The relationship of singular value decomposition to wave-vector

filtering in sound radiation problems

DouglasM. Photiadis
a)
CambridgeAcousticalAssociates,
Cambridge,Massachusetts
02140

(Received13November1989;acceptedfor publication27 March 1990)

Singularvaluedecomposition (SVD) hasrecentlybeensuggested asa filteringtool to analyze
acousticradiation.The relationshipbetweenthis filteringtechniqueand the morefamiliar
wavevectorfilteringis examined.For a geometrywith a preferredaxis,the source"modes"
are foundto consistapproximatelyof a singlewavenumber,and the accompanying radiation
modesare thusbeams.Somesimpleexamplesare workedout to illustratethe generalbehavior
of the filtering,and someof the propertiesof the beamsare given.
PACS numbers:43.20.Rz, 43.40.Sk, 43.85.Kr, 43.40.Rj

INTRODUCTION ship betweenSVD and traditional wave vectorfiltering is

Singular value decomposition(SVD) is a powerful
methodfor the "solution"of generalmatrices.
• SVD expli-
citly finds a representationof any (m X n )-dimensioncom-
plex matrix in termsof a generaleigenvectorexpansion.The
relatedsystemof equationsmay be overdetermined(m > n),
in which casethe SVD providesthe least-squares solution,or
underdetermined (m < n), in which case SVD defines the
null spaceof the domain as well as givingthe solution.The
algorithmworkswell for ill-conditionedor singularmatrices
when more elementarymethodsfail. To date, SVD has not
been usedextensivelyin acoustics,finding limited applica-
tionsin signalprocessing
2 and acousticholographysys-
tems.3Thesignalprocessing
application
basically
usesSVD
to handlea least-squares problem,an applicationfor which
SVD is ideal.The near-fieldholographyapplicationemploys
the SVD algorithmin the back projectionof the field onto
the surfaceof the radiator.This back projectiontendsto be
ill-conditioned becauseof the decaying evanescantfields,
and SVD is a usefultool for overcomingthis numericaldiffi-
culty.4
Recently,Borgiotti
5 hasemployedthe SVD algorithm
to analyzethe radiation from a vibrating structureinto the
far field. Borgiotti found that the SVD providesan acoustic
"modal" representationof the sourcedistributionand ac-
companying far-field radiation, two sets of orthonormal
functionswith which to expandthe sourcedistributionand
the radiationfield,respectively.By usingthe term, "modal"
representation,we are referringto an importantpropertyof
the aboveexpansion;the sourcemodesradiatepowerinde-
pendently.The SVD in additionyieldsthe radiationefficien-
cies of the various acoustic modes.
The radiationproblemcanalsobeexploredusingwave
vectorfilteringapproaches--analyzing
the sourcedistribu-
tion into subsonicand supersoniccomponents.This tech-
niquehasprovento be veryusefulin providinginsightinto
thenatureof thecouplingbetweena vibratingstructureand
itsaccompanying
radiationfield.6In thispaper,therelation-
Presentaddress:
Naval ResearchLaboratory,Washington,DC 20375-
5000.
examined.By takingthisapproachtoward SVD, a greatdeal
of insightinto the natureof the sourcemodesand the radi-
ationmodescanbe found.In particular,we havefoundthat
for geometrieswith a preferreddirection the supersonic
sourcemodesof the SVD are composedprimarily of a single
wave number and thus tend to form beams. From this infor-
mation, the radiation efficienciesof the sourcemodes can be
estimatedusingthe techniquesof wave vectorfiltering. In
addition, the approximateshapeand number of radiation
modescan be predicted.
The paper is intended to be self-containedand some-
what tutorial. As such,we includesomebackgroundregard-
ing the mathematicsof SVD and furnish the basicresults
fromBorgiotti.
5An outlineof thepaperisasfollows.In Sec.
I, the generalacousticradiation problem is presented.In
Sec. II, we review some of the mathematical tools needed to
usethe singularvalue decompositionalgorithm.The phys-
ical meaningof the SVD in this contextis examinedin Sec.
III. We explorethe relationshipof the SVD eigenvectorex-
pansionto wavevectorfilteringand the relatedapplication
of SVD as a radiation filter in Sec. IV.
I. THE ACOUSTIC RADIATION PROBLEM
Considera generalclosedsurfaceD containingall the
acousticsources,and a region S where we make measure-
ments of the radiated pressure.The solution of the wave
equationwith appropriateboundaryconditionswill givethe
radiated field
P(x)
--fr•dA
g(x,y)v(y), (1)
where v(x) is the sourcestrengthand g(x,y) is the Green's
functionfor the acousticfieldin the presence
of the body.In
operatorform, we have
P(x) = (Gv)(x) = G(x)v, (2)
with the actionofg definedto produceEq. ( 1). The operator
G containsthe dependence on the observationcoordinatesx.
Supposenow that we have measurementsof the source
strengthsat discretelocations[ v•(y•) v2(y2),...,vn(y,) ] and

1152 J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 88 (2), August 1990 0001-4966/90/081152-08500.80 © 1990 AcousticalSociety of America 1152

Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 132.250.22.4 On: Wed, 28 Jan 2015 17:29:35
 discretepressurefield measurements
[Pl (Xl) ,P2(x2),..., thecomplex
fieldandsuppose
(el,e2,...,e
n) isanorthonor-
Pm(Xm)]. Thesurface
D mustbesampled
appropriately
7'8 mal basisof the vectorspaceS. Every vectorin S is of the
to determinethe entire sourcedistribution as otherwisethe form,
resulting
radiationis notunique.Themeasurementsof the
radiatedpressure
aregivenin termsof thesurface
measure- x=•xiei, (6)
mentsby the discreteform of Eq. (2),
wherethex• arecomplexcoefficients.
The Hermitianconju-
P= Gv, (3)
gate.4* of a vectoror matrix.4 is the complexconjugate
wherewe interpretP and v asvectorsand G as an (rn X n )- transpose,
dimensionmatrix. The elementsof the matrix G are equalto A*ij =A* ji' (7)
the valuesof the Green'sfunctionweightedby an appropri-
aretheeffec- The Hermitian conjugateinterchanges
atearea,Gij= g(xi,yj)A•.TheareaelementsA rowswith columns
tiveareaoverwhichthesource strength
isgivenbyv•;Ay= 1 andtakesthe complexconjugate.The naturalinnerproduct
if wetakethesources to bedeltafunctions
or A• = (piston on S is definedby
area)if weimaginethesourcestobepistons.
Thegeometryis
shownin Fig. 1. (x,y>---Z x/•yi---xj'y' (8)
The singularvaluedecompositionprovidesa solutionto and the associated norm on S is
thisproblem,Eq. (3), by "solving"G. The algorithmpro-
videsorthonormal
radiated
fieldeigenvectors
(•pi) andasso- Ixl = Ix,I = (x'x)'/2. (9)
ciatedorthonormal
sourcestrengtheigenvectors
(•bi) such
that, The Hermitian conjugateof a matrix is an important
W•i -- /•i•i. (4) quantitybecause
of itsrelationto theinnerproduct.Takex,y
to be vectorsand .4, B to be matricesin S. Someimportant
The (2•} arerealandpositiveandaredenoted thesingular
propertiesof Hermitianconjugation
that we will needare
valuesof G.The(•bi) aregeneralized
radiation
modes ofthe
(1) (AB)*=B*A*, (2)(x,Ay) = (A*x,y); and (3) as an
regionS, andthe{qb•}areassociatedgeneralized
modesof
surfacesourcestrengthassociated with radiationfrom the importantexampleof ( 1), (Ax)•*-- (x*A*) •.
surfaceD intothe regionS. The generalized
modesspanthe A linearoperator
H isHermitianif H* -- H. Hermitian
rangeanddomainof thematrixG andareorthonormal with operatorsarenicebecause( 1) theeigenvalues
ofH arereal,
respectto theinnerproduct(,): and (2) the eigenvectors
of H are orthogonaland form a
basis for S.
(O,,Oj)=6 u, u. (5) Thesepropertiesareby no meansguaranteedfor a gen-
Singularvaluedecomposition providesan acousticmodal eral matrix and the matrix G of interest does not have them.
expansion for the surfacesourcedistributionandthe radiat- SVD overcomesthis difficulty.
ed field.More precisely,SVD givesus a completesetof or- A unitarymatrix U on S is a complexrotation; U pre-
thonormal vectors, functions in the continuum limit, with servesinnerproductsandlengthsinS. Theformalproperties
whichto expressthe radiatedfieldand sourcefield. of a unitarymatrixare (1) (Ux, Uy) = (x,y), in particular
[uxl - Ixl;(2) U*= U --1( U -1 istheinverse
ofU),and( 3)
II. THE MATHEMATICS OF SVD FOR COMPLEX Idet el- 1.
MATRICES The eigenvalues of U are pure phaserotationsof the
A. Some linear algebra form e•. Multiplicationby a unitarymatrix simplycorre-
sponds to a changeof basisandisa completelysmoothand
In preparation,we givea brief summaryof the proper-
nonsingularoperation.
tiesof complex
matrices.
9DefineS tobea vectorspaceover Everyunitarymatrixdefines a basis.Thisisa veryuseful
propertyof unitarymatrices.To seethis,consider the rela-
tion U'U= 1 which ensuresthat U preservesthe inner
product.Writingthisoutin termsof components
yields,
U iJ'k
Ukj-- U •i Ukj-- ( • i,•j ) -- • ij, (10)
Region S where•i and•j aretheith andjth columns of U.Thusthe
columns of U form an orthonormal basis for S. In a similar
fashion,the rowsof a unitary matrix alsoform a basis.

B. Singular value decomposition

The central theorem of SVD is that any complex
lO
(m X n) matrix G may be written as
G = UDV* or U*GV= D, (11)
FIG. 1. The radiation geometry. where U and V are unitary matricesand D is a diagonal

1153 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 88, No. 2, August1990 DouglasM. Photiadis:Wave filteringin radiation 1153

Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 132.250.22.4 On: Wed, 28 Jan 2015 17:29:35
 matrix with real positiveeigenvalues.In an expandedform, alentto two simplesourcesin freespace.Here, G is symmet-
for G a 5 X 3 matrix, ric and not Hermitian. The matrices U and V are

1 --1 andV=2-1/2
1 -- 1

ß U* ß G V (17)
and the matrix D is,

•'1 0
D-
[2cos(k.,,a/2)
0 0a/2 ) ]
2 sin(k.,,
. (18)

The generalized source modes are (+, + ), and

( + ,-- ) with the associatedradiation modes ( +, + ) and
= 0 '•3 ' (12)
( +,-- ). This correspondsto monopoleand dipole radi-

0 ation.We recognizethe singularvaluesasthe squarerootsof

The{Ai} arethesingularvaluesof G andarerealandposi-
tive. The SVD algorithm numerically finds the matrices U
and V and the singularvalues.We can write G in a conven-
ient form by writing our Eq. ( 11) in termsof components,
Gi.i= • Uik,tkVi'•
or
the power radiation efficienciesof the in phaseand out of
phasevibrationof two sourceswith separationa.
C. Example 2
Considera sphereof radius a in the limit of continuous
measurements on the surface and in the far field. We know
( 13) that the radiationis givenby an expressionin sphericalhar-
monics i l

P(R,O)- ••,mZfl h•(ka)

I-Jim
Ylm(19,•). (19)
G-- E /•i•ibf, (14)
Here, the Elmarethesphericalharmonics,the I.Jlmarethe lm
where •i and bi are the columnsof U and V. componentsof the sourcedistribution,h• is the spherical
Hankelfunction,andZ, is thefluidimpedance
givenbyTM

III. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF SVD IN RADIATION Za-- ipchl ( ka ) /h • ( ka ) . (20)

PROBLEMS The Ylrnare completeand orthonormalwith respectto the
A. Introduction inner product,

Return to the basicradiation problemposedby Eq. (3),

P--Gv. Using the expressionfor G given by the singular
value decomposition,Eq. (14), we immediatelyfind
P= •/•i •i•i9U-- Z/•i•i <•,,U>.
Thecolumns of Uand V,the{•} and{b•}, arethegeneral-
izedradiationmodes,thevectors{•, } and{0, } of Eq. (4).
FollowingRef. 5, the total radiatedpoweris givenby
Ilrad- C•,1,2.
a,i2'
whereai = (hi,l;) are the modalcoefficients,
and Cis a con-
stant depending on our normalization conventions.The
modesradiatepowerindependently
with efficiency/t/2.
To
illustratethe natureof the SVD representation, we consider
somesimpleexamples.Take the acousticfluid to have den-
sity,p, soundspeedc, and wavenumberk for steady-state Thus the singular valuesare again up to a normalization
vibration at frequencyco.
B. Example I
Consideran infinite two-dimensionalrigid plane with
twolinesources v___
locatedat + a/2. Suppose thatwemake tion. The radiatingmodesare degeneratewith respectto the
far-field observationsat the angles __+
O relative to the nor- indexm; they havethe samesingularvalue.SVD will gener-
mal, and definek,, -- k sin O.The Green'sfunction is
(Yl,m,,Ylm)
: f dgYl,m,(•)Ylm(•):•l,l•m
.
The multipoleexpansionis almostthe singularvaluedecom-
position.Up to a phase,the sourceand radiation modesare
the sphericalharmonics.To interpretthe singularvalues,we
rewrite Eq. (19) in the far field as
p--eikra
•(pcR•)'/2
exp[i(ka
r lm --lv'--
d•
) IJlm
Ylm
, 2
(21)
(15) whereR• is the radiation resistance,the real part of Z•, and
the phases&• are the argumentsof h ;(ka). To obtain this
expression,we have usedthe large argumentexpansionfor
h• (kr), and eliminatedthe factor of h •(ka) in the denomi-
natorusingtheresultTM
at(ka) -- Re(Z, ) -pc/lkah ;(ka) 12.
identifiedwith the squareroot of the modal powerradiation
efficienciesas they must be from Eq. ( 15).
The multipole expansionactually embodiesmore infor-
mation than is containedby the singularvalue decomposi-
ate the required (2/+ 1) independentvectorsassociated
with eachl, but will not do soaccordingto symmetryconsid-

exp(ik.,,a/2)
G-- exp( exp(
--ik.,,a/2) --ik.,,a/2)
] (16)
exp(ik.,,a/2)
erations.Rather, the degeneracywill be brokenby errorsin
the numerical computationand the output will consistof
up to normalizingconstants.Note that thisexampleisequiv- (2/+ 1) linearly independentsuperpositionsof the Y•m,

1154 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 88, No. 2, August1990 DouglasM. Photiadis-Wave filteringin radiation 1154

Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 132.250.22.4 On: Wed, 28 Jan 2015 17:29:35
 each with a slightly differenteigenvalue;the particular ei- derlikeradiator,configurations
with differingradiationeffi-
genvectorswill dependon the roundofferror. In order to ciencies are characterized by different surface wave
avoid this, one may intentionally break the symmetry to numbers.Thus we expectthat the stronglyradiatingsource
forcethe SVD to outputthe Ylm;i.e., introducea weakper- modes will correspond to particular supersonicwave
turbationfavoringradiationalongthez axis.•2 numbers,and that the associatedradiationpatternswill be
beams. This is indeed the case.
IV. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SVD TO WAVE VECTOR For a finite sourcedistributionthe spectrumof the radi-
FILTERING: BEAMING ation operatorcorresponding to the radiatingmodeswill be
A. The radiated power operator discrete.This result is independentof the numberof sam-
plingpoints;in particularit continuesto be valid in the con-
In orderto gainfurther intuitionaboutthe natureof the
tinuum limit when the radiationoperatoris infinite dimen-
SVD representation, it is naturalto directlyexaminethe to-
sional.The mathematicalreasonfor this is that the power
tal powerradiatedby an arbitrary sourcedistribution.
operatoriscompact.
14
Restrictthe pressurefield measurements to the far field
andrequirethesurfaceS to becomposed of piecesof a sphere
B. Example 3
(cylinder) in a three (two)-dimensiongeometry.The power
flow will then be normal to the far field surfacesand we may Considera two-dimensional planegeometrywith an in-
write finiteradiatingstripof widthL. Take the sourcedistribution
to be givenby N line sources(N even) spaceda distancea
(22) apart.The far-fieldpressureis givenin termsof the surface
Ilrad
=27 dSP•I
ß velocity field by

Definethe Green'sfunctionconnectingthe sourcedistribu-

tionwith the radiatedpressure
to omitthe factorof R -1 P(R,O) pcko
= (2z. f.•-•/2
+L/2
koR)l/2
e - ik,,x
cos
0/)(X)

associated
with the spreadingof the field.UsingEq. (2) we
have = pckoa +N/2 --ik,,x•
cos
0
(2rrkoR)l/2
•d/2
e v(xi)
ß (25)
_
Ilrad 1fsdf•(Gv)*(f•)(Gv)(f•) Choose
--2•OC the normalization of P so that P(R,O)
= V(kocos0) is the discreteFourier transformof v(x).
_
- 1fsdfiv*G*(•)G(•)v
The components of the Green'sfunctionthen are simply
phaseshiftsasin Example1. Considerthe/j matrixelement
of thepoweroperator.From Eqs.(15) and (25) we have
=v*(---l
f d•G*(•)G(•))v.
\2pc3s AO/•t2.
• ij = ( Vi,II V;)
Definingthe powerdensityoperatordII (f•) and the total
poweroperatorII we have
• •s(o)
dOVi*(kocos0) V•(kocos0)

[grad=
/fi(fs
dII(f•))v=v*IIv, (23) =;s(a)daV•*(ak
o)(1--1 a2)1/2
Vj(ako)
,
where
where a = cos 0 is a dimensionless wave number and the
integralisoverthewavenumbers
radiatingintotheregion$.
dII(fi)
=2pcG*(fi)G(fi)
andII= dII(fi).
(24)
Thesource
modes
diagonalize
thekernel( 1 -- cr2)-1/2.To
accomplish this,eachof the eigenvectors triesto havedefi-
The operatorsdII (fi) and II arelinearHermitian oper- nite wave number a = ao, to beam in a particular direction.
atorson the spaceof surfacesourcedistributionsv(x), and The degree to which thebeaming takes place islimited bythe
havereal eigenvaluesand an orthogonalsetof eigenvectors. finite length of the geometry and the eigenvectors radiate
beams in discrete directions.
From Eq. (23), the physicalmeaningof theseoperatorsis
apparent.The expectation valueof dII (fi) in the statev, Definethe meanvalueof the quantityM(x) in the state
(v,dIIv), givesthe acousticpowerradiatedby v into solid Vi by
angle•, and similarlythe expectationvalueof II givesthe
total powerradiatedby v.
If +ø•
(M(x))i
=•.]-o•dxV•(x)M(x)Vi(x),
The modesdefinedby the SVD algorithm diagonalize where
the Hermitianpoweroperator;we may interpretthe SVD
modes
asbeingdetermined
bythisfact.13A Hermitianoper- N- dx l (x) l ,
atorwill havea spectrumof eigenvalues corresponding to its
possibleexpectation values,andeachof theeigenvectors will Then,
correspond to a definitevalueof the operator.In this case,
theeigenvalues aresimplythepossible radiationefficiencies A2i = (2rr/koaAO)((1-- 15g2)--1/2)/ (26)
of surfacesourceconfigurations for a particulargeometry. givesthe relationship betweenthe singularvaluesand the
In a geometrywith a preferreddirection,a planelikeor cylin- surfacewavenumber.The squareof the singularvalueof a

1155 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 88, No. 2, August 1990 Douglas M. Photiadis:Wave filteringin radiation 1155

Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 132.250.22.4 On: Wed, 28 Jan 2015 17:29:35
 particulareigenvectoris given,up to a factor,by the mean
value of the radiation resistance in that state. To obtain a
reasonableestimatefor the singularvalueof an eigenvector
pointingat angle0, simplyseta = cos(0) in Eq. (26); i.e.,
let ( ( 1 -- a2)- 1/2)i • ( 1 -- cos
20i) - 1/2. For a = 1, one
must be more careful and work out the indicatedaverage
with an approximateeigenvector.The null spaceeigenvec-
tots do not appearin the aboveintegraland are completely
subsonicas one would expect.
The sourceeigenvectorsare shown in wave-number
leaststronglyradiatingeigenvectorpointingnormal to the
surface.The weakly radiatingeigenvectors consistalmost
completelyof subsonic wavenumbers.Therearetwo eigen-
vectorsat each angle correspondingto the forward-back-
ward degeneracy--lookingat a half-spacein the far field
removesthis.The associated singularvaluesandthe predic-
tionsusingEq. (26) are shownin Table I; the agreementis
very good(we hav,e omittedthe singularvaluecorrespond-
ing to a = 1).
,

spacein Figs.2(a) and2(b) for a particulargeometry.We C. Example 4

chose20 linesources
spaced
•th of an acoustic
wavelength Consideran infinitecylinderof radiusr radiatingfrom
apart and 20 equallyspacedobservationanglesin the inter- ringsourcesalonga finitelengthL. Let a bethesourcespac-
val [ - •r/2, •r/2] in thefar field.Eachof thestronglyradi- ing and samplethe far field at equallyspacedangles.Nor-
ating eigenvectors pointsin a particulardirectionwith the malizethe pressuresothat the Green'sfunctionis givenby
most stronglyradiating eigenvectornearly sonic,and the
Go.= [rrcosOiH•
(korcos0i ) ] --le- ikoxjsin
el.
Following
themethod
oftheprevious
example,
it isstraight-
forward to show

(a)
E•voc 1 A,,2.
t50.
= (r/aAO)( ( 1-- ot2)-l/2Rf(otko)
)ij , (27)
where

F.vec 3 R•(•) = 2•o{•r(••o- •)alH1 [ (•o - k2)l/2a] I•}-1

istheradiationresistance of then = 0 modeofthecylinder. 8
Evec 5
This expressionis verysimilarto the fiat planecaseand
the resultsare qualitativelythe samein bothexamples.The
sourceeigenvectors
onceagaindiagonalizethe radiationre-
•voc 7 sistanceastheymustfrom generalconsiderations.
The addi-
tionalfactorof (1 -a2) -1/2 in the cylindrical
casetakes
accountof thevariationof solidanglewith 0. As anexample,
Evec 9
we considera cylinderat a frequencykr = 0.8, with 20 ring
sourcesspaceda distancea = A/4 apart,andfar-fieldobser-
vation anglesequallyspacedin the interval [0, •r/2]. The

tEvec
10
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Fouriertransformsof the resultingsourcemodesareshown
in Fig. 3(a) and (b) andtheassociated
with thepredictions
singularvaluesalong
from Eq. (27) aregivenin TableII (we
k/k 0 have again omitted the singularvalue corresponding to
a=l).
lb} By lookingat the forwardhalf-spacewe breakthe for-
œvec 12
ward-backwarddegeneracy andthe sourcemodesbeamin a
singledirection.The weakly radiatingeigenvectors are no
longerprimarilysubsonic andhavea significantsupersonic
F..vec 13
componentthat radiatesinto the half-space[ - •r/2,0].

D. Example 5
Considera finite cylinderwith hemisphericalendcaps.
Evec 15 Thisisourfirstexampleof a nonseparable
geometry.
ms It is

TABLE I. The singularvaluesfor an infinitestrip.

Evec 17

Wave number SVD/numerical Prediction[ Eq. (26) ]

1.0 8.49(8.26) ---

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.8 6.11(5.99) 6.18
k/k 0 0.6 5.44(5.35) 5.35
0.4 5.12(5.06) 5.00
FIG. 2. (a) Stronglyradiatingeigenvectors
for two-dimensionalstrip in 0.2 4.97(4.93) 4.83
0.0 4.67 4.78
wave-numberspace.(b) Weakly radiatingeigenvectorsfor two-dimension-
al strip in wave-numberspace.

1156 J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.88, No.2, August1990 DouglasM. Photiadis:

Wavefilteringin radiation 1156

Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 132.250.22.4 On: Wed, 28 Jan 2015 17:29:35
 (a) kor = 0.785. The cylinderis abouttwo acousticwavelengths
Evec !
long.The far-fieldobservation pointsareat sevenanglesdis-
tributed evenly from [-•r/2, •r/2]. Figure 4 showsthe
Evec 2
sourcemodesin coordinatespace,the displacementas a
functionof positionalongthe cylinder.The left and right
endsof the figurecorrespondto endcapvibration.Figure 5
Evec 3 showsthe associatedradiation modes, the far-field pres-
sures,and Fig. 6 showsthe sourcemodesin wave-number
space.To generatethe wave-numberplots,we haveFourier
•vec •
transformedthe sourceeigenvectors on the cylinderand ig-
noredthe endcaps.The associated singularvaluesarein this
•VeC • case, ,•L1-----1556, 2.2 -----1543, ,•L3 -----1131, ,•L
4 = 1002,
25 = 963, 2 6 -- 351. As in Example 3, the modescome in
pairsbecauseof the forward-backwardsymmetry.
•vec 6
The generalfeaturesof the previousexamplesare again
borne out. The most efficient radiator is a near sonic endfire
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
modeand the radiationefficiencydecreases asthe directivity
k/k o
becomesmore normal to the cylinder. The wave-number
spectracorrelatevery naturally with the radiation despite
(b)
Evec 7 the fact that the endcapshavebeenomitted.The modesare
not nearlyasdirectiveasin the previousexamplesbecauseof
the short length of the cylinder.

Evec 10 E. Radiation filters and beaming

The radiationmodesresultingfrom the SVD algorithm
have a characteristicbeam width determinedby the source
Evec 13 (NULL)
geometry.The Fourier transformpair (k,x) obeythe equa-
tion

AkAx• 2•r, (28)

relatingthe minimum achievablewave-numberbandwidth
Evec 15 (NULL)
to the localizationin spaceof the acousticsource.This is
analogous
to thestrong"time-bandwidth"
productin signal
processing.For a sourceof lengthL, the minimum beam-
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
width is governedby
k/ko Ak>•2•r/L. (29)

FIG. 3. (a) Stronglyradiatingeigenvectors

for cylinder( kr = 0.8) in wave-
number space.(b) Weakly radiating and null eigenvectorsfor cylinder
(kr -- 0.8) in wave-numberspace.
(a)

no longer straightforwardto derive a simple relationship

betweenthe surfacewavenumberand radiatedpowerasin
the previousexamples.Nevertheless, we still expectthe ei-
genvectorsto havebeamingcharacteristicsuntil the radiator
(b)
becomesnearlysphericalor smallerthan an acousticwave-
length.The examplecylinderhas radiusr, length/diame-
ter- 8.8 (including the endcaps), and the frequencyis

(c)
TABLE II. The singularvaluesfor a baffledcylinder.

Wave number SVD/numerical Prediction [ Eq. (27) ]

1.0 3.1 '-.

0.8 2.02 2.13
0.6 1.70 1.73 -10.0 -7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0

0.4 1.55 1.56 koX

0.2 1.48 1.48
0.0 1.40 1.46
FIG. 4. Sourcemodesfor finite cylinderin coordinatespace:(a) Evec 1,
(b) Evec 3, (c) Evec 5.

1157 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 88, No. 2, August1990 DouglasM. Photiadis:Wave filteringin radiation 1157

Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 132.250.22.4 On: Wed, 28 Jan 2015 17:29:35
 The beamsgivenby the SVD algorithmare very stable
(a) with respectto the numberof sourceand far-fieldobserva-
tions. Once the source distribution and the far field have
beenappropriatelysampledthe beam pattern stabilizes;an
increaseddensity of sourcesor far-field anglesdoes not
changethe radiating eigenvectors.To satisfythe far-field
(b) samplingrequirement,the angularspacingmustbe chosen
to be at leastas small as the achievableangularbeamwidth,
/•0•</•0min. If a lower densityof far-fieldanglesis used,the
resultsare unpredictable,and the sourcemodeswill not
beam in a particular direction.Similarly, the sourceloca-
(c) tions must be acousticallydense.In a seriesof numerical
tests,the intuitivespacinga•<,to/4wasfoundto besufficient.
The constructionof a radiationfilter to beamin a partic-
ular direction, or set of directions,is straightforward.As-
sumethat we have the sourceeigenvectors, eachassociated
o with a particulardirection.Denotethe eigenvectors hereby
Ang]e(rad) {eo,}.Thenarrow
beam
filterwithdirection
0 willhave
an
angularwidth • 0minand is givenby
FIG. 5. Far-fieldradiationmodesfor finitecylinder:(a) Mode 1, (b) Mode
3, (c) Mode 5. F= eoe*o
ß (31)
Given any radiatingsurfacefieldv(x), we canfindthe com-
ponentof v radiatingin direction0 by multiplyingv by F,
Since the surface wave number k radiates into the far-field Vo= Fv = (e*ov)eo. (32)
anglegivenby k - ko cos0, the bestangularbeamingreso-
lution is
A broadbeamfilter is givenby the generalization

/•0min•/2•r/koL sin 0. (30) F-- •]eo,

e*o,
, (33)
This estimateof the beamwidthagreeswell with the results
wherethe sumrunsoverthoseeigenvectors that beamin the
from the above examples;the sourcemodesgiven by the
requireddirection.The filter F as constructedaboveis a
SVD algorithm produce the narrowest achievablebeams.
One would expectthis becausein order to diagonalizethe
projection
operator,F2= F. Someexamples
of the above
filtersare shownin Fig. 7. The solidline is an initial far-field
radiatedpoweroperator,the eigenvectors try to radiatein a
singledirection.Distinct radiationmodes"point" in direc-
tions that differ by the angular resolution,thus giving an
approximatecountof the numberof supersonic eigenvectors
the SVD will output.

(a)

(b)

(c)

-w/2 -w/4 0 w/4 w/2

Angle(rad)
-3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
FIG. 7. Examplesof filtersfor baffledcylinder.In all the plots,the solid
k/k o curve is an unfiltered radiation field and the dashed curve is the filtered
radiation.The plotsshowthe resultsof filteringwith variouseigenvectors
FIG. 6. Sourceeigenvectors
for finite cylinderin wave-numberspace:(a) obtainedfromtheSVD algorithm:(a) filteredwith Evec5, (b) filteredwith
Evec 1, (b) Evec 3, (c) Evec 5. Evec 3, (c) filtered with Evec 2, (d) filtered with Evecs 3-5 (broadbeam).

1158 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 88, No. 2, August1990 DouglasM. Photiadis:Wave filteringin radiation 1158

Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 132.250.22.4 On: Wed, 28 Jan 2015 17:29:35
 radiationpattern;the dottedlinesshowthe effectsof various miliar representations
for field sources,multipoleexpan-
narrow and broad beamfilterson the directivity. sions,andwave-number analyses.The SVD providesa rigor-
The appropriateeigenmodesfor the constructionof a ous way of usingwave vector filtering on finite objects,
filter can be generatedby restrictingSVD to the desired making it possibleto include end effectsand the effect of
beamingregion,i.e., by choosing the far-fieldanglesto bein nonuniformities in the geometry.As such,the SVD repre-
the beamdirection.The stronglyradiatingeigenvectors will sentationpromisesto have many applicationsin acoustic
fill in the beam. One must exercisecare, however, in includ- radiationproblems,particularlyin the analysisof radiation
ing only the stronglyradiatingeigenvectors. As the eigen- data from nontrivialgeometries.
vectorsbecomeweakly radiating and approachthe null
space,they losetheir beamingcharacteristics. A goodnu- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
mericalestimatorof whetheran eigenvectorshouldbe in- I wouldlike to thank CambridgeAcousticalAssociates
cludedin the filter is the sizeof the eigenvector's
associated for suggestingand supportingthisresearch.In particular,I
singularvalue. The necessarysourcemodesof a filter will wouldlike to thankDr. JackColefor manyhelpfulsugges-
have a rangeof singularvalues,the largestsingularvalue tionsandconversations. Thisworkwassupported in partby
associatedwith the mostgrazingtrajectoryand the smallest AT&T Bell Laboratoriesand Naval ResearchLaboratory.
associated with the trajectorythat makesthe smallestangle
with respectto thenormal.Usingthemethodsof examples3
and 4, we can estimatethe smallest"acceptable"singular
•G. H. GolubandC. F. Loan,Matrix Computations
(JohnsHopkinsU.P.,
value in a particular filter. Equation (33) should thus be North Oxford, 1983).
ammended to read, 2S.Braun and Y. M. Ram, "Determinationof structuralmodesvia the
Pronymodel:Systemorderand noiseinducedpoles,"J. Acoust.Soc.Am.
F= • eo,
eto,. (34) 81, 1447-1459 (1987).
3W.A. Veronesi
andJ.D. Maynard,"Acoustic
holography
forodd-shaped
An eigenvectorwith a singularvalue significantlysmaller sources," Inter-noise 86, 1251-1256 (1986).
4W.A. VeronesiandJ. D. Maynard,"Digitalholographic
reconstruction
than/•min mustberadiatinga considerable amountofenergy of sourceswith arbitrary shapedsurfaces,"J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 85, 588-
intootheranglesandif includedin Fwill degradetheperfor- 598 (1989).
manceof the filter. The sizeof the singularvaluesfalls off 5G. Borgiotti,privatecommunication.
Prof. Borgiotti'swork regarding
rapidlyaswe approachthe null spacesothe abovesepara- this subjectcanbe foundin "The powerradiatedby a vibratingbody in an
acousticfluid and its determinationfrom boundary measurements,"sub-
tion isstraightforwardandnot sensitiveto an accuratedeter- mitted for publicationto J. Acoust.Soc.Am. (1990).
mination of/•minß 6G.Maidanik,"Response
of ribbedpanelsto reverberant
acoustic
fields,"
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, 809-826 (1962).
v. CONCLUSION 7C.W. HortonandG. S. InnisJr., "The computation
of farfieldradiation
patternsfrom measurementsmadenear the source,"J. Acoust. Soc.Am.
We haveexploredsomeof the physicalaspects of using 33, 877 ( 1961 ).
singularvalue decomposition in acousticradiationprob- WE.B. JoyandD. Paris,"Spatialsampling
andfilteringin nearfieldmea-
surements,"IEEE Trans. Antennasand Propag.AP-20(3) (1972).
lems.For a sphericalor nearspherical
geometry,theexpan- 9Thismaterialisbasiclinearalgebraandcanbefoundin a numberof text
sionprovidedby the SVD is a multipoleexpansion. On the books.Seefor example,R. CourantandD. Hilbert, Methodsof Mathemat-
other hand, in a geometrywith a preferredaxis, the SVD ical Physics(Wiley, New York, 1953), Vol. 1, pp. 1-47.
representationiscloselyrelatedto the familiar wave-number inK. E. Atkinson,An Introductionto NumericalAnalysis(Wiley, New
York, 1978).
spaceanalysis.In particular,theefficiently
radiatingmodes •D. Feit andM. Junger,Sound,Structures,
and TheirInteraction(MIT,
correspond approximately to supersonicsurface wave Cambridge,MA, 1972).
numbers,and the weakly radiatingmodescorrespondto •2Thistechnique
is familiarfromelementary
quantummechanics.
SeeK.
subsonic
wavenumbers.The associated far-fieldpatternsare Gottfried, Quantum Mechanics(Benjamin Cummings, Reading, MA,
1966), Vol. 1, pp. 354-357.
beamscenteredaboutthe Mach angle.The beamwidthsare •3Infact,theHermitianoperatorsoconstructed
isusedin theproofof the
determinedby the lengthof the structure--theability of the existanceof the singularvaluedecomposition
of a generalcomplexma-
structure to resolvewave numbers--and this, in turn, deter- trix, see Ref. 10.
•4I. Stakgold,Green'sFunctions
and BoundaryValueProblems(Wiley,
minesthe numberof radiatingeigenvectors
givenby the
New York, 1979), pp. 335-339.
SVD.
•-•Thedatafor thisexample
wasprovided
by Cambridge
Acoustical
Asso-
The SVD algorithmgeneralizesand unifiesthe two fa- ciates (R. Martinez).

1159 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 88, No. 2, August1990 DouglasM. Photiadis:Wave filteringin radiation 1159

Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 132.250.22.4 On: Wed, 28 Jan 2015 17:29:35