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The words which are used to express a strong or sudden feeling or emotion are
called as interjections.
These interjections are used to indicate emotion of warmth towards the other person
when they meet. These include: Hello! , Hey! , Hi! Etc.
For example,
These interjections are used by the speaker when he expresses a strong sense of
approval and agreement on something that happened. These
include: Bravo! , Brilliant! , Well done! Etc. For example,
These interjections are used by the speaker when he expresses a strong sense of
surprise on something that happened. These include: Ha! , Hey! , What! , Oh! , Ah! , Eh!,
Gosh, Wow, Whoa Etc. For example,
These interjections are used by the speaker when he expresses a strong emotion of grief
on something unfortunate that happened. These include: Alas! , Ah! , Oh! , Ouch! Etc.
For example,
Alas! He is dead.
Ouch! I hurt my foot.
Ah! The pain of injection.
These interjections are used by the speaker to bid farewell or say good-bye. These
include: Bye!, good-bye!, farewell! Etc. For example,
These interjections are used by the speaker when they are unsure and thinking of what
to say next. These include: Hmm, Uh, Er Etc. For example,
Interjections are one of many parts of a sentence. The main parts of the sentence are
the noun or pronoun, verb and the object. The noun or pronoun is called the
“subject.” The object follows the verb and sometimes it is there and sometimes it is
not. You need to look at sentences that make up dialog or speech in order to find the
interjection.
In speech we have the subject (noun or pronoun), the verb, adverb, prepositions,
conjunctions and interjections. Of course, not all of those parts are in a sentence all of
the time. Everything is optional. There are times the entire sentence consists of only
the interjection! Typically, though, you have the noun and the verb in the least. Then
you add on from there. With the interjection it can be there or not. It can be there all
by itself without a noun and without a verb, if you want it to be.
Take a look at this sentence: The dog vomited. Dog is the noun. Vomited is the
verb. If you were to add an object, it could be written as: The dog vomited on the
cat. The object is the cat, the poor, poor cat. With an adverb, the sentence could be:
The dog vomited profusely on the cat. With an interjection it can become: Yikes, the
dog vomited profusely on the cat.
http://www.writeawriting.com/grammar/interjections/
https://blog.udemy.com/examples-of-interjections/
1. Woods, G. English Grammar for Dummies.
2. Marsico, K., & Petelinsek, K. (2013). Interjections. Ann Arbor: Cherry Lake Publishing.
CHAPTER 10 – VERBALS
Verbal (noun)
- a word that combines characteristics of a verb with those of a noun or
adjective
Gerund
Gerund definition:
- A gerund is a noun formed from a verb. A gerund will always contain the ending
“-ing.”
Examples of Gerunds:
Verb/Gerund
“to run/running”
“I run every day. / I like running.”
In the first sentence, “run” is used as a verb. I am “doing” the action “to run.” In
the second sentence, “running” is used as a gerund (noun) and “like” is the verb.
“to sing/singing”
“Sara sings. Singing makes Sara happy.”
In the first sentence, “sings” is used as a verb. Sara is “doing” the action “to sing.”
In the second sentence, “singing” is used as a gerund and “makes” is the verb.
Note: A gerund will always be used as a noun and does not replace the
progressive form of the verb.
https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/gerunds
Participle
The two types of participles are the present participle (ending ing) and the past
participle (usually ending -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n).
Participle Phrases
It is really common to see participles in participle phrases. A participle phrase also acts
like an adjective. In the examples below, the participle phrases are shaded and the
participles are in bold:
Whistling the same tune as always, Ted touched the front of his cap with his
forefinger as she dismounted.
(The participle phrase Whistling the same tune as always describes Ted.)
Stunned by the blow. Mike quickly gathered his senses and searched frantically
for the pepper spray.
(The participle phrase Stunned by the blow describes Mike.)
Present Participles
Present participles end in -ing. Examples:
boiling water
caring nature
deserving recipient
Some more examples of present participles (shaded):
broken window
painted frame
destroyed bridge
Some more examples of past participles (shaded):
A swollen eye is God's way of telling you to improve your interpersonal skills.
Do not waste time staring at a closed door.
I like children...if they're properly cooked (W.C. Fields)
(Remember, an adjective can also appear after the noun it is modifying.
See predicate adjectives.)
Perfect Participles
Perfect participles are formed like this:
Examples:
Having taken
Having eaten
Having played
Some more examples of present participles (shaded):
Having heard the news, he quickly sold his brother's record collection.
Having been promised a steak dinner, she looked less than impressed with her
Happy Meal.
https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/participles.htm
Infinitive
An infinitive is a verb that functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb in order to express
an opinion, purpose of an object or action, or answer the questions who, what, or why.
An infinitive usually begins with the word “to” and is followed by the base form of a
verb (the simple form of the verb that you would find in the dictionary).
Examples of infinitives include to read, to run, to jump, to play, to sing, to laugh, to cry,
to eat, and to go.
Remember that although infinitives are verbs, they do not function as verbs, instead
they are used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
Infinitives as Nouns
Example 1:
I love to sleep.
In this sentence, the verb is “love.”
Who or what receives the action of being loved? The infinitive “to sleep.”
This makes “to sleep” the direct object of the sentence.
In this case, the infinitive functions as a noun that expresses an opinion. It could
be replaced with a person, place, or thing, as in, “I love pizza.”
Example 2:
To help others is so important.
In this example, we have the verb “is.”
Example:
Joel wants a book to read.
In this sentence, the verb is “wants” and the subject is the noun “book.”
We also see the infinitive “to read.” What is the purpose of “to read” in this
sentence?
It describes the book; Joel isn’t looking for just any book, he’s looking for a book to
read.
In this sentence, the infinitive functions as an adjective.
Infinitives as Adverbs
Adverbs modify or describe adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. They provide additional
information about what, where, how, and to what extent or degree. Sometimes adverbs
also answer the question, “Why?”
Infinitives function as adverbs when they are used to give more information about
adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs in the sentence.
Example 1:
The students were excited to go on a field trip.
In this sentence, the infinitive is “to go.”
Example 2:
Mom is going to the store to buy dinner.
In this sentence, the infinitive is “to buy.”
What’s the purpose of “to buy” in this example?
The infinitive “to buy” gives us more information about the verb “going”; it tells
us why Mom is going to the store (to buy dinner).
This is another example of how infinitives can function as adverbs.
Almost always, infinitives begin with “to.” But infinitives lose the “to” when they follow
these verbs:
Feel
Hear
Help
Let
Make
See
Watch
These verbs are followed by a direct object, then by an infinitive without the “to.”
Example 1:
When I heard the alarm clock ring, I knew it was time to get up.
This sentence uses the verb “heard” followed by the direct object, “alarm clock.”
When infinitives follow the verb “heard,” they lose the “to.” We wouldn’t say, “I
heard the alarm clock to ring,” or, “I heard to ring.”
So, “alarm clock” is followed by the infinitive “ring” without the “to.”
For this reason, this sentence correctly uses the infinitive without the “to.”
Example 2:
My mom helps me do my homework.
This sentence uses the verb “helps” followed by the direct object “me.”
When infinitives follow “helps,” they drop the “to.” In English, it doesn’t sound
correct to write, “My mom helps me to do my homework,” or, “My mom helps to
do.”
So, “me” is followed by the infinitive “do” without the “to.”
This is another correct example of using an infinitive without the word “to.”
https://englishsentences.com/infinitive/
The gerund ends in -ingand functions as a noun. The infinitive is the base form of a verb
with to. Usually it functions as a noun, although it can also function as an adjective or adverb.
A participle is a verb that ends in -ing (present participle) or -ed, -d, -t, -en, -n (past participle).
Participles may function as adjectives, describing or modifying nouns.
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/english/verb/verbals-gerunds-infinitives-and-participles
Phrases
A phrase is a group of words that stand together as a single unit, typically as part of a
clause or a sentence.
A phrase does not contain a subject and verb and, consequently, cannot convey a
complete thought. A phrase contrasts with a clause. A clause does contain a subject and
verb, and it can convey a complete idea.
Types of Phrases
Noun Phrase
A noun phrase contains a noun and other related words (usually modifiers and
determiners) which modify the noun. It works like a noun in a sentence.
A noun phrase consists of a noun as the headword and other words (usually modifiers
and determiners) which come after or before the noun. The whole phrase functions as a
noun in a sentence.
Noun Phrase = noun + modifiers (the modifiers can be after or before the noun)
Examples:
He is wearing a nice blue shirt. (as noun/object)
She brought a glass full of juice. (as noun/object)
The boy with blond hair is laughing. (as noun/subject)
A man on the road was fighting. (as noun/subject)
Prepositional phrase
Adjective Phrase
Verb Phrase
A combination of the main verb and its auxiliaries (helping verbs) in a sentence is called
a verb phrase.
Examples:
He is eating an apple.
She has completed her task.
You should prepare for the exam.
She has been working for two hours.
Infinitive Phrase
An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive (to + simple form of the verb) and modifiers
or other words associated to the infinitive. An infinitive phrase always works as an
adjective, adverb or a noun in a sentence.
Examples:
She likes to read novels. (As noun/object)
To earn money is a desire of everyone. (As noun/subject)
He shouted to inform people about the fire. (As an adverb, modifies verb shout)
He made a plan to buy a flat. (As an adjective, modifies noun plan)
Gerund Phrase
Participle Phrase
A participle phrase consists of a present participle (verb + ing), a past participle (verb
ending in -ed or other forms in case of irregular verbs) and modifiers or other associated
words. A participle phrase is separated by commas. It always works as an adjective in a
sentence.
Examples:
The kids, making a noise, need food. (modifies kids)
I received a letter, mentioning about my job. (modifies letter)
The chair, made of steel, is too expensive. (modifies table)
We saw a car, damaged in an accident. (modifies car)
Absolute Phrase
A group of words including a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any associated
modifiers is called Absolute Phrase (also called nominative phrase). The absolute phrase
describes (give information about) the entire sentence. It resembles a clause but it
doesn't have a true finite verb. It is separated by a comma or pairs of commas from the
rest sentence.
Examples:
She looks sad, his face expressing worry.
She was waiting for her mother, her eyes on the clock.
John is painting a wall, his shirt dirty with paint.
https://www.alifseye.com/tutorials/single/10
Clause
A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb. A clause can be
distinguished from a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a verb (e.g., in the
afternoon, drinking from the bowl).
Even though his mother was a driving instructor, my cousin failed his driving
test six times.
A computer once beat me at chess but was no match for me at kick boxing.
(Louis Hector Berlioz)
Even though his mother was a driving instructor, my cousin failed his driving
test six times.
A computer once beat me at chess but was no match for me at kick boxing
These three dependent clauses (or subordinate clauses as they're also called) could
have been independent clauses. However, the opening word(s) (in these
examples after, Even though, and but) turned them into dependent clauses. The
opening words are known as dependent words, the main type of which
is subordinating conjunctions.
https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/clause.htm
Types of subordinate clause
Noun Clause
A noun clause is a group of words that acts as a noun in a sentence. They begin with
relative pronouns like “how,” “which,” “who,” or “what,” combined with a subject and
predicate. For example:
The dog can eat what he wants.
Here, “what he wants” stands as a noun for what the dog can eat. It’s a noun clause
because it has a subject (he) and a predicate (wants).
Adjective Clause
An adjective is a descriptive word. Adjective clauses are groups of words that act as an
adjective in a sentence. They have a pronoun (who, that, which) or an adverb (what,
where, why) and a verb; or, a pronoun or an adverb that serves as subject and a verb.
They should answer questions like “what kind?” or “which one?” and follow one of two
patterns: Pronoun/adverb + subject + verb, or pronoun/adverb as subject + verb.
For example: