i

HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS AND PERCEPTIONS OF FILIPINO

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department,
Butuan City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Practical Research II

by

R-Chie A. Abarquez
Christoper John B. Baroza
Antonio O. Epil
Joben F. Fuertes
Jerwen Dave A. Julio

October 2018
 ii

APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled, “HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS AND
PERCEPTIONS OF FILIPINO SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: A
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY”, prepared and submitted by R-Chie A. Abarquez,
Christoper John B. Baroza, Antonio O. Epil, Joben F. Fuertes, and Jerwen
Dave A. Julio, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical
Research 2, has been examined and is hereby endorsed for oral examination,
approval and acceptance.

ELMER CONDE, Ph.D

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
APPROVED by the Panel of Examiners with a grade of _______

Virnalisi C. Mindaña, Ed.D.

Chairman

Elmer Conde, Ph.D Jenny Lyn T. Nalupa, Ph. D.

Member Member

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject, Practical

Research 2.

MARLYNE VILLAREAL, MS MARIO ORENDAIN, MS

Track Head Principal II
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to express their gratitude and acknowledgement

to the following whose involvement made this research a success:

To the Almighty God, who enlightened their minds with knowledge and

wisdom, who has helped them to be able to manage the series of activities done

during the research

Their parents and siblings for the financial and moral support that helped the

researchers and inspired them as the study is being conducted;

To the staff of Agusan National High School, most especially to Mr. Mario Y.

Orendain, Principal II of the Senior High School Department, for giving us the

permission to conduct the study in this school.

To their Research Adviser, Mr. Elmer Conde, for the unsurpassed knowledge

and intellectual supervision that he has imparted to us, for the insightful advices,

suggestions and guidelines that made the research concrete;

To their classmates, schoolmates, and friends who have helped the

researchers, not only in the sampling, but also for giving sound advices and

encouragement which enlightened the researchers’ mind;

With you all, this study was made possible. From the bottom of our hearts,

thanks a lot to all of you

 iv

ABSTRACT

HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS AND PERCEPTIONS OF FILIPINO

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

R-CHIE A. ABARQUEZ
CHRISTOPER JOHN B. BAROZA
ANTONIO O. EPIL
JOBEN F. FUERTES
JERWEN DAVE A. JULIO

The main goal of this study is to describe the current health and lifestyle
behaviors and perceptions of Filipino senior high school students, as well as the
relationship of sex and the said perceptions. The study follows a descriptive survey
research design and uses simple t-test with equal variance. A total of 181 students;
81 males and 100 females – were employed to participate in the study. Using the
Adolescent Lifestyle Questionnaire (ALQ), it was found that the adolescents
prioritize their safety the most, while physical participation scored the least. No
significant difference was found between the means scores of male and female
respondents. Thus, sex does not have a significant effect on health and lifestyle
behaviors and perceptions of adolescents. At the end of the study, it is
recommended that a more updated instrument be used to better cater to the new
generation of adolescent, especially on this digital age.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title page ……………………………………………………………………… i

Approval Sheet ……………………………………………………………….. ii

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………… iii

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………. iv

Table of Contents …………………………………………………………… v

List of Tables ………………………………………………………………… vii

List of Figures ……………………………………………………………….. viii

List of Appendices …………………………………………………………... ix

CHAPTER

1. THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Background of the Study ……………………………………. 1

Review of Related Literature ……………………………….. 3

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………… 7

Research Paradigm ………………………………………….. 8

 vi

Statement of the Problem …………………………………… 8

Hypothesis ……………………………………………………. 9

Significance of the Study ……………………………………. 9

Definition of Terms …………………………………………… 10

Scope and Limitations ………………………………………... 11

2. METHOD

Research Design ……………………………………………… 12

Research Respondents ………………………………………. 12

Research Instrument ………………………………………….. 14

Research Procedure …………………………………………... 14

Statistical Tool ………………………………………………….. 15

3 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

Identity Awareness …………………………………………….. 17

Nutrition …………………………………………………………. 17

Physical Participation …………………………………………. 18

Safety ...…………………………………………………………. 19

Health Awareness ……………………………………………... 19

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Social Support ……………………………………………......... 20

Stress Management …………………………………………... 21

4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary ………………………………………………………. 23

Findings ………………………………………………………… 24

Conclusion ……………………………………………………... 24

Recommendation ……………………………………………… 25

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….. xi

APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………… xvi

CURRICULUM VITAE………………………………………………………….. xxiv

 viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Respondent distribution by strand, section, and sex ………… …... 13

2 Respondent mean scores by sex …………………………………… 16

 ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Relationship of sex and perceived ………………………………… 8

health and lifestyle behaviors

2 A map showing the locale of the study …………………………….. 13

3 Graphical representation of means scores by domain …………… 22

 x

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

A Letter for the ANHS-SHS Principal ………………………….. xvi

B Letter for the Respondents …………………………………… xvii

C Adolescent Lifestyle Questionnaire …………………………. xviii

D Answer Sheet ………………………………………………….. xxii

E Sample Calculations and Statistical Output ………………… xxiii

 1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Background of the Study

During adolescence, health and lifestyle changes are observed, mainly as a

response to the drastic physical and psychological development of the body (Harris

et al., 2003). This study, thus, focuses on describing the current situation of Filipino

adolescent health and lifestyle behaviors, with an emphasis on seven domains of

adolescent lifestyle: identity awareness, nutrition, physical participation, safety,

health awareness, social support, and stress management (Gillis, 1997).

Adolescents have since adapted to the ever-growing presence of technology

in society. As a result, lifestyle activities like sedentarism, sleep deprivation, and

antisocial behaviors have emerged and have been increasing globally (Hoare et al.,

2016; Chaput & Dutil, 2016; Clark & Giacomantonio, 2013). Risky behaviors like

smoking, drinking alcohol, and reckless driving are also observed at this stage, with

74.4% of adolescents having been subject to at least one driving offense, and 41.2%

of these cases being serious offenses – with 6.8% being alcohol-related (Shope et

al., 1999). Social support has been declining in developed western nations, with

30% of adolescents receiving little to no social support from their family and 30.9%
 2

from friends; 40% of said adolescents resort to bullying as a coping mechanism

(Malecki & Demaray, 2002; Rothon et al., 2011).

It has been previously described that Filipino youth experience problems on

the domains of safety, nutrition, social support, and stress management (Young

Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study in the Philippines, 2013). Not wearing of seatbelts

and drunk driving are leading causes of driving accidents (World Health

Organization - Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2011). Adolescent nutrition

habits are leaning towards high-fat, high-sodium diets – particularly for among

students in urban areas (Magbuhat et al., 2011). While Filipino adolescent social

support is still higher than most western countries, it is on a rather alarming decline

in the past decade (Lapeña et al., 2009; Guevarra & Cimanes, 2017). There is a

global rise in trends for negative health and lifestyle behavior among adolescents.

Therefore, there is a burgeoning need to describe, investigate, and study the

situation of adolescent health and lifestyle trends in the modern Filipino context.
 3

Review of Related Literature

The World Health Organization (1948) formulated the definition of health as “a

state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence

of disease or infirmity”. Adolescence is a very important time for a person to form

their health status (Mechanic & Hansel, 1987; Vinglis et al, 2002, 2007). For most

individuals, health-related behaviors such as the consumption of alcohol, smoking,

drug use, nutrition, and physical activity are established during this period (Sharma

et al, 2016). The Demographic Research and Development Foundation & University

of the Philippines Population Institute (2014) revealed that 92.4% of young Filipinos

when asked to assess the state of their health reported themselves as either of

average health, above average or very healthy while 7.6% assessed themselves to

be in poor health. In a similar study by the Gibraltar Health Authority (2014), 57% of

respondents aged 16-24 stated that their health is Good and 39% said Very Good,

while no one of them rated their health as Bad or Very Bad. These findings were

higher compared to other age groups.

Dietary behaviors are learned and retained from a young age to adulthood

which means healthy eating habits can still be developed during childhood (Herouvi

et al, 2013). A healthy and balanced diet is important for the normal growth and

good cognitive development of an adolescent. Rapid growth increases the need of

the body for energy and essential nutrients particularly at a young age (Cooke, 2007;
 4

Spear, 2002). Lack of essential nutrients such as calcium, iron and certain vitamins

results to poor health.

Factors causing it are the increasing popularity of snacks and the high fat and

sugar intake of children and adolescents (Currie, 2014). Erenoglu et al (2012) in his

study of Turkish primary students states that most obese students eat less fruits and

vegetables while having more dessert after any meal and consume potato chips

usually. Thus, nutrition guides consistently recommend children, adolescence and

adults to eat more fruits and vegetables in a daily basis (Krebs-Smith & Kantor,

2001).

Alcohol use has increased at an alarming rate among Finnish under-aged

adolescents (Lintonen et. al., 2000), especially within the age bracket of 14-year-

olds. The trend has persisted, even if the matter has received scientific (Ahlstrom et.

al., 1999), body (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 1993) and public (Piispa,

1999) attention. Identifying risk and protecting factors are important considerations

when studying adolescent drinking (Plant, 1992; Bergmark & Anderson, 1999;

Windle, 1999). Also, at this stage adolescents tend to experiment and engage in

what are called “drawback behaviors” such as substance use, delinquency, and

gambling (Jensen, 2003; Strange & Sorensen, 2008). Rooted societal disapproval of

these behaviors result with strong social sanctions.

Furthermore, in the problem-behavior theory (Jessor & Jessor, 1977),

involvement in one such problem is linked to an increase of being concerned in

another. This domino effect further marginalizes the affected teens and as a result,
 5

compromises their transition from childhood to adolescence to adulthood – with

great impact to mental well-being, health, and safety.

The World Health Organization (2011) states that stress is the second among

the most frequent problems of our times, it affects both the physical and mental

health of a person. It is also defined as a situation where an individual's homeostasis

is threatened or perceives a situation as threatening (Chrousos & Gold, 1992).

Stress is a common factor in life as we develop, and adolescents are not exempted

from this (Compas, 1993). The role of stress in an individual's life depends on how

the individual copes up with the stress. Adaptive coping responses may minimize

some stressful experiences while other patterns of coping may worsen stress and

contribute to long-term, widespread negative outcomes.

The common stressors of adolescents are the increasing academic pressure,

academic achievement, parental control, sibling and parental conflict, peer pressure,

romantic relationship problems, body image, social issues, relationships, violence

and death. Low social economic status of adolescents also plays a part in increased

adolescent stress, affecting overall well-being (de Anda et al, 2000; Gallo &

Matthews, 2003; Persike and Seiffge-Krenke, 2012; Spirito et al, 1999). This directly

results in distress and anti-social tendencies (Huli, 2014)

Social support can be defined as a social resource between a relationship of

two people that involve either the presence or the implication of stable human

relationships (Turner and Turner, 1999). A person's perception of social support is

different from the actual support they receive, this thought could strongly affect their
 6

mental health (Dunkel-Schetter and Bennett, 1990; Turner and Turner, 1999). Social

support can be expressed using emotions and help in terms of finance and

information. Relationships with strong social support result in increased confidence,

well-being, and coping, while on the contrary, low mental and physical health is

observed in people who receive less social support (Cohen et al, 2000; Reevyl &

Maslach, 2001).

Gaertner et al (2010) revealed that parents and friends are important

providers of social support to an adolescent. In general, research suggests that the

best outcomes for adolescents and children are associated with authoritative

parenting, although there is some evidence that this influence may vary by ethnic

and cultural groups and by the child’s socioeconomic status (Dornbusch, 1996).

Parent's support and warmness presumes to enhance the social, emotional

and moral competence of a child. They more likely embrace their parent's values if

they see their relationship with their parents as responsive. They also are presumed

to acquire positive affective orientations that generalize to others through their

positive relationship with their parents. (Kochanska & Thompson, 1997; Putallaz &

Heflin, 1990)
 7

Theoretical Framework

This paper is grounded on the psychosocial development theory of Erik

Erikson, as described by Waterman (1982). Eriskon’s theory identifies the

psychosocial working of humans by defining the primary psychosocial goals for each

of the eight stages in human development. This theory includes an “adolescence”

stage for people aged 12 to 19 years old. The Adolescence stage is characterized

by the psychosocial crisis of “Identity vs. Role Confusion”, emphasizing on the

youth’s conflicts in seeking their identity.

In the theory, adolescence is an especially important stage since most of

maturity and identification occurs during this phase (Rosenthal et al., 1981). There is

an increased pressure in identification and thus, adolescents are more likely to take

risks for the sake of finding one’s self. This risk extends to health and lifestyle, since

these domains are central to human development and is generally internalized

during adolescence.

The main variables in the study, adolescent health and lifestyle, are directly

affected by adolescent behaviors stimulated by their growth and development. This

effect is described in the psychosocial development theory. Particularly on how

adolescents react to the dynamic environment of transitioning from dependence to

independence and maturity.

 8

Research Paradigm

- Adolescent health
- Sex and lifestyle
behaviors

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Figure 1. Relationship of Sex and Perceived Health and Lifestyle Behaviors

Statement of the Problem

The study describes the current health and lifestyle behaviors of Filipino

Senior High School students in the modern context. Specifically, it answers the

following questions:

1. What are the prevalent health and lifestyle behaviors of Filipino

adolescents?

2. Is there a significant difference in the health characterization of the

respondents when grouped according to sex?

 9

Hypothesis

The study discerns these two possible outcomes at the end of data analysis

by statistical means:

H0. There is no significant difference in the health characterization of the

respondents when grouped according to sex.

H1. There is a significant difference in the health characterization of the

respondents when grouped according to sex.

Significance of the Study

The study is expected to benefit the following:

1. Department of Health - the department will benefit from the research since it

describes the current situation of health and lifestyle among Filipino

adolescents. This could be used to implement better systems to cater to

adolescent health needs or to develop the current systems in place.

2. Local/barangay officials - they could use the results of the study to tackle

specific problems regarding adolescent health within the community. They

could invest more heavily on certain facets of adolescent health which they

have not done so before, to address the problem more efficiently.

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3. Parents/Guardians - the parents and guardians have a significant role in

adolescent development. In most cases, the parents still provide a majority of

the emotional and economic support for the adolescent. It is important for

them to give the proper resources and support to their adolescent children.

4. Adolescents and peers - the results of this study will most greatly benefit the

adolescents themselves. The study gives an outline of where they lack in

terms of health and lifestyle, allowing them to reflect on how to address these

issues. Furthermore, this also lets them influence their adolescent peers to

better focus on their own health and lifestyle behaviors.

Definition of Terms

The following terms have been operationally defined for the convenience of the

readers:

1. Health – using the definition given by the World Health Organization, it is a

state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the

absence of disease or infirmity.

2. Lifestyle – the way in which a person lives.

3. Behavior – the manners and habits exhibited by individuals regarding health

and lifestyle.
 11

4. Perception – the concepts and ideas developed by individuals regarding

health and lifestyle.

5. Senior High School Students – these are Grade 11 and Grade 12 students

from Agusan National High School, and are separated into three stands:

STEM, ABM, and HUMSS.

6. Descriptive Study – this research design merely provides a description of

means and a simple analysis using t-test to interpret the means.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study focused solely on describing the behaviors and perceptions of

Filipino Senior High School students toward their health and lifestyle. The study was

limited by emphasizing the seven domains of adolescent lifestyle by (Gillis, 1997):

identity awareness, nutrition, physical participation, safety, health awareness, social

support, and stress management. The study was only conducted in the Agusan

National High School - Senior High School department located at T. Sanchez Street,

Butuan City. The respondents were limited to 181 Grade 12 students from the

Accountancy Business and Management (ABM) Strand and the Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand utilizing the purposive

form of sampling. The study was conducted from July to October 2018.
 12

Chapter 2

METHOD

Research Design

The main objective of this study is to determine the health and lifestyle

behaviors of Filipino adolescents. With that, the researchers used a descriptive

survey research design, since no comparisons among the different domains was

done. Only a simple description of the apparent adolescent health and lifestyle

behaviors was given based on the survey was conducted.

Research Respondents

The researchers employed the purposive sampling technique with limitations

in the gathering of respondents. The respondents were students from selected

sections from Grade 12 Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) strand and

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand of Agusan

National High School – Senior High School Department located at T. Sanchez

Street, Butuan City, beside Butuan City SPED Center. The researchers limited the
 13

total respondents to the available population of students from sections Grade 12 -

Maxwell, Grade 12 - Rutherford, Grade 12 - Carnegie and Grade 12 – Rockefeller.

The respondents were selected for they are knowledgeable enough to answer the

research tools presented to them by the researchers for the completion of the

study’s data collection.

SEX
STRAND SECTION MALE FEMALE TOTAL
XII - MAXWELL 23 26 49
STEM
XII - RUTHERFORD 33 24 57

XII - CARNEGIE 16 21 37
ABM
XII - ROCKEFELLER 9 29 38

Total No. of Respondents: 181

Table 1. Respondent Distribution by Strand, Section, and Sex

Figure 2. A map showing the locale of the study

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Research Instruments

The researchers utilized the Adolescent Lifestyle Questionnaire (ALQ)

developed by Gillis (1997) to determine health and lifestyle behaviors of Filipino

adolescents. The questionnaire contained 43 questions given in a 4-point Likert

scale, with responses ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The middle

or “neither agree nor disagree” value has been removed for statistical consistency in

this particular research environment. The Adolescent Lifestyle Questionnaire tackled

on the seven domains of adolescent health, namely: identity awareness, nutrition,

physical participation, safety, health awareness, social support, and stress

management. All the instruments given were written in English and Visayan for

easier comprehension among the respondents.

Research Procedure

The researchers provided a letter of approval to the school authorities before

conducting the survey. This letter was signed by the Agusan National High School –

Senior High School Assistant Principal, the Academic Track Head, and the

Research Adviser. The testing occurred within Agusan National High School only,
 15

specifically among the students of sections: STEM 12-Rutherford, STEM 12-

Maxwell, ABM 12-Carnegie, and ABM 12-Rockefeller.

The researchers approached each of these classes and asked permission

from the teacher in-charge at that time before doing the survey. The respondents

were briefed about the study and a short description of the research objectives was

revealed, as well as the promise to maintain confidentiality and privacy of the

respondents’ answers. The questionnaire was given to each respondent, and 20

minutes was allotted for the conduct of the survey. The collected data was then

subjected to statistical analysis

Statistical Tool

The researchers used mean to consolidate the number of answers in every

question. It followed that the variance and standard deviation was also taken from

these means to calculate for consistency. T-test with equal variance was used to

identify the significant difference between the answers of male and female senior

high school students.

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Chapter 3

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

The main variables studied are Filipino Senior High School students grouped

according to sex. The seven domains as described by Gillis (1997) were central in

compartmentalizing the responses into subheadings corresponding to a separate

and definite factor of adolescent health. The domains are as follows: identity

awareness, nutrition, physical participation, safety, health awareness, social support,

and stress management. Comparisons are done after statistical analysis by t-test

with equal variance using 95% confidence level or α = 0.05.

TOTAL
DOMAIN FEMALE V.D MALE V.D. V.D.
MEAN
Identity
3.4 ALWAYS 3.34 OFTEN 3.37 ALWAYS
Awareness

Nutrition 2.27 OFTEN 2.35 RARELY 2.31 RARELY

Physical
1.92 RARELY 2.24 RARELY 2.08 RARELY
Participation

Safety 3.53 ALWAYS 3.38 ALWAYS 3.46 ALWAYS

Health
2.25 RARELY 2.23 RARELY 2.24 RARELY
Awareness
Social
3.24 OFTEN 3.15 OFTEN 3.20 OFTEN
Support
Stress
2.77 OFTEN 2.72 OFTEN 2.75 OFTEN
Management
Table 2. Respondent Mean Scores by Sex
 17

Identity Awareness

The first domain, identity awareness, garnered high scores with a mean of

3.37 described as “ALWAYS” in the scale. In general, identity awareness – which

includes happiness, contentment, belief, and life goals – scores 9.03% lower than

those recorded in a similar study done by van Workum, et al. (2013) on identity and

happiness of Dutch girls. However, the score is higher than those found in the study

of Fararouei, et al. (2013) on happiness and health of Iranian adolescents with a

mean score 23.5% lower than those collected in this study.

It is worth noting that the mean score of female respondents (3.4)

corresponding to identity awareness is higher than ones found in male respondents

(3.34). This indicates that females are more likely able to identify themselves to

certain backgrounds compared to males. Though statistically, the scores are not

significantly different. This agrees with Garcia (2011) wherein he found that

differences in gender scores for self-esteem and sense of purpose tests are not

significant (P<0.001).

Nutrition

In nutrition, the mean score is 2.31 with a description of “RARELY”. Nutrition

primarily focuses on dietary nutrition and food intake of adolescents. The mean

score indicates a rather low priority for nutrition and diet. Vereecken, et al. (2005)

observed similar results, where adolescents from Greenland, Spain, and Malta
 18

scored lower on dietary health scores. Australian adolescents also scored lower, as

only less than half consume various fruits and vegetables daily (Giskes, et al., 2002).

The study found no statistically significant difference between male and

female means scores, even though the mean score for males is higher than that of

females. Higher male scores are also found among adolescents from Austria,

Turkey, and Japan (Walther, et al., 2014; Erenoglu, Ayranci, & Son, 2012; Osera, et

al., 2017). In contrast, scores for Ukrainian, Israeli, and Polish adolescents are

higher than what is found in this study (Vereecken, De Henauw, & Maes, 2005).

Physical Participation

Physical participation includes organized team sports, exercise, and other

physical activities like walking and swimming. The domain received the lowest

overall mean score of 2.08, described as “RARELY”. The result is true in cases from

Czech Republic and Australia where physical activity also scores low in priority and

attention among adolescents, but scores on sports participation are higher and

increasing in Iceland and Belgium (Booth, Rowlands, & Dollman, 2014).

Females are significantly less physically participative compared to males,

scoring 14.2% lower than their counterpart. This trend has also been seen among

American teenagers where there is as much as 18% difference in physical activity

participation between males and females in school (Wu, et al., 2006). Similar scores

among males and females are observed in team sports participation (P<0.001).
 19

Safety

The highest mean score among the seven variables are observed in safety. It

is the only domain to be interpreted as “ALWAYS” with a mean score of 3.46. Safety

includes car safety, avoidance of vices like tobacco, alcohol, and drugs, and being

sexually responsible. The high score is also observed in most states around the

world, particularly in Finland and Sweden where there are 13% fewer tobacco

smokers and alcohol drinking adolescents (Sourander, et al., 2012; Garmy, et al.,

2012).

Statistically, there is no significant difference between male and female safety

scores. Comparing to Lui, et al. (2016), the results follow that Chinese females are

also very less likely to smoke compared to males, while Finnish adolescents are

significantly more likely to smoke and drink regardless of sex (P=0.337). The gender

difference was also found in Hungarian adolescents where males are two time more

likely to smoke heavily than females (Penzes, et al., 2012).

Health Awareness

This domain deals with how adolescents address health problems. Health

awareness scores are generally low with a score of 2.24 or “RARELY”. The lack of

openness to discuss about health issues among adolescents are also observed in

rural Australian teenagers (Quine, et al., 2003). The main factor behind this is

embarrassment and fear of being stigmatized (Gulliver, Griffiths, & Christensen,

 20

2010). Similar results are observed in most other studies, wherein even though

teenagers are feeling unwell, they do not feel comfortable communicating this to

health professionals.

There is no significant difference found when means are grouped according

to sex. This contrasts with most studies particularly the one done by Tsai, et al.

(2013), where it is observed that males are less aware of their health problems

compared to females. The same is also true for American female adolescents, who

are also more likely to approach professional healthcare services in schools

(Amaral, et al., 2011).

Social Support

This domains tackles on the social interactions of adolescents with others,

such as approaching others for help when needed and the disclosure of feelings to

others. The mean score is 3.20 or “OFTEN” which is proportionally higher compared

to America (Canty-Mitchell & Zimet, 2000), but the opposite is true for Turkish

teenagers (Ikiz & Cakar, 2010).

The scores are not significantly different when grouped according to sex,

indicating that gender does not play a big role in perceived social support scores.

This claim is supported by Liable & Carlo (2004) in their study on the gender

differences of social perception, where they had stated that social support is
 21

perceived equally by both genders and that there is no significant difference

between these two sexes.

Stress Management

This domain mainly tackles on how adolescents cope up with stress. This

domain garnered a mean score of 2.75 or “OTFEN” in the scale. This is higher than

the ones found in a similar study on Filipino students (Tamanal, Park, & Kim, 2017).

Adolescents from Sweden and Mexico scored higher and it is suggested that ease of

access to better and more effective coping mechanisms are the cause of this effect

(Kobus & Reyes, 2000; Wiklund, et al., 2012).

There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of

male and female respondents. The same has been found by Finkelstein, et al.

(2006), in their study on the psychological stress perceptions by strata, where they

found that gender does not have a role in stress management and coping (P<0.001).

This is contested by Hampel & Peterman (2005) who had observed that girls have a

higher score and suggested that Austrian girls receive social support more positively

compared to boys.
 22

Respondent Mean Score Per Domain

4

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
IA NUT PP SAF HA SS SM

Males Females

Figure 3. Graphical representation of mean scores by domain.

 23

Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalent health and

lifestyle behaviors of Filipino adolescents. The instrument used was developed by

Gillis (1997) and focuses on seven domains of adolescent health and lifestyle. After

the course of this research, the following have been inferred:

1. The general landscape of Filipino adolescent health and lifestyle varies

with respects to the specific domains. Filipino adolescents score higher on

identity awareness, safety, and social support, but score significantly lower

for nutrition and physical participation. When compared to other states, the

scores differ greatly and there is no definitive domain that Filipino

adolescents dominate at.

2. In general, there is little to no significant difference in the deduced scores

for health and lifestyle behaviors between males and females.

Descriptively, males score higher in physical participation and nutrition,

while females score high in safety and identity awareness. This statement

is true to most other researches conducted in other countries.

 24

Findings of the Study

After subjected to statistical analysis by t-test with equal variance, the

following statements are gathered:

1. The domain with the highest mean score is for safety with a mean score 3.46,

followed by identity awareness (3.37), social support (3.20), and stress

management (2.75). Physical participation garnered the lowest mean score

(2.08) followed by health awareness (2.24) and nutrition (2.31).

2. The P-value is greater than the set alpha = 0.05, therefore, there is no

statistical difference in the mean scores of male and female adolescents

(P>α). Males have a higher general mean score than females, but the

difference is statistically insignificant. Females have better scores for safety

and identity awareness but score much lower in physical participation.

Conclusions

To answer the research problems previously described in the study, the

scores were subjected to statistical analysis and descriptive interpretations.

Therefore:

1. Filipino adolescents, in general, always prioritize on safety.

2. Filipino adolescents only rarely prioritize on physical participation and

nutrition.
 25

3. Female adolescents are more aware of their own identity and are careful

when it comes to safety but are not so physically active.

4. Male adolescents tend to eat more nutritiously and are more physically active

than their counterpart.

5. There is no significant difference in the overall perceptions and behaviors of

Filipino adolescents when grouped by sex.

Recommendations

Based on the findings, it is highly recommended for future studies to:

1. Bring emphasis on more specific factors and domains of adolescent health

and lifestyle to better evaluate the holistic background of adolescent health.

2. Use an updated tool to cater specifically to the modern adolescents, with the

inclusion of social media and technology as a factor for health.

 xi

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 xvi

Appendix A

LETTER FOR THE ANHS-SHS PRINCIPAL

Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
Division of Butuan City
Agusan National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
T. Sanchez St., Butuan City
September 13, 2018
MARIO Y. ORENDAIN
SHS – Principal II
Agusan National High School
Sir:
Good day!
We are Grade 12 students from section Lagrange of Agusan National High School –
Senior High School Department – Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Strand. In fulfillment of our partial requirement in Practical Research 2, we are currently
conducting a quantitative research on the health and lifestyle behaviors of Filipino senior
high school students.
In light of this, we would like to ask permission from your good office to allow us to
formally conduct a descriptive survey within the school premises. The respondents of our
study are the students of sections: XII – Maxwell, XII – Rutherford, XII – Carnegie, and XII –
Rockefeller.
We hope for your favorable response on this matter.

Truly yours,
R-CHIE A. ABARQUEZ
CHRISTOPER JOHN B. BAROZA
ANTONIO O. EPIL III
JOBEN F. FUERTES
JERWEN DAVE A. JULIO

Noted:

ELMER A.F. CONDE

Research Teacher

Recommending approval: Approved:

MARLYNE M. VILLAREAL MARIO Y. ORENDAIN

Academic Track Head/MT-I SHS – Principal II
 xvii

Appendix B

LETTER FOR THE RESPONDENTS

Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
Division of Butuan City
Agusan National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
T. Sanchez St., Butuan City

INFORMED CONSENT FOR PARTICIPATION

HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS AND PERCEPTIONS OF FILIPINO SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS:
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Respondent No.: ____________

The study focuses on the health and lifestyle behaviors of Filipino senior high
schools, as well as their perceptions and actions in response to this. The respondents of the
study are selected from Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, and
Accountancy and Business Management strands of Agusan National High School – Senior
High School Department, provided that they are part of the sections selected for the study.
Specifically, the respondents are the universal population of sections XII – Maxwell, XII –
Rutherford, XII – Carnegie, and XII – Rockefeller.
In order to collect data for the study, the researchers humbly invite you to participate
in this survey. This will constitute only one questionnaire and will not take up more than 20
minutes. The researchers guarantee that any and all information gathered in the process of
this data collection will remain confidential and will only be accessible by the researchers,
the research adviser, and the panelists.
This research survey is voluntary, and the respondents may choose not to participate
and withdraw his/her consent at any time.

This indicates that I have read this letter and give my consent to participate in this research
study:

_______________________
Respondent’s signature
 xviii

Appendix C

ADOLESCENT LIFESTYLE QUESTIONNAIRE

Guidelines: 1. On top of your answer sheet, fill in your general information

including your participant number, which will be based on the
participant number written on this questionnaire.
(Isulat sa imo answer sheet ang heneral nga impormasyon
mahitungod sa imo kaugalingon, apil na ang imo participant
number nga gina basehan sa participant number nga nakasulat
sa taas niini nga questionnaire.)
2. Each question is written in English and Bisaya for your
convenience.
(Ang mga pangutana niini nga questionnaire kay nakasulat sa
Iningles og Binasaya para sa imong kasayonan.)
3. On your answer sheet, check the box corresponding to your
honest answer using the scale:
(Sa imo answer sheet, i-tsek ang box nga na-uyon sa imong
tubag.)
4 - always
(kanunay)
3 - most of the time
(kasagaran)
2 - sometimes
(usahay)
1 - never
(dili gayud)
4. Do not leave any marks on this questionnaire
(Ayaw pagbilin og bisan unsang marka sa niini nga
questionnaire.)

I. Identity Awareness

1. I like who I am
(Gusto nako kung kinsa ko)

2. I know my strengths and weaknesses

(Kabalo ko sa akong mga kabaskog ug kaluyahon)
 xix

3. I am happy and content

(Nalipay og nakontento ko sa ako kinabuhi)

4. I look forward to the future

(Naglantaw ko sa akong kaugmaon)

5. I set goals for myself

(Nagbuhat kog mga pangandoy para sa akong kaugalingon)

6. I examine my beliefs
(Nagasusi ko ka akong mga pagtuo)

7. My life has purpose

(Naay pulos ang ako kinabuhi)
8. I try to do my best
(Ginabuhat nako ang tanan nga akong makaya)

9. I am confident about my beliefs

(Naa koy pagsalig sa akong mga pagtuo)

II. Nutrition

1. I read food labels

(Ginabasa nako ang mga label sa pagkaon)

2. I follow a healthy diet

(Naa koy ginasunod nga diet)

3. I limit foods high in fat

(Ginalimitahan nako ang mga pagkaon nga daghan og taba)

4. I limit foods high in salt

(Ginalimitahan nako ang mga pagkaon nga parat)
5. I limit foods high in sugar
(Ginalimitahan nako ang mga pagkaon nga tam-is)

6. I choose healthy snacks

(Ginapili nako ang mga healthy nga snack)

7. I limit junk food

(Ginalimitahan nako ang pagkain sa mga junk food)

8. I choose food without additives

(Ginapili nako ang mga pagkaon nga walay gidagdag nga additive)
 xx

III. Physical Participation

1. I run, take long walks, dance, or swim 3-4 times weekly

(Ika-tulo o ika-upat sa usa ka semana ko naga-dagan, naga-lakaw og lagyo,
naga-sayaw, o naga-langoy)

2. I participate in sports at school

(Naga-apil ko og mga isport sa eskwelahan)

3. I exercise vigorously for 30 minutes, 3 times a week

(Padayon ko nga naga-ehersisyo 30 ka minuto, ika-tulo sa isa ka semana)

4. I play sports 3 times a week

(Ika-tulo sa isa ka semana ko naga-dula og isports)

IV. Safety
1. I wear seatbelts in automobile
(Naga-suot ko og seatbelt sa sakyanan)

2. I avoid doing drugs

(Galikay ko sa impluwensiya sa droga)

3. I refuse a drive if the driver is drinking

(Mubalibad ko og sakay kung hubog ang drayber)

4. I avoid tobacco products

(Galikay ko sa mga produktong naay tabako)

5. I avoid alcohol
(Galikay ko sa alkohol)

6. I make informed choices when it comes to sexual relationships

(Nagabuhat ko og saktong desisyon bahin sa mga sekswal nga relasyon)

7. I use protection if sexually active

(Maggamit kog proteksyon kung aktibo ako sa mga sekswal nga relasyon)

V. Health Awareness

1. I report unusual body changes

(Gina-report nako kung nay mga pag-bago sa akong kalawasan)

2. I talk to a teacher or nurse ways to improve my health

(Naga-storya ko sa usa ka magtutudlo o nars mahitungod sa kung unsaon
pagpalambo sa akoang panglawas)

3. I read magazines about health topics

 xxi

(Nagabasa ko ug mga magasin nga nagahisgot mahitungod sa panglawas sa

isa ka tao)

4. I discuss health issues with others

(Nagahisgut ko mahitungod sa mga isyu sa panglawas sa uban tao)

VI. Social Support

1. I discuss problems with people close to me

(Gina-ingon nako ang akong mga problema sa mga tao nga suod nako)

2. I enjoy spending time with my friends

(Malingaw ko nga makig-uban sa akong mga amigo)
3. I express my concerns to others
(Ginapadayag nako akong mga kabalaka sa uban)

4. I have good friendships with girls and guys my age

(Naa koy maayo nga pakig-amigo sa mga lalake ug babae nga kaedad nako)

5. If I had a problem, I would have people to turn to

(Kung naa koy problem, naay mga tao nga akoang maduolan)

6. I can express my feelings to others

(Makapadayag ko sa akong mga pagbati sa uban)

7. If I needed help, I could turn to family, friends, teachers, and coaches

(Kung nanginahanglan kog tabang, naa koy pamilya, mga amigo, magtutudlo
ug tigbansay nga maduolan)

VII. Stress Management

1. I exercise to control my stress

(Naga-ehersisyo ko aron makontrol nako ang stress)

2. I use helpful strategies to deal with stress

(Nagagamit kog mga makatabang nga estratehiya sa pagsagubang sa stress)

3. I use spiritual beliefs to deal with stress

(Nagagamit kog pagtuong espirituwal sa pagsagubang sa stress)

4. I talk to my friends about my stress

(Naga-storya ko sa akong mga amigo mahitungod sa akong stress)
 xxii

Appendix D

ANSWER SHEET

General Information
1. Sex Male Female

2. Strand STEM ABM HUMSS

3. Section: _______________

4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
always most of sometimes never always most of sometimes never
the time the time
I. Identity Awareness IV. Safety
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 V. Health Awareness
9 1
II. Nutrition 2
1 3
2 4
3 VI. Social Support
4 1
5 2
6 3
7 4
8 5
III. Physical Participation 6
1 7
2 VII. Stress Management
3 1
4 2
3
4
 xxiii

Appendix E

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS AND STATISTICAL OUTPUT

DOMAIN FEMALE V.I MALE V.I

IA 3.4 ALWAYS 3.34 OFTEN
NU 2.27 RARELY 2.35 RARELY
PP 1.92 RARELY 2.24 RARELY
SAF 3.53 ALWAYS 3.38 ALWAYS
HA 2.25 RARELY 2.23 RARELY
SS 3.24 OFTEN 3.15 OFTEN
SM 2.77 OFTEN 2.72 OFTEN

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

FEMALE MALE
Mean 2.768571 2.772857
Variance 0.406381 0.265457
Observations 7 7
Pooled Variance 0.335919
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.98919
Note: p-value tested using alpha at 0.05

RESULT the p value is higher than alpha = 0.05

DECISION accept null hypothesis
there is no significant difference between males and females in terms of their
health and lifestyle activities
ANALYSIS all respondents, regardless of sex, have the same priorities regarding their
health and lifestyle activities

Cronbach alpha test for reliability of instrument

Cronbach k 43
Alpha k-1 42
sssd 35.63334
sstsd 1269.735
alpha 0.995078
 xxiv

CURRICULUM VITAE

R-CHIE A. ABARQUEZ
Purok 1A- Ora
Baan Km. 3, Butuan City
rchie_abarquez@yahoo.com
09123456789

Summary of Qualifications
Personal Details
Name: R-chie A. Abarquez
Gender: Male
Age: 18 years old
Birth Date: March 29, 2000
Birth Place: Butuan City
Father: Rolando E. Abarquez
Mother:

Educational Background
Name of School School Year
Primary:
Butuan Central Elementary School 2007 – 2013
Secondary:
Junior High School
Agusan National High School 2013 – 2017
Senior High School
Agusan National High School 2017 – present
 xxv

CURRICULUM VITAE

CHRISTOPER JOHN B. BAROZA

Purok 2B
Baan Riverside, Butuan City
jcjaybaroza@gmail.com
09987654321

Summary of Qualifications
Personal Details
Name: Christoper John B. Baroza
Gender: Male
Age: 17 years old
Birth Date: March 6, 2001
Birth Place: Butuan City
Father: Leonardo O. Baroza Sr.
Mother: Grace S. Bolongon

Educational Background
Name of School School Year
Primary:
Ibarra Elementary School 2007 – 2013
Secondary:
Junior High School
Ibarra National High School 2013 – 2017
Senior High School
Agusan National High School 2017 – present
 xxvi

CURRICULUM VITAE

ANTONIO O. EPIL III

Purok 6 - Panaghiusa
Ambago, Butuan City
tontonepil@gmail.com
09270283961

Summary of Qualifications
Personal Details
Name: Antonio O. Epil III
Gender: Male
Age: 18 years old
Birth Date: December 10, 1999
Birth Place: Butuan City
Father: Antonio B. Epil Jr.
Mother: Ma. Liza A. Olaivar

Educational Background
Name of School School Year
Primary:
Butuan Central Elementary School 2007 – 2013
Secondary:
Junior High School
Agusan National High School 2013 – 2017
Senior High School
Agusan National High School 2017 – present
 xxvii

CURRICULUM VITAE

JOBEN F. FUERTES
Block 16 Lot 15 Monte Vista Villas,
Villa Kananga, Butuan City
jobenfaz.f@gmail.com
09266320858

Summary of Qualifications
Personal Details
Name: Joben F. Fuertes
Gender: Male
Age: 17 years old
Birth Date: January 10, 2001
Birth Place: Bislig City
Father: Joel Jonah M. Fuertes
Mother: Jinky T. Fazon

Educational Background
Name of School School Year
Primary:
Lyceum of Cebu 2007 – 2009
CFC – School of the Morning Star 2009 – 2010
Secondary:
Junior High School
Agusan National High School 2013 – 2017
Senior High School
Agusan National High School 2017 – present
 xxviii

CURRICULUM VITAE

JERWEN DAVE A. JULIO

Block 1 Lot 17 Princess Homes 3
San Vicente, Butuan City
jerwendave@gmail.com
09387641704

Summary of Qualifications
Personal Details
Name: Jerwen Dave A. Julio
Gender: Male
Age: 18 years old
Birth Date: July 16, 2000
Birth Place: Butuan City
Father: Fernando G. Julio
Mother: Estrella Q. Antig

Educational Background
Name of School School Year
Primary:
Cabadbaran Baptist Academy 2007 – 2009
Northern Mindanao Colleges 2009 – 2011
Butuan Christian Community School 2011 – 2013
Secondary:
Junior High School
Butuan Christian Community School 2013 – 2017
Senior High School
Agusan National High School 2017 – present