Tutorial Seminar On Power System Protection Automation 2 PDF

(KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT)
Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
Tutorial on Power System Protection &

Automation
Contribution By
Mr. Rajkumar Rastogi
(HOG-Protection & Testing)
Mr. Lalit Kumar
(AM –Protection & testing )
Knowledge Sharing – Make it a way of LIFE

Name of the program Tutorial/Seminar on Power System
attended Protection & Automation
Program conducted by Central Board of Irrigation & Power

(Agency)
Duration of the program From:-25 To 28 February 2014
Faculty/Eminent Speakers 1.Jay Gosalia ( Doble Engineering )

2.Dr. Richard Marenbach (OMICRON)
3.BEIJING SIFANG AUTOMATION CO>
LTD
Program Themes 1. Distance Protection
2. IEC61850
3. Ethernet Communications
4. GOOSE & Process Bus
5. Engineering & Testing

Key Takeaways - Quick Information
Overview of Protection and testing , PMUs, IEC-61850 Fundamental ,
Application & benefits in substation automation and protection
1) Distance protection basics

2) Introduction of PMUs
3) Overview of the IEC-61850
4) Object model and Ethernet communication
5) Goosing concept and usage
6) Station bus and process bus
7) Engineering and Testing

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited Application of learning in participant’s area of responsibility:

APTRANSCO
Transmission Line Protection
Distance Relays: -
Introduction:
The impedance relays also called distance relays are
employed to provide protection to transmission lines
connected in a network as they are economic and possess
several technical advantages.
They are comparatively simple to apply, operate with

extremely high speed, and both primary and backup
protection features are inherent in them.
They can be easily modified to work as unit schemes by
coordinating them with power line carrier facilities and are
suitable for high speed reclosing
4/29/2014
5
APTRANSCO
.
The impedance relay is made to respond to the

impedance between the relay location and the point
where fault is incident.
The impedance is proportional to the distance to the

fault, (hence the name 'distance relay') and is therefore
independent of the fault current levels.
4/29/2014
6
APTRANSCO
Distance Relaying Principle:
A distance relay compares the currents and voltages at

the relaying point with Current providing the operating

torque and the voltage provides the restraining torque.
In other words an impedance relay is a voltage
restrained overcurrent relay.
The equation at the balance point in a simple

impedance relay is K1V2 = K2I2 or V/I = K3 where K1,
K2 and K3 are constants. In other words, the relay is on
the verge of operation at a constant value of V/I ratio,
which may be expressed as an impedance.
4/29/2014
7
APTRANSCO
Since the operating characteristics of the relay depend upon the

ratio of voltage and current and the phase angle between them,
their characteristics can be best represented on an R-X

diagram where both V/I ratio and the phase angle can be
plotted in terms of an impedance R+jX.
The power system impedance like fault impedance, power

swings, loads etc. can also be plotted on the same R-X diagram.
Therefore response of a particular relay during power swing,
faults and other system disturbances can easily be assessed.
4/29/2014
8
APTRANSCO
Types of Distance Relays:

Impedance relay.
Reactance relay.
Mho relay.
Modified impedance relay.
4/29/2014
9
APTRANSCO
Impedance relay:
Characteristics of an impedance relay on R-X diagram is

shown in fig.
Operation of the impedance relay is independent of the phase

angle between V and I.
The operating characteristic is a circle with its center at the

origin, and hence the relay is non-directional.
4/29/2014
10
APTRANSCO
4/29/2014
11
APTRANSCO
Characteristic of Directional Impedance Relay:
Characteristic of a directional impedance relay in the complex R-X

phase is shown in fig.
4/29/2014
12
APTRANSCO
The directional unit of the relay causes

separation of the regions of the relay
characteristic shown in the figure by a line
drawn perpendicular to the line impedance
locus.
The net result is that tripping will occur

only for points that are both within the
circles and above the directional unit
characteristic.
4/29/2014
13
APTRANSCO
The Reactance-type Distance Relay:

Reactance relay measures V/I Sin0 (i.e. Z sin 0 - ). Whenever the
reactance measured by the relay is less than the set value, the relay
operates. The operating characteristic on R-X diagram is shown in fig
4/29/2014
14
APTRANSCO
The resistance component of impedance has no

effect on the operation of reactance relay.
The relay responds solely to reactance component of

impedance.
This relay is inherently non-directional.
The relay is most suitable to detect earth faults

where the effect of arc resistance is appreciable.
4/29/2014
15
APTRANSCO
Mho relay:
This is a directional impedance relay, also known as

admittance relay.
Its characteristic on R-X diagram is a circle whose

circumference passes through the origin as illustrated in
figure.
The relay is inherently directional.
It only operates for faults in the forward direction.
4/29/2014
16
APTRANSCO
4/29/2014
17
APTRANSCO
Modified impedance relay:

Also known as offset Mho relay whose characteristic

encloses the origin on R-X diagram as shown in fig
This offset mho relay has three main applications: -
 Busbar zone backup
 Carrier starting unit in distance/carrier

blocking schemes.
 Power Swing blocking.

4/29/2014
18
APTRANSCO
Main Features in Distance Scheme

Distance schemes consist of the following major components:-
 Starters.
 Measuring units.
 Timers
 Auxiliary relays
4/29/2014
19
APTRANSCO
Starters: -
 The starting relay (or starter) initiates the

distance scheme in the event of a fault within

the required reach (more than zone-3).
 Other functions of the starter are: -
 Starting of timer relays for second and

third zones.
 Starting of measuring elements.
 The starters are generally of Mho or impedance

type.
4/29/2014
20
APTRANSCO
Mho type starters: -

Measuring units for phase and earth faults
can be either directional or non-directional
as Mho starter is inherently directional.
With impedance type starters: -

Measuring units have to be directional as
impedance starters are non – directional.
The under impedance relay can be used in

conjunction with the directional relay as
starter which will then function similar to the
Mho starter.
4/29/2014
21
APTRANSCO
Measuring units: -
They are generally of a mho or reactance or a
combination of mho, reactance and resistance
types.
Phase Fault Units:-

 These measuring units are fed with line to
line voltages (such as Vab, Vbc) and
difference between line currents (Ia-Ib).
 They measure the positive sequence
impedance from the relay location to the
fault point.
 Three such relays respond correctly to all
possible single line to ground faults line to
line faults, double line to ground faults
and 3-phase faults.
 They however do not respond correctly to
earth faults.
4/29/2014
22
APTRANSCO
Earth Fault Units: -

 These measuring units utilize line to neutral
voltage (Van, Vbn Vcn) and phase currents (Ia,
Ib, Ic).
 In order to make these units measure the positive
sequence impedance correctly, a zero sequence
current compensation is to be provided which is
obtained by:
 KN = (Z0-Z1)/ 3*Z1 where

 Z1 = positive sequence impedance of
line.
 Z0 = Zero sequence impedance of line.
 In the current circuit (1+KN) Ia will be fed for

the above measurement.
4/29/2014
23
APTRANSCO
Timers: -
 Timer relays when initiated by starters
provide the time lag required for zones.

 They also will be used for zone extension
purpose whenever required.
Auxiliary relays: -
 Distance scheme comprises of several
auxiliary relays, which perform functions
such as flag indications, trippings,
signaling, alarm etc.
4/29/2014
24
APTRANSCO
Additional Features in distance schemes: -

Power Swing blocking relay
VT fuse failure relay.
Switch onto fault relay
Fault locator
Auto-reclosing scheme.
Carrier communication scheme.

4/29/2014
25
Power Swing blocking: - APTRANSCO
Distance relay which respond to balanced 3-phase

changes in the impedance will be affected by power
swings.
Swings or oscillations occur following a system

disturbance such as major load change or a dip in voltage
due to delayed fault clearance.
In case of fault, the transition from period of impedance

locations (25 to 33% of starter impedance) to fault
impedance (starter impedance) is sudden whereas during
power swings it is slow.
The PSB relays use this difference to block the tripping

during swings.
4/29/2014
26
APTRANSCO
VT fuse failure relay: -

The distance relays being voltage restraint O/C

relays, loss of voltage due to main PT fuse failure or
inadvertent removal of fuse in one or more phases
will cause the relay operation.
The fuse failure relay will sense such condition by

the presence of residual voltage without residual
current and blocks the relay.
4/29/2014
27
APTRANSCO
Switch onto fault: -
When the line is switched on to a close by fault (say

after line clear with earth switch closed), the voltage
at the relaying point will be zero. Faults of this type

will normally be cleared by backup zones.
The voltage applied to the relay is low and this

condition occurring simultaneously with the
operation of starter will cause instantaneous trip by
SOTF relay.
This SOTF feature will be effective only for about

1-2 seconds after the line is charged.
Faults occurring after this time will be measured in

the normal way.
4/29/2014
28
APTRANSCO
Fault locator: -
It measures the distance between the relay
location and fault location in terms of Z in

Ohms, or length in KM or percentage of line
length.
This relay gets same inputs as the distance

relay (connected in series with one of the main
relays). The measurement is initiated by trip
signal from distance relays.
The fault locator gives the exact location of the

fault, thereby reducing the time of restoration.
4/29/2014
29
APTRANSCO
Factors affecting distance relay

operation:-
Fault resistance.
Infeed effect.
Branching-off effect.
Load encroachment.
4/29/2014
30
APTRANSCO
Fault resistance:-
Fault resistance has two components:-
 Arc resistance.
 Ground resistance.
In a fault between phases, only arc resistance is

involved.
For a fault at F, the actual line impedance

R + JX = ZL
Due to the presence of fault resistance, the

impedance measured by the relay
R + JX + RF = ZR (where ZR > ZL).
4/29/2014
31
APTRANSCO
 Fault arc resistance is given by Warrington's formula:

Rarc = 8750 x L / I 1.4
where L = length of arc in ft

I = fault current in Amps
 The arc resistance has little effect on accuracy of zone-1 unit

as it operates instanteously before the arc can stretch
appreciably except in case of short lines.
 Reactance relays are therefore used for short lines where the
fault resistance may be comparable with that of the protected
lines and also for ground faults where the ground resistance is
high.
 The arc resistance will have greater impact on accuracy of

backup zones (time delayed) as the arc stretches appreciably.
4/29/2014
32
APTRANSCO
Infeed effect:-
The effect of intermediate current source between relay

location and fault point is termed as infeed effect.
Consider the sketch indicated in fig ---
A fault at F on the line BC is at a distance of Z1+Z2 for the

relay at station A. But when current I2 flows from bus D,
the impedance to the fault as seen by the relay at A is
Z1 + Z2 + Z2 x (I2/I1).
Thus the fault is seen by the relay as farther than what it

really is, i.e. distance relay under reaches due to the infeed
effect.
The effect of infeed becomes more pronounced with more

interconnections at station B.
4/29/2014
33
APTRANSCO
4/29/2014
34
APTRANSCO
Branching-off effect: -
A fault at F is at the distance of Z1+Z2 for the relay at

station A. But when current I1 gets distributed as I2 &

I3 at station B, the impedance to fault seen by the relay
at station A will be (Z1 + I3/I1 * Z2) which is less
than (Z1+Z2).
Then the fault is seen by the relay as nearer than what it

really is i.e. distance relay overreaches due to
branching-off effect. This overreaching tendency will
cause the relay to loose its selectivity.
4/29/2014
35
APTRANSCO
Load encroachment: -
]
While protecting long lines the necessary reach may be
so large that the minimum service impedance (or load

impedance) falls within the region of the starter. This
would result in tripping without there being any fault.
The two conditions i.e. operation at heavy load and

short circuit differ by virtue of phase angle between
voltage and current.
For the load impedance, the phase angle will be within

+30 to -30 Deg. While during short circuits, the fault
impedance has a phase angle of 60 to 80 deg. (i.e. line
angle).
4/29/2014
36
APTRANSCO
Load encroachment problem is more pronounced in case

of under impedance starters and gets lessened in case of
mho, elliptical, lens etc, type of starters.
Relays with suitable characteristic on R-X diagram have

to be carefully chosen to protect long and heavily loaded
lines, and this becomes easily possible with
microprocessor based numerical relays.
4/29/2014
37
APTRANSCO
Non-switched scheme vs switched scheme: -

In an ideal Non-switched scheme, there will be 6

starters, 3 for phase faults and 3 for ground faults.
There will be independent measuring units for

both phase faults and earth fault for each phase,
for all three zones, totaling to 18 units.
This scheme is faster and more accurate but is

costly.
In the switched scheme, only one measuring unit

will be used for all types of faults
4/29/2014
38
APTRANSCO
This single measuring unit is switched to the

correct fault loop impedance by switching-in
the respective voltages and currents by the
starter.
The reach of the measuring element gets

extended to zone-2 and zone-3 after the elapse
of corresponding timings through zone
extension process.
Switched scheme is relatively slow in

operation and has the risk of total scheme
failure in the event of failure of the only one
measuring unit available.
4/29/2014
39
APTRANSCO
Zone extension schemes: -

As a via media between non-switched and switched
schemes, there are schemes with zone extension
facility (such as EE make MM3V & MR3V relays).
These schemes consists of 3 measuring units for

phase faults and 3 measuring units for earth faults
(apart from 3 starters).
The reach of the measuring unit gets extended to

zone-2 and zone-3 after elapse of corresponding
timings through a zone extension process.
4/29/2014
40
APTRANSCO
Other Operating Characteristics:
Earlier when electromagnetic relays were in use, the

characteristics involving straight lines and /or circles

on R-X diagram were only possible.
With the advent of static relays, microprocessor

based relays and presently of numerical relays, any
desired/required-operating characteristic is possible
giving wider choice for selection of relays. Infact
there are relays, which can be programmed
remotely.
4/29/2014
41
APTRANSCO
Application of distance relays:
Since the distance relays are fed from the secondaries of

line CTs and bus PTs/line CVTs, the line parameters are
to be converted into secondary values to set the relay as
per requirements.
Zsecy = Zpri/Impedance ratio

(where Impedance ratio = P.T.Ratio/C.T.Ratio)
Hence any changes in C.T .ratio has to be effected along

with revision of relay settings only.
4/29/2014
42
APTRANSCO
To ensure proper coordination between distance relays
in power system, it is customary to choose relay ohmic
setting as follows: -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
S.No. Zones Reactance Time
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Zone-1 80% of ZL Instantaneous
(no intentional
time delay).
2. Zone-2 100% of ZL + 40-50% 0.3 to 0.4

of ZSL seconds
3. Zone-3 100% of ZL + 120% 0.6 to 0.8

of ZSL seconds
4. Zone-4 100% of ZL + 120% 0.9 to 1.5

of ZLL seconds.
4/29/2014
43
APTRANSCO
3-ZONE TIME- DISTANCE CHARACTERISTIC

Z3
t3 Z2
t2 Z1
t1
A B C t1
Z1 t2
Z2 t3
Z3
REACH TIME
ZONE-1: 0.8 X ZL INS (<100ms)
ZONE-2: ZL + 50% OF ADJACENT LINE 0.3-0.4sec
ZONE-3: ZL + 110% OF ADJACENT LINE 0.6-0.7sec
4/29/2014
44
APTRANSCO
where ZL = Positive sequence impedance of line to

be protected.
ZSL = Positive sequence impedance of adjacent

shortest line.
ZLL = Positive sequence impedance of adjacent longest

line.
Note: Where a three zone relay only is available, the

zone 3 will be set to cover the adjacent longest
line.
The zonal timings will be carefully selected to

properly grade with the relays on all the feeders
. emanating from the adjacent bus
4/29/2014
45
APTRANSCO
4/29/2014
46
APTRANSCO
Norms of protection adopted for transmission lines in

A.P.System:-
132 KV Lines: -
A switched type distance scheme supplemented by

three numbers directional O/L relays and 1 No.
directional E/L relay.
220 KV Lines: -
Two Distance Schemes: -
Main-I: - Non-switched scheme fed from bus PT.
Main-II: - A switched scheme fed from line CVT.
. Knowledge Sharing – Make it a way of LIFE

4/29/2014
47
APTRANSCO
A provision is generally made for the changeover of

voltage supply for the distance schemes from the
bus PT to line CVT and vice-versa
Each distance scheme is fed from independent CT

secondary cores.
400 KV Lines:-
Two Distance Schemes:-
Main-I:- Non-switched or Numerical distance
schemes
Main-II:-Non-switched or Numerical distance
schemes
4/29/2014
48
4/29/2014
49
Application of learning in participant’s area of responsibility:
IEC 61850
IEC61850 is beyond just the protocol for substation automation , it also

provides common addresses more of what is required for
interoperability of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) .
•Standardized object models and naming conventions

•Standardized meaning of data
•Standardized services and device behavior models
•Self-describing devices
•Common configuration language
•Profiles for:
–Control/SCADA
–Protection messaging
–Transducers and I/O

•IEC61850-enabled IEDs get digitalized power grid condition data via

process bus and merge units
•IEDs communicate with each other using substation buses
•Legacy devices use IEC61850 wrapper

Process Bus

Object model and Ethernet communication
Object & class :-

A class is a template for the creation of objects, the description of one

or more objects with the same definitions for information and behavior.
An object is defined as an instance of a class .

Objects represent information and behavior :
–properties (or components, attributes)
• Data that describe an object

–services (or methods, and events)
• Methods are things you can tell the object to

do
• Events are things the object does

Function Definitions
The functional elements are the smallest parts of a function that can
exchange data.
Functions in the substation are performed by the protection, control,

monitoring and recording system . These functional elements in IEC
61850 are called Logical Nodes .
Logical Node Groups :
System Logical Nodes LN Group: L
1) Logical Nodes for protection functions LN Group: P

2) Protection related functions LN Group: R
3) Control LN Group: C
4) Interfacing and archiving LN Group: I
5) Automatic control LN Group: A

6) Metering and measurement LN Group: M

7) Sensors and monitoring LN Group: S
8) Switchgear LN Group: X
9) Instrument transformers LN Group: T

10) Power transformers LN Group: Y
Common data classes for measurant information
• Measured value (MV)

• Complex measured value (CMV)
• Sequence (SEQ)
• Differential measurements Name: MDIF
• Measurement Name: MMXU
Example
MMXU1.A.phsB.cVal.mag.f



Ethernet communication
Ethernet devices attach to a common medium that provides a path

along which the electronic signals will travel:

- historically, this medium has been coaxial copper cable
- more commonly a twisted pair
-fiber optic cabling
Segment - a single shared medium as an Ethernet segment.

Nodes - devices that attach to that segment are stations or
nodes.
Frame - The nodes communicate in short messages called
frames, which are variably sized chunks of information

Possible application areas in NDPL other than participant’s area:
Transmission Medium :
RS 232 - 9/25 pin D connector

EIA 232 - Maximum data rate 20kb/s

- Maximum distance 50 feet
RS 485 - 2/4 conductors

EIA 485 - Maximum data rate 10Mb/s
- Maximum distance 4000 feet
Optical fiber - Immunity to electrical interference

- Advantages in distance and speed
Ethernet - 100 Mbps instead of few 10 kbps

Communication Structure Comparison between legacy and Ethernet


Goosing concept and usage
GOOSE messages are one of the key feature of IEC 61850

GOOSE - Generic Object Oriented Substation Event
It supports the exchange of a wide range of possible common data

organized by a DATA-SET.
GOOSE message :- GOOSE messages shall continue to send the

message with a long cycle time, even if no status/value change has
occurred.
• This ensures that devices that have been activated recently will know the
current status values of their peer devices.

Performances of GOOSE Massage :-


Station bus and process bus


Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited Possible application areas in NDPL other than participant’s area:

Engineering and Testing

Engineering Process Requirements
• Requires the implementation of an

engineering process based on:
– Knowledge of the problem domain

– Knowledge of the state-of-the-art
technology
– Utility standards
– Industry standards
– Object-oriented design
– State-of-the-art tools


Challenges
• Differences in the models implemented
by different suppliers
• Settings are not implemented
• Programmable Scheme Logic modeling
• Distributed functions modeling
• HMI modeling
• Testing related modeling issues
Benefits
• Quite significant
• Reduce the costs for system design
• Improve factory and site acceptance
testing
• Improve the maintenance process
• Improve the overall quality of the
substation automation system

61850 Provides
1) Substation Configuration Language

2) SCL Components a) Substation section:
b) Communication section
c) IED section
d) LNType section
3) SCL Files
.SSD for System Specification Description.
.ICD for IED Capability Description.
.CID for Configured IED Description.

Benefits
• Reduction of wiring costs

• More flexible programming is independent of wiring

• Reliability: Link status known before use.
• New capabilities not cost-effective with hardwired systems.
• Higher performance with more data.
• Speed: 100 Mbps instead of few 10 kbps
• Peer-to-peer: No extra hardware
• Conditional report instead of polling
• IP (Internet Protocol) routing
• Independent of operating systems and
programming languages
• Independent of middleware
• Independent of communication systems
• Independent of vendor (multi-vendor
support)


71
Introduction
• Classical Definition of a Phasor

– A pure sinusoidal waveform can be
represented by a unique complex number
known as a ‘phasor’.
• A sinusoidal signal
• The phasor representation of this sinusoid is

given by

72
Introduction

– The RMS cosine-reference voltage and
current phasors are.
j v
V | V | e | V |  v
j i
I | I | e | I |  i

73
Introduction
(a) Sinusoidal signal (b) Phasor

representation
74
Introduction

– If the sinusoid is not a pure sine wave, the
phasor is assumed to represent its
fundamental frequency component.
– The most commonly used method of
calculating phasors from sampled data is
that of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).

75
Introduction
• Important of the Phasor Measurement

ET 1 * ET 2
P sin 
XL

76
Introduction
• Important of the Phasor Measurement

77
Introduction
• Modern EMS systems started from 1965

– Data refresh rate is around 2 to 5 seconds
– Measurement signals are not synchronized
– People relies upon power flow and state
estimation to estimate the angles among buses.
– It is an offline estimation and the results are not
reliable.

78
Introduction
• Modern phasor measurement systems can

trace origin to the development of the
Symmetrical Component Distance Relay
(SCDR) in the early 1970s.
• In early 1980s, measurement system started
using GPS to synchronize the sampling
clocks, which offering a common reference.
• The first experimental PMUs were
developedKnowledge
at Virginia
Sharing – Tech in 1988,
Make it a way of LIFE
79
Introduction
• The modern PMUs use one pulse per second

signals provided by the GPS satellite
receivers.
– The accuracy of the GPS timing pulse is better
than 1 µs.
– For a 60 Hz system corresponds to about 0.02
degrees.
– Current PMU records data at the rate of 30
samples per second (This number can be
adjusted).Knowledge Sharing – Make it a way of LIFE
80
Introduction
• Functional block diagram of the elements in

a PMU.

81
PMU and Smart Grid Development

• The electrical power system is one of the

most sophisticated man-made
infrastructures.
• While the power system is a technological
marvel, it is also reaching the limit of its
ability to meet the nation's electricity needs.
• The modernization of the electricity
infrastructure leads to the concept of smart
grid. Knowledge Sharing – Make it a way of LIFE
82
PMU and Smart Grid Development

• The term “Smart Gird” refers to a

modernization of the electricity delivery
system so that it monitors, protect, and
automatically optimizes the operation of its
interconnected elements.
• In general, a comprehensive smart grid
design should take holistic approaches and
cover both top-down and bottom-up
approaches.
83
Desired Features of Smart Grid

• Advanced monitoring, control, and demand

management.
• Advanced components & operating concepts.
• Robust modeling & simulation tools.
• Seamless interconnection of low
environmental impact new generation
technologies.
• Standardized architecture & secure
communication standards.
84
Potential Areas of Smart Grid Development and

Applications

85
PMU for Wide Area Monitoring and Control

• Deployment of Phasor Measurement Unit

(PMU)
– In 2007, the organization of U.S Department of Energy
(DOE) and the North American Electric Reliability
Corporation (NERC), along with involved electric
utility companies and other organizations, formed the
North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI)
– With funding from The American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009, several smart investment
grant and demonstration projects have been awarded to
advance the synchrophsor technology.
86

• Deployment of Phasor Measurement Unit

(PMU)

87

• Potential PMU Applications

• Wide-Area Visualization and Monitoring;
• Angle and Frequency Monitoring;
• Interarea Oscillation Detection & Analysis;
• Proximity to Voltage Collapse;
• State Estimation;
• Fast Frequency Regulation;
• Transmission Fault Location Estimation;
• Dynamic Model Validation.
88

• Though the above applications are from the

view of ISO, the PMUs-based applications
also benefit generator owners and other
market participants.
• PMUs are able to continuously record
several different signals which are the
requirements of ancillary services like
spinning reserve, frequency control and
voltage control.
89
Sample PMU Applications

• PMU applications in CAISO: Wide area

visualization and monitoring
Knowledge Sharing – Make it a way of LIFE Source: EPG

90

• Recording of Actual Event

91

• Comparison between Actual response and

Simulation Results
WSCC (WECC) System Blackout on August 10, 1996

92

• State Estimation
– State estimation techniques were developed in 1970s
• Obtain an approximation to averaged system state from
scanned data (seconds to minutes)
• It is referred as “Static State Estimates”.
– PMUs enable synchronized phasor measurement bus
voltages & currents.
• Make significant improvement on state estimation or state
measurement applications
• Install PMU in the system could be a smart move to improve the
accuracy and efficiency of state estimation.
93

• PMU Based On-Line generator parameter

identification system.
PMU Phasor Data
Concentrator
PMU Ethernet
hp Workstation i2000
.....
GPS
Communication Standards
PMU Applications IEEE C37.118.2
IEC 61850-90-5
ICCP
hp Workstation i2000
EMS
Database
94

• PMU Based On-Line generator response and

parameter identification system.
Knowledge
Original SystemSharing – Make it a way of LIFE
Reduced System
95

• PMU Based On-Line generator response and

parameter identification system.
• The Reliability Standards relate to generator model
verification are:
• MOD-026-1 — Verification of Models and Data for Generator
Excitation System Functions
• MOD-027-1 — Verification of Generator Unit Frequency
Response
• Once these Reliability Standards are approved, the
standards become mandatory and enforceable
requirements
96

• Fault Location in the Transmission Network.

97
Relevant PMU Standards

• C37.111-1999
– A general transient data recording file format standard
• C37.118.1-2011
– Covers synchrophasor measurements for power
systems
– Adds frequency & rate of change of frequency
(ROCOF) and dynamic operation
• C37.118.2-2011
– Defines real-time synchronized phasor measurement
data exchange method
98
Conclusion and Discussion

• PMU is a matured technology.

• In addition to the original intended
applications on “Phasor Measurement”,
PMUs offer attractive options for improving
protection and control actions on modern
power systems.
• Future power systems will have to face
more stressful regimes; improved protection
and control offered by the wide area
measurement systems
Knowledge based
Sharing – Make onof LIFE
it a way PMUs will
SEEKH Session Details
Date of SEEKH
Session:
No. of People
Participated:
Any new action

initiated or new idea
generated (SHINE)
because of SEEKH
Session:
KM INDEX POINT:

For any Query regarding this SHIKSHA document please contact me
at
Ph/Mob:
Email:
Thank You

Tutorial Seminar On Power System Protection Automation 2 PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Tutorial Seminar On Power System Protection Automation 2 PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

(KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT)

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited

Tutorial on Power System Protection &

Knowledge Sharing – Make it a way of LIFE

Program conducted by Central Board of Irrigation & Power

Duration of the program From:-25 To 28 February 2014

Faculty/Eminent Speakers 1.Jay Gosalia ( Doble Engineering )

Knowledge Sharing – Make it a way of LIFE

1) Distance protection basics

Knowledge Sharing – Make it a way of LIFE

Knowledge Sharing – Make it a way of LIFE

Transmission Line Protection

They are comparatively simple to apply, operate with

The impedance relay is made to respond to the

The impedance is proportional to the distance to the

Distance Relaying Principle:

A distance relay compares the currents and voltages at

the relaying point with Current providing the operating

The equation at the balance point in a simple

Since the operating characteristics of the relay depend upon the

their characteristics can be best represented on an R-X

The power system impedance like fault impedance, power

Types of Distance Relays:

Modified impedance relay.

Characteristics of an impedance relay on R-X diagram is

Operation of the impedance relay is independent of the phase

The operating characteristic is a circle with its center at the

Characteristic of Directional Impedance Relay:

Characteristic of a directional impedance relay in the complex R-X

phase is shown in fig.

The directional unit of the relay causes

The net result is that tripping will occur

The Reactance-type Distance Relay:

The resistance component of impedance has no

The relay responds solely to reactance component of

This relay is inherently non-directional.

The relay is most suitable to detect earth faults

This is a directional impedance relay, also known as

Its characteristic on R-X diagram is a circle whose

The relay is inherently directional.

It only operates for faults in the forward direction.

Modified impedance relay:

Also known as offset Mho relay whose characteristic

This offset mho relay has three main applications: -

 Busbar zone backup

 Carrier starting unit in distance/carrier

 Power Swing blocking.

Main Features in Distance Scheme

Distance schemes consist of the following major components:-

 The starting relay (or starter) initiates the

distance scheme in the event of a fault within

 Other functions of the starter are: -

 Starting of timer relays for second and

 Starting of measuring elements.

 The starters are generally of Mho or impedance

Mho type starters: -

as Mho starter is inherently directional.

With impedance type starters: -

The under impedance relay can be used in

Phase Fault Units:-

Earth Fault Units: -

 KN = (Z0-Z1)/ 3*Z1 where

 In the current circuit (1+KN) Ia will be fed for