German: Das Ich und das Es) 1923.

Page No. 04
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

UPCOMING CONFERENCES

THE 28TH NISPACEE ANNUAL CONFERENCE


Alena Brunovska Award for Teaching Excellence in Public Administration
Aim
Alena Brunovska Award is in memory award. A purpose of the Award is to tribute to her commitment to the
development of public administration education in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. The award was created
in recognition of Alena Brunovska´s work.
Description of Award
Award is a recognition to be announced in the annual NISPAce conference. The award comprises of
a diploma, presented to the winner in Opening Plenary Session of the annual NISPAcee conference.
Submission Process
In submitting a nomination, the following procedures apply:
Candidates must be nominated by their department or faculty (self-nominations will not be accepted). It is
recommended that a collegial process be used to propose candidates – for example, by establishing a nomination
committee within the department or faculty to decide which candidate(s) to put forward for the award;
Nominations must be received by the NISPAcee Headquarter by 1 December of the year preceding the award;
The nomination dossier should include all of the following: i) a completed nomination form (see last page of this
document); ii) the curriculum vitae of the candidate; iii) a description of the candidate’s principal achievements in
each of the 4 areas covered by the selection criteria;

Page No. 05
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

Two letters of reference (see below);candidates could be nominated also by the NISPAcee Steering Committee.

The following letters of reference are required to support nominations:

One letter of reference from an academic colleague commenting on the candidate’s achievements in the area of
leadership in pedagogy as well as academic and professional achievements in the area of leadership in pedagogy

as well as academic and professional leadership and applied research. This letter may be submitted by a colleague

at the candidate’s own institution or by a colleague at another institution who is familiar with the candidate’s
achievements.
One letter of reference from a public official commenting on the candidate’s contribution to the practice of public
administration. This letter may be submitted by a public official from the national, regional or local administration.
All letters should be signed and include a daytime telephone number where the reference may be contacted

should additional information be required.

Nominations submitted for the Alena Brunovská Award should include all of the following:
A completed NOMINATION FORM;
A concise one-page curriculum vitae of the candidate;
A description of the candidate’s principal achievements in each of the four areas covered by the selection criteria

on separate sheets of paper (see above);


Two letters of reference from individuals who can comment on the candidate’s career accomplishments (see
above).

Please note that all documentation for the nomination package should be submitted in English by an
e-mail (nispa@nispa.org) and original by post to the NISPAcee Headquarters.

Award Committee
A Selection Committee will be appointed by the NISPAcee Steering Committee to review the applications and to

designate the award winner. Decisions of the Selection Committee will be final and binding. The results of the
competition will be made public as soon as the Selection Committee delivers its decision.

Eligibility Criteria
To be eligible candidates must:
Be full-time faculty members of an institute of public administration or university;
Have been actively teaching during at least 3 of the 5 most recent academic years (i.e. at least 50% of the full-time
teaching load defined by the academic regulations of their respective institutions);
Be teaching courses at undergraduate or graduate level or for programmes of professional inservice training.

Page No. 06
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

The Award may not be presented more than once to the same person.

Criteria for Selection

All candidates for the Alena Brunovská Awards will be judged on the basis of their accomplishments in two main

areas: teaching excellence and leadership in pedagogy. Achievements in two additional fields, contributions to the
practice of public administration and applied research will also be taken into consideration. The winner will be the
candidate judged to have the best overall record of professional accomplishment in the fields outlined above.
Teaching Excellence

Please describe the candidate’s principal career accomplishments as a classroom teacher. Please provide the
following:

a) A one-page summary of the candidate’s teaching philosophy and principal accomplishments as a classroom teacher
since beginning his/her teaching career.
b) A list of all course the candidate has taught during the three most recent academic years of teaching. For each
course listed, please indicate the duration of the course (i.e. one semester, full year or other) and the level of the
course (i.e. undergraduate, graduate or in-service training). Please include formal course evaluations if available.

Leadership in Pedagogy
Please describe how the candidate’s activities, other than classroom teaching, have contributed to improving the
teaching of public administration. Examples of activities admissible in this category include but are not limited to the

following:
a) Development of new course of academic programmes;
b) Development of innovative teaching materials or techniques;
c) Applications of new technologies in course design and delivery;
d) Authorship of textbooks, case studies or other related materials;
e) Contributions toward assisting other instructors in improving their teaching abilities.

Although the main emphasis is on the criteria set out above, the following will also be taken into consideration:

Contributions to the Practice of Public Administration

Please describe the contributions the candidate has made toward helping to improve the practice of PA in their
country or region. Examples of activities which are admissible under this category include but are not limited to the
following:
a) Consulting to national, regional or local administrations;
b) Service on the boards of state-owned enterprises or municipal firms;
c) Leadership positions in public administration associations or non-academic professional bodies;
d) Service on advisory committees or task forces established by national, regional or local governments;
e) Holding of elected office.

Page No. 07
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

Applied Research

Please provide a summary of any research the candidate has undertaken which has been used in some way to

improve the practice of public administration. Examples of activities which are admissible under this category include
but are not limited to the following:

a) Publication of articles in professional, sectoral or general public administration periodicals;


b) Publication of books written for public officials;

c) Speeches to to professional or public administration conferences or other meetings involving PA practitioners.


Announcement of Award
The recipient will receive the Alena Brunovská Award for Teaching Excellence in Public Administration (accompanied

by a certificate) at the award ceremony to be held during the NISPAcee Annual Conference. The recipient may be

invited to deliver a lecture to the Conference on a topic of his or her choice, within the field of public administration.
For full information visit: http://www.nispa.org/page.php?sid=90

IRSPM 2020 CONFERENCE


IRSPM International Research Society in Public Management

Call for abstracts and authors’ guidelines:


On behalf of the Scientific and Local Organising Committee for the 24th Annual IRSPM Conference, which is being held
at Tampere University, Finland, from 22–24 April 2020, we cordially invite you to submit abstract proposals. The
conference theme for 2020 is 'Smart public services?'We particularly welcome abstracts on this theme – but there are

also a range of other panels that cover issues of importance to the public management and public administration
research communities.  There is also an open panel for papers that do not fit into one of the existing panels. The list
and description of conference panels can be accessed below.   The IRSPM 2020 conference features around 45
panels, grouped as follows.Specific research areas proposed by panel chairs related to the conference theme
(Conference panels)Special interest groups (SIG)PMRA (Public management research association panel)New
researcher panelOpen panel Find the IRSPM 2020 panels here: events.tuni.fi/irspm2020/panels

For more information please visit: https://www.irspm.net

Page No. 08
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

NEW FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES

MZIA MIKELADZE PHD THESIS AWARD


The Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central
and Eastern Europe (NISPAcee)
Eligibility Criteria for "PhD Thesis Award" Nominations

(a) Nominations can be made by the NISPAcee member institution where the thesis has been defended.
(b) The PhD thesis should have been defended during the 18 months prior to the nomination deadline.

(c) Eligible for the award would be: 1) monographs written in English; 2) cumulative theses written in English; 3) theses
written in mother tongue with the condition that at least part of the thesis has been published in an international
peer-reviewed journal.
Documents to be Submitted with the Nomination

(a) An overview of the thesis in English. The overview should be 4000-5000 words and describe the work done
(research questions, theoretical basis, findings, implications).
(b) A letter of recommendation from the institution.
(c) The nominee’s CV.
(d) Indication of whether – and if so, when and in what form the dissertation or parts thereof have already been
published.
(e) A copy of the PhD diploma.

Announcement of the Award


The committee’s recommendation is announced to the NISPAcee Steering Committee and the Chair of the committee
announces the decision to the candidate. The Chair of the committee announces the award, the rationale of the

selection and the laudation during the opening ceremony of the NISPAcee conference.

For full information visit: http://www.nispa.org/page.php?sid=898

NEW JOB OPPORTUNITIES

RESEARCH PROFESSOR IN 'CITY SCIENCE' (BOFZAP)


(REF. BZP-2019-31)
RESEARCH PROFESSOR IN 'CITY SCIENCE' (BOFZAP) (ref. BZP-2019-31)
KU Loeven is looking for international and interdisciplinary candidates with a background in city science/urban studies,
an excellent research record, very good teaching skills, and the know-how to build an innovative center of academic
research. You will be appointed at the Faculty of Social Sciences, but are expected to develop partnerships with
various faculties at KU Leuven.
For full information visit: https://www.kuleuven.be/personeel/jobsite/jobs/55410242

Page No. 09
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

NEW INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

IPARN FOUNDATION
Integrated Policy and Administrative Research Networking Foundation

About IPARN FOUNDATION

IPARN Foundation (Integrated Policy and Administrative Research


Networking Foundation) is a non-profit organisation which was set up in
August 2019 at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India. It is registered with the
Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India as a Non-Profit

Section-8 Company under the Companies Act, 2013 to promote scientific


research and exchange of knowledge in the field of Public Policy and
Public Administration, and its ecosystem, and to contribute to its national

and international development.

Objectives and plans

How to connect?
Registered office:
IPARN FOUNDATION
C-2/326, Sector F, Jankipuram, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.Pin: 226021
Website:www.iparn.org
All correspondence should be addressed to:
The Managing Director (MD)
Scan this code from your smartphone to read media kit online
E-Mail: md@iparn.org
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/IPARN.ORG
Instagram: https://www.linkedin.com/company/iparn-foundation

Page No. 10
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1 2019(OCT 28-NOV03)

UPCOMING FEATURED ARTICLE

THE JURISPRUDENCE OF OUTER SPACE:


THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IN
GOVERNING EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL EXPLORATION
Curtis R. Blakely, Ph.D., University of Wyoming, USA

Perhaps few areas of inquiry are less understood than those pertaining to the regulation of space.  Methods to

govern civil, military and commercial space endeavors have yet to be fully developed.  With the launching of Sputnik 1
(1957), a race to space began that continues today.  Mankind’s increasing ability to explore the lunar surface, as well
as those of other planets, raises questions about how the interests of space-faring countries should be weighed

against the interest of other nations.  No longer is space the sole domain of the U.S., China or Russia.  Instead it is
increasingly being visited by other states as well.   Therefore, the role of the international community in discussions
pertaining to space-related activities must also increase.  Historically, the United Nations served to help guide this
process, yet there appears to be little incentive for nations to abide by Treaties related to space activities.  This makes
it vital for the international community to develop and adhere to a newer set of agreements that will facilitate space
exploration, safeguard our universe’s resources, and do so to the benefit of all people.

Read this featured article in the next issue of the Socratic Inquiry.

SUBMISSION GUIDELINES
To submit your contents like new research updates, articles and researches to this newsletter please contact the

advisory committee members and the editors of the newsletter.


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For any other issue and queries please contact the Editor of the Newsletter Dr Michelle Blakely, Assistant Editor,
Journal Section - Political Science, Assistant Professor of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of
Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA, Email: michelle.blakely@socratesjournal.com

DISCLAIMER
Views expressed in articles are the personal opinion of the author/ contributor and are in no sense official, neither
the journal SOCRATES nor any member of the journal and this newsletter is responsible. In case any Research
paper/Article is found previously published anywhere else, the author/ contributor will be entirely responsible.
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