ENGINEERING

SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Structure of Matter

Enabling Objectives:

1. Describe the following terms:

 Solid, liquid & gas.
2. Define:
 Atom, molecules, element & compound.
3. Describe the structure of matter:
 Atomic structure.
 Types of bonds:
 Ionic, covalent & metallic.
 The periodic table (arrangement of elements).

• All substances are matter.

• This includes the air, sea, Earth, all living creatures and even the Sun and stars.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

• States of Matter: Solid, liquid & gas.

PROPERTIES OF SOLID, LIQUIDS & GASES.

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape Fixed Not fixed Not fixed
Volume Fixed Fixed Not fixed
Compressibility Cannot be Cannot be Can be compressed
compressed compressed
Ease of Flow Do not flow Flow easily Flow in all direction
Example Metals Water Carbon dioxide

KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

• All matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant, random motion.

Properties Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement of - Orderly - Disorderly - Disorderly
- Packed - Less closely - Very far apart
particles
packed than in
solid
Attractive forces Very strong Strong Very weak
between particles
Kinetic energy of Very low Low High
particles
Particle motion Vibrate & rotate about Slide over each other Move about at great
a fixed position speeds

The Solid State.

According to the kinetic particle theory, the particles of a solid are closely packed in orderly
pattern.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

Q: Why does a solid have a fixed shape and a fixed volume?

The Liquid State.

In a liquid, there is more space between the particles.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

Q: Why does a liquid not have a fixed shape?

Q: Why does a liquid have a fixed volume?

The Gaseous State.

Q: Why does a gas not have a fixed shape and a fixed volume?

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

ATOMS, MOLECULES, ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS

• Atom: The smallest particles of an element that have the chemical properties of that
element.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

• Helium (He), Neon (Neon), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Ra) are
the only elements that exists as individual atoms (Noble Gases, Group 0).

• These noble gases are called monatomic elements. (The atoms are not joined
together chemically)

• Molecule: A group of two or more atoms that are chemically joined (combined)
together.

• A hydrogen (H2) is made up of two hydrogen atoms chemically combined.

• Most (but not all) non-metals are made up of molecules.

• Molecules formed by the combination of two atoms are called diatomic molecules
such as H2 and Cl2.

• Molecules consisting of three atoms are called triatomic molecules such as Ozone,
O3.

• Molecules that are formed by the combination of four or more atoms are called
polyatomic molecules.

Symbol of Hydrogen, H Symbol of Oxygen, O

Number of atoms present in one molecule

• Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical methods.

• Chemical methods: By electricity or heating.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

• Element: Metals and Non-metals.

Examples of Diatomic and Polyatomic molecules

• Compound: A substance containing two or more elements chemically joined

together.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

• Water (H2O) is a compound made up two elements – hydrogen, H and oxygen, O.

• Each molecule of water consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

• Other example: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) which consists of one carbon atom and two
oxygen atoms.

• The molecules in compound are also represented by chemical formulae.

The symbols for the elements carbon, C

and oxygen, O

PERIODIC TABLE

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

• The elements are arranged in the Periodic Table in order of proton number
(increasing proton number).

• A Group is a vertical set of elements. The groups are numbered from I to VII and
then Group 0 (Noble gases).

• A Period is a horizontal row of elements. Each period is numbered 1, 2, 3, etc.

• The elements between Group II and Group III are all metals called transition metals
or transition elements.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

 Atoms are made up of 3 different particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons.

 Protons: Positive particles in a nucleus.
 Neutrons: Neutral particles in a nucleus.
 Electrons: Negative particles around the nucleus.
 Protons, neutrons and electrons are called the sub-atomic particles.

Arrangement of Particles in an Atom

• The above diagram shows a simplified structure of an atom.

• Protons and neutrons are tightly packed together in the centre of an atom, forming
the nucleus of the atom.

• Nucleon: Protons and neutrons.

• Electrons move rapidly around the nucleus.

• Proton Number, Z: The number of protons in an atom.

• Valence Electron: Electron in the outermost shell of atom.

• The number of electron in an atom is equal to the number of protons in the atom
itself.

• Nucleon Number, A: The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

• Therefore,

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

Nucleon (mass) Number = No. of protons + No. of neutrons

• Nucleon number is also called the mass number.

• The structure of an atom can be written in symbol form as:

Symbol of the element

Rules of drawing the structures of atoms

• The first shell can hold up a maximum of 2 electrons.

• The second shell can hold up a maximum of 8 electrons.

• The third shell can hold up a maximum of 8 electrons.

• The outermost electrons are called the valence electrons.

Structure of three simplest atoms.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

Homework: Draw the structures of the first 10 elements in the Periodic Table and state the
number of proton, electron and neutron for each element.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

TYPES OF BONDING

 Ionic bonding: The force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a

compound (occurs between metals & non-metals)  shown by electron transfer
diagram.
 Covalent bonding: A bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons (occurs
between non-metals)  shown by dot-cross diagram.
 Metallic bonding: The attractive force between positively charged ions and
negatively charged free or mobile (delocalised) electrons (occurs in metals only).

FORMATION OF IONIC BONDING

• Ionic bonding: The force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a

compound.

• Example: Hot sodium (Na) reacts with chlorine gas (Cl 2) to produce a white solid,
called sodium chloride (NaCl).

• The sodium atom, Na, loses ONE electron to become sodium ion, Na+. The chlorine
atom, Cl, gain ONE electron to become a chloride ion, Cl-.

• There is a transfer of an electron (electron transfer) from the Na atom to the Cl

atom.

• The positive Na+ ion and the negative Cl- ion are attracted together by an
electrostatic force. This force of attraction is the ionic bond and it is very strong.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

Example 1: Lithium metal, Li, is put into a gas jar of Fluorine gas, F 2. A solid white powder is
produced in the jar which is called lithium fluoride, LiF. Draw the electron diagram to show
the electron transfer between Li atom and F atom.

Example 2: Calcium, Ca, reacts with oxygen gas, O 2,. The product is calcium oxide, CaO. Draw
the electron diagram to show the electron transfer between Ca and O2.

Example 3: Sodium, Na, reacts with oxygen gas, O 2. The product is sodium oxide, Na 2O. Draw
the electron diagram to show the electron transfer between Na and O2.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

FORMATION OF COVALENT BONDING

• Covalent bonding: A bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons.

• Example: Two hydrogen atom, H, join together to form the hydrogen molecule, H 2.

• A covalent bond is formed between the two hydrogen atoms.

• When a pair of valence electrons is shared, a single bond is formed.

Example 1: Draw a dot-cross diagram of the oxygen molecules, O 2, to show the formation of
the covalent bond between the two oxygen atoms.

• Each oxygen atom share two valence electrons.

• When two pairs of valence electrons are shared, double bond is formed.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

Example 2: Draw the dot-cross diagram to show the formation of covalent bond in water
molecules, H2O.

Example 3: Draw the dot-cross diagram to show the formation of covalent bond in carbon
dioxide molecules, CO2.

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ENGINEERING
SCIENCE 200: PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter

FORMATION OF METALLIC BONDING

• Metallic bonding: The attractive force between positively charged ions and
negatively charged free or mobile (delocalised) electrons.

• Metals are often described as consisting of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.

• In metals, they lose their valence electrons to become positive ions.

• Each positive ions are attracted to the ‘sea of electrons’.

• This attractive force holds the ions and electrons in the metal together.

• The attractive force is called the metallic bonding.

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