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Documenti di Professioni
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9. Why were the 1830s called the years of great economic hardships in Europe ? Give
any three reasons. [3]
Ans. (i) Population explosion : The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous
increase in population all over Europe.
(ii) Mass migration : In most of the European countries, the supply of workers
exceeded the demand. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in
overcrowded slums.
(iii) Industralisation and its impact on local producers : Small producers in towns
were often faced with stiff competition from import of cheap machine-made goods
from England.
(iv) High food prices : In those regions of Europe, where the aristocracy still enjoyed
power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The
rise of food prices of a year of bad harvest led to the widespread revolts in towns
and countries.
(v) Revolts in different regions : Food shortage and wide spread unemployment
brought the population of many cities like Paris, Silesia to the roads.
10. Explain any four provisions of the Napoleon Civil Code, 1804. [3]
Ans. (i) Napoleon introduced the Napoleonic code which did away with all privileges based
on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
(ii) In many parts of Europe like in the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, ltaly and Germany,
he simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(iii) Napoleon removed the guild restrictions from the towns.
(iv) He laid stress on infrastructure i.e., transportation, communication and the banking
system. These new reforms were appreciated by the peasants, workers, businessmen,
traders and even by the common people.
(v) Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency
was introduced.
11. Explain the contribution of Guiseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in
Europe. [5]
Ans. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa and became a
member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
(i) At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution.
(ii) He founded two more secret societies :
(a) Young Italy in Marseilles,
(b) Young Europe in Berne.
(iii) Members of these underground societies were like-minded young men from Poland,
France, Italy and German states.
(iv) Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics
frightened the conservatives.
12. How did Balkans become the hot bed of nationalist upsurge and international rivalry
in the 19th century and early 20th century ? Explain. [5]
Ans. The Balkans comprised modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia,
Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and a large part of this
region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. This was a region of great
geographical and ethnic variation and its inhabitants were known as Slavs. Some of the
reasons that made this region very explosive and caused conflict are as follows :
(i) The feelings of nationalism of these countries was in conflict with one another.
They were jealous of each other and struggled to define their identity.
(ii) The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire which had throughout the nineteenth
century tried to strengthen itself through modernisation and reforms could not
succeed.
(iii) Each of these nationalist groups broke away one by one from the control of the
Ottoman Empire and declared themselves as independent with political rights on
the basis of history. They claimed that once they had been independent but were
subsequently subjugated.
(iv) Each of these countries attempted to gain more territory to their independent country.
(v) The Balkans became an area of big power rivalry. Major European powers – Russia,
Germany, England, Austro –Hungary, manipulated nationalist aspirants to further
their own aims. There was rivalry between the European powers over trade and
colonies and naval and military superiority.
ooo
(i) The students were taught the subjects of science, hygiene and French along with
the study of Western Customs.
(ii) Classes were held in the evenings.
(iii) The fees for these schools had to be paid separately.
(iv) The Vietnamese traditionally kept long hair but were now encouraged to adopt
western styles such as short-hair cut and thus make a major break from their own
cultural identity.
(v) The approach of these schools was to make the students ‘‘think modern’’ and ‘‘look
modern’’ and even taught a hair cutting chant ‘‘drop stupid practices’’, ‘‘dump
childish things’’ and ‘‘speak openly and frankly’’.
Or
Paul Bernard was an influential writer and policy maker. He believed :
(i) Colonies had to serve the interests of the mother country.
(ii) As the purpose of acquiring colonies was to make profits, economy of colonies
needed to be developed.
(iii) If the economy was developed, and standard of people improved market would
consequently expand leading to better profits for French business.
(iv) Bernard realised that Vietnam was plagued by several barriers like high population,
low agricultural productivity and extensive indebtness amongst the peasants.
(v) To reduce rural poverty and increase agricultural productivity he believed it was
necessary to carry out land reforms as the Japanese had done.
(vi) Since agriculture itself could not sustain employment industrialisation was essential
to create more jobs.
8. What were the values which played an important role in the victory of Vietnamese
over the mighty USA ? [3]
Ans. (i) The mighty underestimated the power of nationalism to move people to action,
inspire them to sacrifice their home and family, live under horrific conditions, and
fight for independence.
(ii) Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage. For example the Ho-
Chi Minh trail was used by the locals to fight against the mighty and most
technological advanced country.
(iii) Women who were enjoying a good status in Vietnamese society played very
important role in freedom struggle. They worked as soldiers, nurses and teachers.
(iv) The French sought to strengthen their rule in Vietnam through the control of
education. On the other hand, the educated class used education as a means to
fight against the colonial rule.
9. What was the role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam ? Compare
this with the role of women in the nationalist struggle in India ? [3]
Ans. Traditionally women in Vietnam enjoyed limited freedom and played no role in public
life but in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam women played a very active role :
(i) Many women joined the resistance movement.
(ii) They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels
and fighting the enemy.
(iii) Between 1965 and 1975 – 75-80% of people who worked on the Ho Chi Minh
Trial were women. They helped carry cargo, food, weapons and shot down planes.
Example: Nguyen Thi Xuan.
In this way they served their nation heroicly.
Prior to the nationalist struggle Indian women like women in Vietnam had no public
role. It was only with the Civil Disobedience Movement that Indian women participated
in large numbers.
(i) In urban areas they were from high caste families, and in rural areas they came
from rich peasant households. In Vietnam no class and caste differences hindered
women’s partcipation.
(ii) Unlike Vietnam’s struggle against US, which was brutal and involved heavy
weapons, chemical weapons, tanks, backed by powerful bombers–Indian struggle
under the leadership of Gandhi was largely non-violent peaceful movement.
(iii) Moved by Gandhijis call Indian women began to see service to the nation as a
sacred duty of women. In Vietnam apart from being viewed as sacred duty, casualties
in the war, led many women to join the struggle in large numbers.
Thus unlike the Vietnamese women who played an active role in the freedom of their
country, role of Indian women was symbolic in nature. This was more so due to the
differences in the form of two struggles and the need of the hour.
10. Give a brief description of the Scholars Revolt. [3]
Ans. Scholars Revolt :
(a) An early movement against the spread of Christianity and French control was the
Scholars Revolt in 1868.
(b) It was led by the officials of the imperial court who were angered by the spread of
Catholicism and French power.
(c) They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand
catholics were killed.
(d) Vietnamese organisers of this movement were angry because from 17th to 18th
century, nearly 3,00,000 Vietnamese were converted to Christianity by the French.
(e) Though the French crushed the movement it had a great impact on the Vietnamese.
11. Explain the reasons for the popularity of ‘Go East Movement’. [5]
Ans. (i) ‘Go East Movement’ relates to the close relationship of the early Vietnamese
nationalist with Japan and China as part of modernisation. It began in the first
decade of the twentieth century.
(ii) In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire education.
(iii) The primary purpose of the nationalists was to seek help from Japanese as fellow
Asians and arms to drive out the French from Vietnam, overthrow the puppet
emperor and reestablish the Nguyen dynasty.
(iv) Japan by its victory over Russia in 1907 proved its military capabilities and the
Vietnamese drew inspiration from them. Towards this end the Vietnamese students
established a branch of Restoration Society in Tokyo but after 1908, the Japanese
Ministry of Interior clamped down, arrested, deported and exiled many of them.
(v) Success of the popular movement under Sun Yat-Sen and consequent establishment
of the Republic in China in 1911 inspired Vietnamese nationalists.
(vi) The Vietnamese students organised the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam.
(vii) The objective of the Anti-French Movement was no longer to set up a constitutional
monarchy but a democratic republic.
12. What was the main motive of the French to develop the infrastructural projects in
Vietnam ? Explain how far did they succeed in their mission ? [5]
Ans. The main motive of the French in the development of infrastructural projects in Vietnam
were as follows:
(i) To ensure the regular supply of natural resources and other necessary goods, the
French colonists too took up various infrastructural developments to make more
profits.
(ii) They began by building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase
cultivation. The vast system of irrigation work-canals and earth works-built mainly
with forced labour increased rice production and enabled the export of rice in
international market.
(iii) To facilitate trade, various projects were started to transport goods for trade, to
move military garrisons and control the entire region.
(iv) Construction of Trans-Indo-China rail network that linked northern Vietnam with
southern Vietnam and China was completed in 1910.
(v) Paul Bernard, an influencial policy maker argued that the purpose of acquiring
colonies was to make profits which is possible if the standard of living of the people
improved to enable them to buy goods so infrastructural development to develop
the economy of the colonies was necessary.
ooo
using violent methods for their demands. All this was not approved by Gandhiji
and the congress. So the movement started losing its shine.
8. What values have you learnt from the life of Gandhiji ? Explain any three. [3]
Ans. (i) Satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi emphasisted on a method of mass agitation, which
he called Satyagraha. The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and
the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle
was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
(ii) Non-violence : Gandhiji’s whole philosophy was based on non-violence. According
to Gandhiji, it is the weapon of strong, mighty and powerful individuals. He was
of the opinion that neither an individual nor a country could gain anything by
using violent methods.
(iii) Religious ideals : Gandhi spiritualised politics. He laid stress on the incorporation
of moral values in politics. Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated
for politics.
9. Which incident marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement ? How
was the Civil Disobedience Movement different from Non-Cooperation Movement ?
[3]
Ans. On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji reached Dandi, and violated the salt law, manu-
facturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience
Movement.
Civil Disobedience Movement Non-Cooperation Movement
1. Civil disobedience movement dealt with 1. Non-Cooperation meant not cooperating
breaking of the laws formed by British. with the Buitish Government. It did not
deal with violation of laws.
2. It was launched in 1930. 2. It was launched in 1921.
3. The main aim of violating the laws, was 3. It was carried out by peaceful
carried out by breaking salt laws and demonstrations and picketing foreign
forest laws besides demonstrations. shops.
4. The main cause of withdrawal of 4. The main cause of its withdrawal was the
movement was the chaos spread due to use of violence.
arrest of Abdul Ghaffar Khan and then
Mahatma Gandhi.
5. It was launched to attain complete 5. It was launched in order to unify hindu
independence and denial of 11 demands and muslims and to attain swaraj.
made by congress.
10. Two features A, B and C are marked in the political outline map of India. Identify
these features with help of the following information and write their correct names
on the lines marked in the map :
A. The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in December, 1920.
B. The place where the ‘Movement of Indigo Planters’ was started.
C. A place associated with Civil Disobedience movement.
Or
Locate and label the following items on the same political map of India with
appropriate symbols.
(i) Place associated with Jallianwalla Bagh incident.
(ii) A place where Indian National Congress Session was held in 1927.
(iii) Place associated with peasant Satyagraha. [3]
Ans.
11. Why did Mahatma Gandhi feel the need to launch a broad-based movement in
1920 ? Explain with suitable example. [5]
Ans. (i) Conditions created by the First world War : The First World war was fought
from 1914 to 1918.
(a) It led to huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by taxes.
(b) Due to war prices increased many times leading to extreme hardship for common
people.
(c) Crops failed in 1918-19 resulting in acute shortage of food.
(d) Many people lost their lives in the war and due to epidemic.
(e) Forced recruitment in the army caused widespread anger.
(ii) Gandhiji’s Return and satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South
Africa in 1915 where he had successfully fought against the racist regime with his new
method of mass agitation and nonviolence Known as Satyagraha. In India he launched
satyagraha movements at various places. These satyagrahas provided base to the Non-
Cooperation Movement.
(iii) The Rowlatt Act : The Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Assembly. The act
provided enormous powers to police. The police got the power to arrest anyone without
any trial. The aim of the act was to repress political activities.
(iv) Jallianwalla Bagh : The jallianwalla Bagh added fuel to the fire. People were already
agitating against the Rowlatt Act. People had gathered to protest against the new act in
the Jallianwala Bagh. General Dyer entered the park and ordered fire Killing many
people. As the news spread, crowds took to the streets.
(v) United struggle : The fear of harsh treaty on the Ottoman emperor (the Khalifa) brought
the muslims close to Gandhiji. A young generation of Muslim leaders like Mohammad
Ali and shaukat Ali was in favour of a united mass action against the Britishers.
12. Explain the contribution of folklore, folksongs and paintings in strengthening
nationalism in India during the 19th century. [5]
Ans. The sense of collective belongingness. It means that people began to believe that they
were all a part of the same nation and discovered some unity, which bound them together.
(i) Indian folklore :
(a) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
(b) Folk tales were sung by bards in the villages, to give a true picture of the traditional
culture, which was corrupted and damaged by outside forces.
(c) In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes
and myths to revive the folk culture.
(d) In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales,
The Folklore of Southern India.
(ii) Songs : In 1870s, Bankim Chandra wrote ‘Vande Matram’ as humn to motherland.
Later, it was included in his novel ‘Anandmath’. This song was widely sung during the
Swadeshi movements in Bengal.
(iii) Figures or images :
(a) It was with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India was associated with
the image of Bharat Mata.
(b) This image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who wrote the
song ‘Vande Mataram’ in his novel Anandamath.
(c) Then Abindranath Tagore painted the famous image of Bharat Mata.
(d) Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
(iv) Flags :
(a) During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow)
was designed.
(b) It had eight lotuses, representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent
moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
(c) By 1921, Mahatma Gandhi designed the swaraj flag.
(d) It was also again a tricolour (red, green, white) flag and had a spinning wheel in
the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
ooo
British rule. Mahatma Gandhi thought that demand to abolish salt tax was a demand
which could put a united campaign against the British.
(b) Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Dandi March along with his 78 trusted
volunteers to launch a mass movement against the British :
(i) The march was about 240 miles.
(ii) It started from Gandhi’s ashram in Sabarmati to Gujarat’s coastal town of Dandi.
(iii) The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day.
(iv) Thousands came to hear Gandhiji, wherever he stopped.
(v) On 6th April, he reached Dandi and violated the salt law by manufacturing salt,
by boiling sea water.
11. What do you mean by nationalism ? Mention some factors which give rise to
nationalism. [3]
Ans. The words ‘nation’ and ‘nationality’ are derived from the Latin word ‘Natus’ which
means a ‘race’. Devotion, love and patriotic feelings for one’s own nation is called
‘Nationalism’. It is a feeling political consciousness and unity among the people of
a state. Apart from wars and territorial expansion other factors which played a vital role
in the development of nationalist spirit and in ‘nations’ in nineteenth century Europe
were :
(i) Romanticism as a cultural movement focused on involving mysterial feelings instead
of reason and science to develop nationalists sentiment. They helped create a sense
of collective heritage and cultural past as part of nation building through use of
folk songs, dances, music, and poetry. Romantics such as Johann Gottfried claimed
true German culture was to be discovered among the common people ‘das volk’.
(ii) Emphasis on vernacular language and music helped keep alive nationalist feeling
and carry the modern nationalist message to large audience who were mostly
illiterate. i.e., in Poland Karl Kurpunski celebrated the national struggle through
his opera and music. After Russian occupation of Poland use of Polish language
became a symbol of Polish struggle against Russian domination.
(iii) Growth of new social groups belonging to the educated middle class, constituting
Professors, school teachers, clerks and businessman. It was this class which
belonged to liberal nationalist thinking and led the revolutions.
12. How did icon and symbols of India developed the sense of collective belonging-
ness ? [3]
Ans. Icons and symbols advocated nationalism in the following ways :
(i) As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more
aware of such icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling
of nationalism.
(ii) During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow)
was designed.
(iii) It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent
moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
(iv) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red,
green, white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian
ideal of self-help.
(v) Carrying the flag holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance.
13. Explain any three features of Scholar’s Revolt in 1868 in Vietnam. [3]
Ans. Scholars Revolt :
(a) An early movement against the spread of Christianity and French control was the
Scholars Revolt in 1868.
(b) It was led by the officials of the imperial court who were angered by the spread of
Catholicism and French power.
(c) They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where over a thousand
catholics were killed.
(d) Vietnamese organisers of this movement were angry because from 17th to
18th century, nearly 3,00,000 Vietnamese were converted to Christianity by the
French.
(e) Though the French crushed the movement it had a great impact on the Vietnamese.
14. The artist has portrayed Garibaldi as holding on to the base of the boot, so that the
King of Sardinia-Piedmont can enter it from the top.What statement is this
caricature making ? [3]
Ans. The base of the boot symbolises the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which lay in the
Southernmost part of the Italian peninsula. Garibaldi had won this Kingdom and handed
it over to King Victor Emmanuel II. This cartoon signifies the unification of Italy and
Garibaldi’s role in it.
*15. ‘Division of Vietnam set in motion in series of events that turned the country into a
battlefield’. Support the given statement. What values have you learnt from the
given statement ? [3]
Ans. The Geneva Agreement of 1954, decided to divide Vietnam into the North Vietnam and
the South Vietnam. The North Vietnam was under the communists led by Ho Chi Minh.
The South Vietnam was under the emperor Bao Dai who was later overthrown by a
coup led by Ngo Dinh Diem. Diem established a repressive and authoritarian government.
Anyone who opposed are called a communist and was jailed and killed. His dictatorial
rule was opposed by the National Liberation Front (NLF).
The NLF got the support of Ho Chin Minh government in the North and began to fight
for unification of the country. Worried about the increasing strength of Communist Party,
the US decided to intervene decisely, sending its troops and arms. As a result, Vietnam
turned into a battlefield.
From the given statement, I have learnt the values like sacrifice for the unity, for the
motherland and courage.
16.1. Two features A and B are marked in the political outline map of India. Identify
these features with help of the following information and write their correct names
on the lines marked in the map :
A. Place where the Congress Session was held in September, 1920.
B. Place associated with ‘No Tax Compaign’.
16.2. On the same given political outline map of India, locate and label the following
features with appropriate symbols :
* A place where Non-Cooperation Movement was called off. [3]
Ans.
(iv) Introduction of standard weights and measures, common currency which facilitated
the movement and exchange of goods.
18. Explain the reaction of Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed in Imperial
Legislative Councils in 1919. [5]
Ans. Rowlatt Act was an oppressive Act introduced by the British government in 1919. It
gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention
of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Indians disapproved this Act in the following ways :
(i) Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railways,
workshops and offices were closed down.
(ii) A peaceful protest meeting was organised at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.
(iii) Gandhiji started a hartal against this unjust law on 6th April, 1919.
(iv) Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saif-ud-din Kitchlu were arrested.
(v) Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred against the arrest of these leaders.
19. Describe the entry of US into the Vietnam War. [5]
Ans. Causes of the US involvement in the war in Vietnam : The US got involved in the
war in Vietnam because
(i) It feared that a communist government would come to power in Vietnam after the
National Liberation Front formed a coalition with the Ho Chi Minh government in
the north, against Ngo Dinh Diem’s regime.
(ii) US policy-planners feared a spread of communism to other countries in the area.
(iii) They thought it would have ‘Domino Effect’, that is, as a react to and influence of communist
government in Vietnam all other countries in South Asia would turn communists.
(iv) Thus, to check the spread of communism to other parts, US planners decided to
intervene and start a war against Vietnam but they underestimated the power of
nationalism.
Effect of the Involvement on Life within the US itself :
(i) The US involvement in the war in Vietnam caused a huge loss of men and women to it.
(ii) From 1965 to 1972, nearly 3.40 lac US services personnel served in Vietnam.
(iii) By 1975 the US lost about 75 thousand soldiers in the war. The US government
was severely criticised.
(iv) Consequently, by April 1975, all the American troops withdrew from Vietnam and
the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon was liberated.
(v) North Vietnam and South Vietnam were formally united as one country in 1976.
(vi) The city of Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh after the great leader of Vietnam.
20. Explain how did the 18th and 19th century artists begin personifying a nation in
allegory. [5]
Ans. (i) Artists in the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries started representing nations
in human forms. Nations were then portrayed as female figures.
(ii) The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any
particular woman in real life, rather it sought to give an abstract idea of the nation
in a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
(iii) Even after the French Revolution, artists used the female allegory to portray ideas
such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.
(iv) These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols. The attributes
of Liberty were the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice was generally a
blindfolded woman, carrying a pair of weighing scales.
(v) In France, she was christened Marianne, a popular christian name, which underlined
the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn form those of Liberty
and the Republic, the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. To popularise the national
symbols, the statues of Marianne were erected in public squares. Marianne’s images
were also marked on coins and stamps.
(vi) Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual
representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands
for heroism.
ooo
GEOGRAPHY
INDIA - RESOURCES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER – 1 (MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES)
PAPER PEN TEST (Page : 86)
Time Allowed : 30 Min. Max. Marks : 30
1. Which metal can be obtained from Bauxite ? [1]
Ans. Aluminium.
2. Which mineral is used to reduce cavity ? [1]
Ans. Silicon
3. Which is the most important coal for commercial use ? [1]
Ans. Bituminous
4. Which is the finest iron ore ? [1]
Ans. Magnetite 70% iron
5. Name the important oil fields of Assam and Gujarat. [1]
Ans. Assam : Digboi, Moran, Gujarat : Kalol, Ankleshwar
6. What is solar energy ? Why is solar energy becoming popular in rural and remote
areas of India ? Explain. [3]
Ans. The energy obtained from the sun is called solar energy. Stricter safety regulations and
implementation of environmental laws are essential to prevent mining from becoming a
‘killer industry’.
Solar energy is becoming popular in rural and remote areas of India due to the following
reasons :
(i) Solar energy will be able to minimize the dependence of rural households on fire
wood and cowdung cakes.
(ii) It will contribute to the conservation of the environment.
(iii) It will provide adequate supply of manure in agriculture.
7. Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. [3]
Ans.
O th ers M a dh y a P rad e sh
29% 24%
O d ish a
25%
K a rn a ta k a
22%
Production of Manganese Showing state-wise share in percent 2009-10.
Ans.
over millions of years. Therefore, coal is found in a variety of forms depending on the
degrees of compression and the depth and time of their burial. It is used for power
generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs. There are four
main varieties of coal in India.
(i) Anthracite : It is the highest quality hard coal and contains over 80% Carbon. It
has the highest heating value and burns without smoke. It is found only in Jammu
and Kashmir in small quantities.
(ii) Bituminous : It is most widely used and contains 60–80% carbon. It is dense, brittle
with high percentage of carbon and less moisture content. It is found in Jharkhand,
Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.
(iii) Lignite : It is also known as brown coal. It is low grade coal and contains 60%
carbon. It varies from dark to black brown. It is found in Rajasthan, Neyveli in
Tamil Nadu, Assam and Jammu and Kashmir.
(iv) Peat : This is the first stage of transformation of wood into coal and contains 50 to
60% carbon. It burns like wood, gives less heat, emits more smoke and leaves a lot
of ash after burning. It has a greater moisture content.
ooo
F ib re W ea v in g D y ein g a nd G a rm en t
S p inn in g
P ro d u ctio n K n ittin g F in ish in g m a n u fa ctu re
3. Why are sugar industries migrating to the western and southern regions of
India ? [1]
Ans. In recent years there is a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the
southern and western states especially in Maharashtra. This is because : (i) higher sucrose
content (ii) cooler climate (iii) cheap labour. (iv) Port facilities (As it is export oriented
Ind.)
4. Which region in India has the maximum concentration of integrated steel
plants? [1]
Ans. Chhotanagpur plateau region.
5. Which state is famous for the productions of cotton textiles ? [1]
Ans. Gujarat is the largest producer of cotton textiles in India. It is known as the ‘Manchester
of India’.
6. Why is the iron and steel industry called a basic and heavy industry ? [3]
Ans. Iron and steel industry is called basic or key industry because :
(i) All the other industries, whether heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their
machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods. It is also needed for
construction material, defence, medical, telephone, scientific equipment and a variety
of consumer goods.
(iii) Production and consumption of steel is considered as an index of the country’s
economic development.
7. ‘India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are
not able to perform to our full potential’. Give any three reasons. [3]
Ans. India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. Yet we are not able
to perform to our full potential because of
(i) high costs and limited availability of coking coal.
11. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants ? What problems
does the industry face ? What recent developments have led to a rise in the
production capacity ? [5]
Ans. Integrated steel plants are different from mini steel plants in many aspects. An integrated
steel plant is large and handles everything in one complex—from integrating raw materials
to steel making, rolling and shaping. On the other hand, a mini steel plant is smaller, has
electric furnaces, uses steel scrap and sponge iron, and has re-rollers that use steel ingots
as well. It produces mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
The problems faced by this industry are: (a) high production costs and limited availability
of coking coal; (b) lower productivity of labour; (c) irregular supply of energy; and (d)
poor infrastructure.
Recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity of this industry
are liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment, with help from private entrepreneurs
and more funds for research and development for updating of technology.
12. “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in
hand.” Explain. [5]
Ans. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.
(i) The agro-based industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its
productivity.
(ii) Agriculture provides raw material to Industries such as cotton, jute, rubber etc.
(iii) Industries provides basic inputs to agriculture like fertilisers, insecticides, irrigation
pumps, PVC pipes, machines and tools etc. to the farmers.
(iv) Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only
assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made production
process very efficient.
(v) In the present world of globalisation, industry needs to be more efficient and
competitive. Today, we are not only self-sufficient in agriculture but our farmers
are able to compete with other farmers in the world and India is able to produce
goods for the international market.
ooo
8. Study the following table carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Table - India : Railway Track (March 2012)
Ans.
11. Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a
nation and its economy ? [5]
Ans. Railways, airways, buses, trucks, cars etc are the main means of transportation whereas
radio, television, telephone, e-mail, telegraph, etc are the main means of communication.
Means of transport and communication are called lifelines of a nation because:
(i) To Provide link : Transportation is the lifeline of a country. It helps in the movement
of goods and services from the supply location to demand locations.
(ii) Development of Economy : These help the industries to get raw material and its
finished products are transported by railway and roadways. It contributes to the
promotion of trade. It contributes to the economic development by the development
of agriculture and Industry.
(iii) Helps in defence and during National Calamities : In war times, they facilitate
the movement of arms, ammunition and other supplies to the armed forces. It plays
an important role during national calamities in relief and rescure operations,
providing medical aid to victims.
(iv) National and Cultural Integration : India is a vast country. Transportation and
communication brings people of different castes, creeds, colours, religions,
languages and regions near to each other.
(v) Globalisation : Globalisation has been possible on account of easier and fast
developing communication channels between the countries of the world.
Thus, means of transportation and communication serves as the lifeline of the
nation and economy.
12. Describe any five advantages of roadways over railways. [5]
Ans. The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of the road.
Advantages of roadways over railways :
(i) Construction cost of roadways is lower than that of railway lines.
(ii) Roads can be built at higher altitudes and at any place.
(iii) Maintenance cost of roads is also low.
(iv) It is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of
goods over short distances.
(v) It provides door-to-door accessibility.
(vi) Here the cost of loading and unloading is much cheaper than the railways.
(vii) Road transport can be used as feeder to other modes of transport as they provide
link between the railway stations, air and sea ports.
ooo
10. Why tourism is called invisible trade ? Give three reasons. [3]
Ans. Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last 3 decades :
(i) National tourism promotes national integration, while international tourism provides
support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
(ii) It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture
and heritage.
(iii) Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of South India are important
destinations of foreign tourists in India.
There is a vast potential of tourism development in the north-eastern states and the
interior parts of Himalayas and if we develop these important tourist destinations we
can get a good amount of trade.
11. Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India ? Mention any three
uses of manganese. [3]
Ans. Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India.
Uses of manganese : (i) It is used in the manufacturing of steel.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of ferro-manganese alloy.
(iii) It has its uses in insecticide and paint industries.
(iv) It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder.
12. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry.
[3]
Ans. The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are as follows :
(i) To control water pollution, industrial effluents need to be treated on all three levels
(primary, secondary and tertiary); the use of water for processing
should be minimised via reuse and recycling; rainwater can be harvested to meet
water requirements, and ground water usage should be regulated by law.
(ii) For the minimisation of air pollution, smoke stacks should be fitted to factories
with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Also,
smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal.
(iii) Noise pollution can be controlled by fitting generators with silencers, redesigning
machinery to reduce noise, and using earplugs and earphones besides other noise
absorbing material.
13. Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years.
[3]
Ans. (a) In the 90’s, India’s main items of export were only agricultural products but India
has recorded high growth in the export of services. India has emerged as a software
giant at the international level.
(b) Tourism in India has grown over the last two decades. Foreign tourists’ arrivals in
the country witnessed an increase of about 23.5%.
(c) India has also exported manu-factured goods to other countries.
(d) We are having increasing trade relations, with USA, Canada, Australia, Japan,
Russia, Europe and the major oil producing countries rather than with Great Britain.
(e) India’s trade relations with the SAARC region countries is also on an increase.
(f) China has emerged as India’s main trading partner after the United States and the
United Arab Emirates.
14. (i) Which state is the leading producer of copper ?
(ii) Name any two industries which are dependent on copper.
(iii) Name any two most important copper mines of India. [3]
O th ers
7%
Jh ark h an d
16% M ad h y a
P rad e sh
29%
R a jasth a n
48%
17. The Jute-Textile Industry is mainly concentrated in the Hugli basin. Mention five
factors for the same. [5]
Ans. Jute textile industry is mainly concentrated in Hugli-basin because :
(i) Jute producing areas are nearer to Hugli-basin.
(ii) There is good network of rivers which provide inexpensive water transport and
abundant water supply for jute processing.
(iii) Good network of railways, roadways facilitate the supply of raw materials to the
mills and finished goods to the market.
(iv) Cheap labour is availabe from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha
and Uttar Pradesh.
(v) Kolkata is a large urban centre which provides banking, insurance and port facilities
for the export of jute goods.
18. “Nuclear energy is the hope of future.” Discuss the statement by giving five points.
[5]
Ans. Nuclear Energy : It is energy which is obtained from the nucleus of an atom. The
nuclear energy is going to play a vital role because:
(i) Since the demand for energy is increasing day by day, the natural energy sources
like coal, petroleum, etc. cannot last for long time. So the nuclear energy will
dominate.
(ii) It also releases enormous amount of energy.
(iii) Nuclear power is very economical.
Main Minerals : (i) Uranium (ii) Thorium
Uranium mines are located in the singhbhum district of Jharkhand.
19. Describe the importance of manufacturing sector in countries like India. [5]
Ans. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more
valuable products is called manufacturing.
Importance of manufacturing :
(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture.
(ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing
them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iii) It eradicates unemployment and poverty from our country.
(iv) It also brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and
backward areas.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce ,and brings in much
needed foreign exchange.
(vi) In manufacturing, raw materials are transformed into a wide variety of furnished
goods which are of higher value.
20. Describe the main features of development of railways in India. [5]
Ans. Railways in India : The first railway line was constructed between Mumbai and Thane
in the year 1853. It was only 34 kms long. Railways are the chief means of transport in
India.
Main characteristics :
(i) Indian railways have a total length of 63221 kms.
(ii) It is the largest railway system in Asia and the fourth largest in the world.
ooo
POLITICAL SCIENCE
DEMOCRATIC POLITICS-II
CHAPTER – 1 (POPULAR STRUGGLES AND MOVEMENTS)
PAPER PEN TEST (Page : 132)
(iii) All the major political parties together formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) which
led the movement.
(iv) In this movement Maoist and other organisations also gave their support.
8. What is the difference between a pressure group and a political party ? [3]
Ans.
9. Explain any three common features of the popular struggle in Nepal and Bolivia.
What values you have learnt from the popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia ?
[3]
Ans. Nepal and Bolivia had political conflicts which involved mass uprisings and popular
struggles. In Nepal, the common man supported the demand for restoring democracy
and in Bolivia people supported the struggle against the MNCs over municipal water
supply i.e., it involved claims against the elected democratic government.
Similarities : Both these struggles were similar on many grounds and shared some
common elements, like :
(i) Political Conflict : The struggles in Nepal and Bolivia were the examples of political
conflict which resulted into popular struggles.
(ii) Mass Mobilisation : Strike, public demonstrations, mass mobilisation were very
much prevalent in both the struggles. Public demonstrations of mass support clinched
the dispute.
(iii) Role of Political Organisations : Lastly, political organisations played critical role
in both the struggles of Nepal and Bolivia.
These popular struggles inspires us in the following way :
(i) It represented a collective action on the part of the people from different sections of
the society who fought against injustice.
(ii) It revealed power of the common people, pressurizing the government to be reponsive
to their demands.
(iii) It shows that people if they act in unison can be a catalyst of change and can bring
about justice and fair play.
10. “Democracy evolves through popular struggles.” Justify with three points. [3]
Ans. (i) Mass mobilisation : Democratic conflicts are resolved through mass mobilisation.
Movement for democracy in Nepal and Bolivia’s Water War are the instances of
political conflict that led to popular struggles. In both cases, the struggle involved
mass mobilisation.
(ii) Political organisations : The conflicts and mobilisation are based on new political
organisations. These include political parties, pressure groups and movement groups.
(iii) Conflict management : Democracy usually involves conflict between those groups
who have exercised power and those who aspire for a share in power. These groups
should make consensus on the issues of conflict.
(iv) Criticisms : Conflicts involve criticisms. It means to point out the failures of
something, the person or an organisation. It is a part of our life. But, it can be
constructive or destructive. We should take criticisms in a positive way.
(v) Genuineness : The purpose of the conflicts should be genuine.
11. Examine the methods adopted by the interest groups in India to put pressure on
the government. [5]
Ans. Individual interest groups generally function in a realistic way, using any method or
technique which they believe will serve their purpose effectively. The techniques which
any particular group uses to put pressure on government will be determined largely by
factors like :
* Size of the Group
* Quality of leadership and staff
* Relation with the political parties and other organised groups.
(i) Electioneering : Elections are an object of primary concern to interest groups as
these afford them an opportunity of pushing their ‘favoured’ men into the agencies
of adminstrative mechanism. They use all means to get tickets for their own
candidates and finance political parties. This technique is labelled as “electioneering.”
(ii) Conference and Seminars : Conference, seminars, debates, etc., are organised by
powerful pressure groups where legislators and administrators are also invited. By
these they try to influence the government as well as the opinion.
(iii) Political parties : The medium of political parties is used by these groups to further
their interest. Interest group pressure is sometimes exerted through political parties
and Trade unions.
(iv) Mass demonstration : Interest groups of students, teachers, government servents,
and various trade unions often resort to mass demonstrations, hartals, strikes, and
civil disobedience.
(v) Rasta Roko : Sometimes, Rasta Roko, rallies and other types of stir are resorted to
by peasants and Kissan Sabhas to put pressure on government.
(vi) Propagandising : Lastly nowadays the use of media-both press and electronic-is
increasing. This is used by the pressure groups to create and articulate public opinion.
Pressure groups or Interest groups try to influence the experts, news makers and
producers to give more coverage to their activities and to present their case favourably.
This technique is called “Propagandising”.
ooo
(v) They have to accept the decisions taken by central leaders. So there is lack of
internal democracy within the parties.
8. Differentiate between mono party and bi-party systems. Give an example of
each. [3]
Ans.
Mono-party system Bi-party system
1. The system in which a single party is 1. The system in which the power is
permitted to rule, is called mono-party transferred between only two major
system. parties, is called bi-party system.
2. In mono-party system, although people are 2. In bi-party system, several parties may
free to form political parties, but it does exist, contest election and win few seats
not happen because the electoral system but only the two main parties have the
does not permit free competition for serious chance of winning majority of
power. seats required to form the government.
3. In China, there exists a mono-party system 3. In the USA, there exists a bi-party system,
in which only the Communist Party in which the power is transferred between
always forms the government. the Republican and Democratic Parties.
9. Carefully study the given election symbols and answer the following questions.
(A) (B)
(i) Name the political parties associated with election symbols (A) and (B).
(ii) Name any two ideologies of the each party named by you. [3]
Ans. (i) A – The Indian National Congress
B – Aam Aadmi Party
(ii) Indian National Congress
(a) Promotes Secularism
(b) Supports new economic reforms
Aam Aadmi Party
(a) Corruption free country
(b) Power in the hands of common man.
10. How the growing role of money and muscle power in political party have become a
threat for democracy ? What values are depicted in the question ? [3]
Ans. The growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections is
becoming a threat for democracy. Since parties are focussed only on winning elections,
they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who
have or can raise lots of money. Rich people and companies who give funds to the
parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party. In some cases,
parties support criminals who can win elections. Democrats all over the world are worried
about the increasing role of rich people and big companies in democratic politics.
Values : The rich people and big companies are only concerned about their own personal
profits and influence the policies and decisions of the party in their favour rather than
concerning about the whole nation.
11. Highlight the main challenges faced by political parties. [5]
Ans. The main challenges faced by political parties are :
(i) Lack of internal democracy : (a) All over the world there is a tendency in political
parties towards the concentration of powers in one or few leaders at the top.
(b) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings and
do not conduct internal elections regularly.
(ii) Dynastic succession : (a) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent
procedures for their functioning.
(b) The senior members of the party are in a position of unfair advantage to favour
people close to them or even their family members.
(iii) Use of money and muscle power : (a) Parties use money and muscle powers especially
during elections. They tend to use shortcuts to win elections.
(b) Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on
the policies and decisions of the party.
(iv) Absence of meaningful choice : (a) Very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful
choice to the voters.
(b) In our country, the differences among all the major parties on the economic policies
have reduced. Those who really like different policies have no option available to them.
12.Explain some reforms to strengthen the working of political parties. [5]
Ans.Some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well are :
(i) State Funding of Elections : To lessen the role of money power in the elections,
there should be state funding of elections. The government should give money to
political parties to support their election expenses. It could be given in cash or kind
(petrol, paper, vehicles, telephones etc.) on the basis of the votes secured by them
during the last elections.
(ii) To regulate the internal affairs of Political Parties : A law should be passed to
regular the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made compulsory for all
the political parties to maintain a register of its members, to follow its own
constitution and to hold open elections to the highest posts in the party.
(iii) Pressure of Public Opinion : Political Parties can also be reformed if people put
pressure on them. This can be done through petitions propaganda and agitations,
citizens, pressure groups and media can play an important role in this.
(iv) Ban on Political Parties based on religion and caste : Political parties which are
organised in communal or caste basis should be banned.
(v) Conclusion : If the above suggestions are accepted by all the political parties, it
could lead to some improvement in their working.
ooo
Study the above table carefully and answer the following questions :
(i) What do the percentage share of South Africa and Brazil depict ?
(ii) How the countries like Denmark and Hungary better as compared to Russia and
USA ?
(iii) What according to you is the reason behind such high degrees of income inequalities
in the democratic countries ? [3]
Ans. (i) In democratic countries like South Africa and Brazil, the top 20% people take
away more than 60% of the national income, leaving less than 3% for the bottom
20% population.
(ii) The countries like Denmark and Hungary are better as compared to Russia and
USA as the difference in the percentage share of national income of the top 20%
and the bottom 20% people is not that huge.
(iii) A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and
incomes. Not only that, their share in the total income of the country has been
increasing. Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon.
Their incomes have been declining. Sometimes they find it difficult to meet their
basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education and health.
10. ‘Democracy means delay in decision-making.’ According to you, which would be
more preferable, quick decision of dictatorship or slow decision of democracy ?
What values you have learnt from the given statement ? [3]
Ans. It is true that democracy means delay in the decision-making process as debates and
decision are the orders of the government and people can not disagree with them. In this
way, democracy is better even if it takes more time in making decision.
From the given statement I have learnt the values like public awareness, liberty and
equality.
11. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate
government ? [5]
Ans. Democracy is government of the people, for the people and by the people. By looking at
all the democracies, we can say that it produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate
government due to following reasons:
(i) Accountable Government : Democracy produces an accountable government
because all the educated and enlightened citizens of the country are concerned that
people should have the right to choose their representatives. If they does not work
in a proper way then people have the right to change them. That is why they are
accountable to the people. People are also part and parcel of decision making process
of the country. So democracy produces an accountable government.
(ii) Responsive Governments : Democracy also produces a responsive government
because in a democratic country people elect the government and that government
is responsible towards the people and parliament. Democratic government generally
take care of the needs and opinion of the people. That’s why democracy produces a
responsive government.
(iii) Legitimate Government : Democracy not only produces an accountable and
responsive but also produces a legitimate government. Democratic government is
legitimately legitimate in the sense because it is legitimately elected by the people
almost after every five years through the process of universal adult franchise. All
the decisions are taken as per the laws enumerated in the constitution.
12. How far democracy has reduced poverty in India ? [5]
Ans. (i) A small number of ultra rich people enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth
and income.
(ii) The poor are becoming poorer by the day so much, that they are unable to meet
their basic necessities like food, clothing, housing, education, health, etc.
(iii) The poor who constitute a large proportion of voters are not provided with
opportunities on an equal footing.
(iv) The democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to address the
question of poverty.
(v) In Bangladesh, more than half of the population lives in poverty. People in several
countries are now dependent on rich countries even for food supplies.
ooo
(ii) District administration and police should carry out surprise raids to check the
attendance of the doctors.
(iii) Village Panchayat should be given the power to write the annual report of the
doctor which should be read out in the Gram Sabha meeting.
(iv) Big states like Uttar Pradesh should be split into several smaller states which can
be administered more efficiently.
11. Describe broad challenges to democracy. [5]
Ans. (i) Foundation Challenge : There are many countries which are facing foundational
challenge i.e. they have non democratic regime. Countries like Cuba, Korea,
Zimbabwe face foundational challenge. The foundational challenge involves
bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away from
controlling the government and establishing a sovereign state.
(ii) Challenge of Expansion : Most of the established democracies like India and
USA face the challenge of expansion. This involves :
(a) Applying basic principle of democracy across all regions, different social groups,
and various institutions.
(b) Providing more powers to state and local governments.
(c) Inclusion of women and minority groups in decision making.
(d) Minimising decisions which should remain outside the arena of democratic central.
(iii) Challenge of Deepening of Democracy : This challenge is faced by every
democracy in one or other form. This includes :
(a) Strengthening political parties and other institutions that promote democracy.
(b) To bring down the control and influence of the rich and powerful in the government.
(c) To provide more powers to local governments.
12. When was the ‘Right to Information Act’ implemented ? How does it act as the
‘watchdog of democracy’ ? Explain. [5]
Ans. The Right to Information Act was implemented on 12 October, 2005.
This is an example of one of those laws which has empowered people to act as watchdogs
of democracy in the following ways:
(i) This act has given people an extensive right to know what is happening in the
government.
(ii) This enabled people to know about every details of any programmes from the
levels of planning to implementation. By this, they can know lapses,
misappropriation, etc. if any, by any officials and file a complaint.
(iii) This law helped control corruption and supplement the existing laws that ban
corruption and impose strict penalties.
(iv) This law helps to know who has taken the decision, was the decision taken as per
the established norms and procedures. So, the executives have to think twice before
taking any biased decision.
(v) Through this act, people have been empowered with the right to know the source
of income, details of expenditure etc. This puts an effective control over the
government officials while dealing with the funds.
ooo
13. What is the difference between a pressure group and a political party ? [3]
Ans.
Pressure Groups Political Parties
1. Pressure Groups have specific interest and 1. Political parties have a broad based
work for the collective interests of its programme that covers many aspects of
members only. national life. They influence and coerce
the Government.
2. Membership of pressure groups is limited 2. Membership of the parties is very broad
and that too of a particular kind, i.e., a based and it is a wide coalition of diverse
student’s pressure group will consist only members and they have mass
of students and not of traders, etc. memberships.
3. Pressure groups resort to agitational 3. Political parties use only Constitutional
politics like marches,demonstrations, means to achieve their aims.
strikes, fasts, etc.
4. Pressure groups are informal, often 4. Political parties are the formal, open and
secretive, conceited and conspiratorial and recognised part of the political system
sometimes even unrecognised entities. competing for power.
*14. ‘Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and
disseminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.’
Read the above statement carefully and answer the following questions :
(i) Identify the Fundamental Right which is related to this statement.
(ii) How do you feel when you come across words like ‘disadvantaged’ and
‘disseminated’ being used for a sections of citizens of free India ?
(iii) How far can ‘equal status’ and ‘equal opportunity’ restore back the dignity
and freedom of these deprived classes ? [3]
Ans. (i) The above statement relates to “The Right to Equality”.
(ii) Every citizen of India is equal in the eyes of laws. This means they should be treated
politically, economically and socially equal. But, even after more than 60 years of
independence, when such words are used, it looks to me a great failure on the name
of the country.
(iii) If equal opportunities are provided and availed of, it will raise and uplift the status
of the people. This will further restore them the dignity and freedom. So, the
government should make serious efforts to bring social and economic equality among
the people of the country.
15. Study the cartoon and answer the following
questions :
(i) What do you understand about the
economic growth and income
distribution from above?
(ii) Should the gains of economic growth be
evenly distributed ?
(iii) How can the poor get a voice for a better
share in a nation ? [3]
Ans. (i) The cartoon tells us about the disparities between the rich and poor.
(ii) Yes, the gains of economic growth be evenly distributed between the rich and the
poor.
(iii) The poor can get a voice for a better share in a nation by forming their own pressure
groups and raising the public issues.
16. Explain any three most effective ways in which the pressure groups and movements
influence the politics of a country. [3]
Ans. The three most effective ways in which the pressure groups and movements influence
the politics of a country are :
(i) Raising public issues : They try to gain public support and sympathy for their
goals, and their activity by carrying out information campaigns, organizing meetings,
file petitions, etc. Most of these groups try to influence the mass media into giving
more attention to these issues.
(ii) Participation in the working of government : They often organize protest
activities like strikes, disrupting government programmes. Workers organizations
from pressure groups or movement groups may participate in official bodies and
committees that offer advice to the government.
(iii) Impact on political parties : Pressure groups and movements do not directly
engage in party politics, they seek to exert influence on political parties. Most of
the political parties take agenda from these organizations. Most of the movement
groups take political stance without being a party.
17. How far has India succeeded in overcoming the challenge of expansion before its
democracy ? Evaluate. [5]
Ans. The challenge of expansion involves application of basic principles of democratic
government across all the regions, social groups and various institutions. In the following
ways, India has witnessed expansion of democracy and overcome this challenge
successfully:
(i) A powerful Election Commission : Conduction of regular and free and fair election
provides basis for the expansion of democracy. India has one of the most powerful
Election Commissions in the world.
(ii) Ensuring greater power to local government : Decentralisation of power is a
must for the expansion of any democracy. In India, the Panchayati Raj System has
given people at the root level an opportunity to administer their local affairs on
their own. For this they are being provided with sufficient help from the government.
(iii) Federal System : India is a federation of states. The power is distributed among
the states. Centre’s interference is minimum. The federal principle has been extended
to all the units of the federation.
(iv) Greater participation of women : By reserving one-third seats in the local
panchayati system, the government has ensured greater participation of women in
administration. Also there is a Bill before the Parliament intending to reserve about
33% seats in the legislative for women.
(v) Protection to the interests of minorities : Through its various provisions,
programmes and policies, the government has ensured that minorities are not
deprived of their rights and opportunities. For this, government has given required
protection and promotion in the various fields.
18. ‘Democracy is seen to be good in principle, but felt, to be not so good in practice.’
Justify the statement with suitable arguments. [5]
Ans. Democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt not to be so good practice because of
the following reasons :
(i) The decision making process in democracy is time consuming, whereby justice
delayed is justice denied.
(ii) The tyranny of the majority overrides the will of the minority.
(iii) Corruption and red-tapism dominates the functioning of democracy.
(iv) An illiterate and ill-informed electorate fails to give itself a legitimate and
accountable government.
(v) Politics is dominated by the charisma of popular leaders and dynastic succession.
19. State the similarities and levels of popular mass struggles of Nepal and Bolivia.[5]
Ans. Nepal and Bolivia had political conflicts which involved mass uprisings and popular
struggles. In Nepal, the common man supported the demand for restoring democracy
and in Bolivia people supported the struggle against the MNCs over municipal water
supply i.e., it involved claims against the elected democratic government.
Similarities : Both these struggles were similar on many grounds and shared some
common elements, like :
(i) Political Conflict : The struggles in Nepal and Bolivia were the examples of political
conflict which resulted into popular struggles.
(ii) Mass Mobilisation : Strike, public demonstrations, mass mobilisation were very
much prevalent in both the struggles. Public demonstrations of mass support clinched
the dispute.
(iii) Role of Political Organisations : Lastly, political organisations played critical role
in both the struggles of Nepal and Bolivia.
Level of Popular struggle : The two movements involved mass mobilisation and public
demonstration of mass support. Both these struggles showed how democracy evolved
all over the world like :
(i) Democracy evolved through popular struggle.
(ii) Democratic conflict and mobilisation.
(iii) Democracy and political organisation.
Thus, both the struggles reveal that people’s participation and the critical role of political
organisations led to the success of their struggles.
20. Examine critically the role of an ordinary citizen in strengthening and deepening
democracy. [5]
Ans. Following are some ways in which an ordinary citizen can play roles in strengthening
and deepening democracy.
(i) By active participation in political processes : An active participation in various
political processes like election, strengthens democracy and enhances its quality.
So, by ensuring his participation an ordinary citizen can help democracy in its
deepening.
(ii) By keeping a watch on the performance of parties and government : An ordinary
citizen can have a watch on the acts and programmes of the political parties and
government. It will help not only him but others as well in electing genuine candidate
as people’s representative.
(iii) By Use of rights : By using Right to Information an ordinary citizen can find out
what is happening in the government. The informations he gets can help to control
corruption.
(iv) Support to movements : There are many popular movements that compelled the
government to correct the wrong. This is possible only when ordinary citizens
extend their support to any movement.
(v) Stay politically aware : It becomes easy to decide about the candidate, government
and the whole system when you are aware of the political events taking place in
your state/country. A politically aware citizen is able to take good and balanced
decision and thereby strengthen democracy.
ooo
ECONOMICS
CHAPTER – 1 (MONEY AND CREDIT)
PAPER PEN TEST (Page : 185)
Time Allowed : 30 Min. Max. Marks : 30
1. Define Barter System. [1]
Ans. Barter refers to the direct exchange of goods and services. In this way, barter system refers
to that system by which one commodity is exchanged for another without use of money.
2. What is debt trap ? [1]
Ans. Debt trap is a situation in which a debt is different or impossible to pay typically because
high interest payments prevent repayment of principal.
3. What do you understand by SHGs ? [1]
Ans. SHGs are the groups created by needy person themselves, especially women to fulfil
their credit and loan needs. A typical SHG has 15-20 members, who meet and save
regularly.
4. What is included in the modern form of money ? [1]
Ans. (i) Currency (ii) Demand deposits
5. Name the organisation which supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit.
[1]
Ans. The Reserve Bank of India
6. Describe any three major functions of the Reserve Bank of India. [3]
Ans. Following are the main functions of the Reserve Bank of India:
(i) It issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.
(ii) It surprises the functioning of formal sources of loans which includes banks and
co-operatives.
(iii) It monitors that the banks actually maintain the cash balance out of the deposits
they receive. These days this cash balance is 15 per cent of their total cash deposits.
(iv) It sees that the banks give loans to small cultivators, small-scale industries small
borrowers, etc.
(v) It periodically receives information from the banks as to how much they are lending,
to whom, at what interest rates, etc.
7. Describe the organisation, working and importance of Self-Help Groups. [3]
Ans. (i) SHGs are the groups created by needy person themselves, especially women to
fulfil their credit and loan needs. A typical SHG has 15-20 members, who meet
and save regularly.
(ii) Saving of per member varies from ` 25 to ` 100 or more depending on the ability
of the people to save.
(iii) Members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs.
(iv) The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the money-
lenders charge.
(v) If the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan from the
bank. The loan is sanctioned in the name of the group and is meant to create self-
employment opportunities for the members.
Advantages of SHGs :
(i) The SHGs help the borrower to overcome the problem of lack of collateral.
(ii) They can get timely loans for a variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate.
(iii) SHGs are the building blocks of organisation of the rural poor.
(iv) Not only do they help women become financially self-reliant, the regular meetings
of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such
as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.
8. Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending ? Give any three reasons. [3]
Ans. Money lenders ask for collateral for the following reasons :
(i) Collateral acts as security in case a borrower defaults in the repayment of loans.
(ii) In case, the borrower is declared insolvent, then the lender can sell-off the collateral
assets to recover the loan amount.
(iii) Collateral binds the borrower to be regular in making the loan repayments to the
lender.
9. Study the given pie chart carefully, and answer the following questions : [3]
5% 2% C o o p erativ es an d c om m ercia l b an k s
4%
G o ve rn m e n t an d o th er fo rm al so urce s
6% P ro fe ssio n al a n d A g ric u ltu re m o n ey le n de rs
5% Trad e rs
52% L an d lo rd s
R e lative s an d F rie nd s
18%
O th er S o u rc es
S o u rce s no t S p ec ified
8%
(i) Which are the major sources of credit for the rural households in India ?
(ii) Which is the most important source of credit for the rural households in India ?
(iii) Why still large number of people still depend upon informal sources of
credit ? [3]
Ans. (i) Cooperatives and commercial banks, Government and other formal sources,
professional and Agriculture money lenders.
(ii) Cooperatives and commercial banks.
(iii) (a) Banks are not present everywhere.
(b) Getting a loan from the bank is difficult.
10. Mention any three values which are reflected by the informal sources of credit.
[3]
Ans. (i) Rural poor lack in collateral that is essential for formal sources of credit. Thus,
informal sources are considered better for the rural households.
(ii) Usually informal sources do not require extensive documentation for giving the
loan. Thus, the illiterate people of rural household finds it easier to take loans from
informal sources.
(iii) Banks are mostly unwilling to lend loans to rural poor because the repayment of
loan is dependent on the income from farming. In case of crop failure, repayment
becomes impossible.
Thus, rural poor are dependent on the informal sources for running their routine work
and livelihood.
11. Explain the functions of Commercial Banks. [5]
Ans. Following are the functions of Commercial Banks :
(i) Accepting deposits : The most significant and traditional function of commercial
bank is accepting deposits of public under saving account, current account and
fixed deposits. They play the role of custodian of money.
(ii) Providing loans : The second important functions of commercial bank is advancing
loans to the public to fulfill their needs of money. Loan may be granted in the form
of cash credit, ordinary loans, overdraft, discounting of bills etc.
(iii) Credit Creation : Money deposited by the people is given to other people in the
form of loan to satisfy their wants of money. People who take loan from banks, do
not spend whole money, they also deposit money in their bank account. The process
continues in this way, money multiplies and bank make a system of credit creation.
(iv) Transfer of funds : Commercial banks are also able to transfer funds of a customer’s
account through the cheques, drafts, credit card, cash order etc.
(v) Agency functions : In modern time, commercial banks also act as an agent of the
customer. They accept subscription for shares from various shareholders on behalf
of their respective company.
12. “Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the countries development.” Highlight
the role of loans in reference to India. [5]
Ans. (i) If cheap credit is not provided to the farmers they will be forced to arrange the
capital at high rate which will increase the cost of production. The high cost of
production put the farmers into a debt trap.
(ii) Cheap and affordable credit is also must manufacturing sector to purchase raw
material and other inputs.
(iii) Cheap and affordable credit is required to decrease the dependency on informal
sources of credit.
(iv) Most of the Indian farmers are very poor so they do not have any surplus savings.
(v) Cheap and affordable credit is also required for establishing new manufacturing
units especially small scale units.
ooo
8. Describe the ways through which MNCs control production in other countries.[3]
Ans. (i) MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get
cheap labour and other resources.
(ii) This is done so that the cost of production remains low and the MNCs can earn
greater profits.
(iii) At times, MNCs set up production jointly, with some of the local companies in
these countries.
(iv) Its twin benefits are – they can provide money for additional investments like buying
of new machines for faster production and MNCs might bring with them the latest
technology for production.
(v) The most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and
then expand production. MNCs with huge wealth can quite easily do so.
(vi) Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small producers.
Garments, footwear, sports items are examples of industries where production is
carried out by a large number of small producers around the world.
(vii) The products are supplied to the MNCs which then sell these under their own brand
names to the customers.
9. “Liberalisation of trade and investment policies promote globalisation.” Justify
your answer with suitable examples. [3]
Ans. In the following manner liberalisation of trade and investment helped the globalisation
process :
(i) Liberalisation makes industries free to expand themselves according to the market.
It helps the globalisation process.
(ii) Liberalisation of investment helps to form new businesses in all other countries
which is a part of globalisation.
(iii) Liberalisation of trade means removing unnecessary trade restriction. Due to which
import and export between countries has become more easier and it gave birth to
globalisation.
10. Inspite of Globalisation creating good quality product and expanding market, how
is it affecting stability in jobs for the workers ? What values are reflected in the
question ? [3]
Ans. The following effects on the job of the workers are observed :
(i) There is no permanent employment, but workers are employed only when needed,
i.e., they are ‘flexible workers’. In the slack season, they are out of work with no
compensation.
(ii) Due to increased competition between companies, the MNC’s main objective is to
lower costs. Here, the axe falls on the ‘labour costs’, in which, besides temporary
employment, the workers may be given lower wages or they may have to work on
piece rate basis.
(iii) Workers may have to work longer hours without any overtime payment at peak
season time and be laid off from work without any compensation during the slack
season.
Values : Insecurity of jobs, widening of economic inequalities as rich has become more
rich and the population of poor is still on increase.
ooo
From the given statement I have learnt, that for the Consumer Movement to be effective,
a voluntary effort and struggle involving the participation of all consumers is required.
11. In India consumer movement is a ‘Social Force’ Explain. [5]
Ans. (i) In India , the consumer movement as a ‘social force’ originated with the necessity
of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair
trade practices.
(ii) Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible
oil gave birth to the consumer movement as a social movement in the 1960s.
(iii) It arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers at the mass level.
(iv) Earlier when a consumer was not happy with a particular brand, product or shop,
he/she generally avoided buying that brand product or from that shop. It took many
years for organisations in India and abroad to create awareness amongst people.
(v) The movement has later on, succeeded in bringing pressure on business firms as
well as government to correct unethical and unfair business conducts.
12. Describe the measures taken by the government to control the price rise. [5]
Ans. (i) Public Distribution System : Government of India, under its public distribution
system ensures the availability of essential commodities such as wheat, rice, sugar,
edible oil and kerosene oil to the consumers at reasonable prices through a network
of fair price shops. At present, there are about 4.61 lakh of fair price shops in the
country. Subsidies are borne by the government.
(ii) Administrative Price Mechanism : Administrative prices are those prices of goods
and services, which are controlled by the government. Government of India has
imposed price controls on a number of commodities, e.g., steel, automobiles, etc.
Producers of these commodities cannot charge prices higher than the maximum
prices fixed by the Government.
(iii) Monetary Policy/Measures : It is the policy of the Central Bank (RBI) to control
money supply and credit in economy. This results in people’s tendency to consume
less, which in turn reduces the demand for goods and thereby lower the prices.
(iv) Fiscal Policy/ Measures : It is the expenditure and revenue policy of the government
to accomplish the desired goals. The intention of the government here is to reduce
the money supply, which is kept in the hands of the people. When people have less
money to spend, their consumption will also fall, which leads to decline in prices.
ooo
9. Mention any two ways through which consumer are exploited. [1]
Ans. (i) High price
(ii) Adulteration
(iii) Under weight
(iv) Selling of poor quality goods.
10. What is double coincidence of wants ? Explain with the help of an example. [3]
Ans. (i) Double coincidence of wants implies a situation where two parties agree to sell
and buy each other’s commodities., i.e., what one party desires to sell is exactly
what the other party wishes to buy.
(ii) Money does away with this tedious and complex situation by acting as a medium
of exchange that can be used for one and all commodities.
(iii) For example, if an ice-cream vendor wants a bicycle but the bicycle manufacturer
wants clothes, and not ice-creams, then the vendor can use money to obtain a
bicycle. He does need to adhere to the bicycle man’s needs because money acts as
the common medium of exchange. Similarly, the bicycle manufacturer can then
use the money to buy clothes.
11. “The Indian government, after independence has put many such barriers on foreign
trade and foreign investment.” Why was this considered necessary ? [3]
Ans. (i) After Independence, the Indian government had put up barriers to foreign trade
and foreign investment. This was considered necessary to protect the domestic
producers from foreign competitors.
(ii) Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s and competition from imports
at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up.
(iii) Thus, India allowed imports of only essential items such as machinery, fertilisers,
petroleum, etc.
12. (i) Explain the ‘Right to Choose’ as consumer’s right.
(ii) Explain the ‘Right to Seek Redressal’ as a consumer’s right. [3]
Ans. (i) Right to Choose : The consumer can choose the product to be bought and also
whether or not to buy a product. He cannot be forced to purchase a product or
service which is not of his choice.
(ii) Right to Seek Redressal : The consumer has the right to seek redressal if the
supplier has exploited him. He has the right to be compensated by the trader/producer
if any damage or loss occurs due to the product or service purchased.
13. Who supervises the functioning of banks ? In what ways is the supervision done ?
[3]
Ans. Reserve Bank of India is the apex bank of the country. Supervising the functioning of
formal sources of credit as given below :
(i) The Reserve Bank of India monitors the amount of money that banks loan out, and
also the amount of cash balance maintained by them.
(ii) It also ensures that banks give out loans not just to profiteering businesses but also
to small cultivators, small scale industries and small borrowers.
(iii) Periodically, banks are supposed to submit information to the RBI on the amounts
lent, to whom and at what rates of interest.
(iv) This monitoring is necessary to ensure that equality is preserved in the financial
sector, and that small industries are also given an outlet to grow. This is also done
to make sure that banks do not loan out more money than they are supposed to, as
this can lead to situations like the Great Depression of the 1930s in the USA,
which greatly affected the world economy as well.
14. How do the MNCs help in the growth of local companies ? [3]
Ans. (i) Availability of modern techniques and management : Modern technology and
managerial services are made available to the local companies or to the host country.
As a result, the productivity of the local enterprises increases and the resources are
optimally utilised.
(ii) Capital : MNCs can provide capital (money and machines) for faster production.
The MNCs, also keep the flow of work.
15. “Income and employment will increase if farmers are provided irrigation and
marketing facilities.” Justify the statement. [3]
Ans. (i) Irrigation is a basic input in agriculture. To provide irrigation government needs to
dug canals or wells. This will provide more employment opportunities in rural
areas.
(ii) Irrigation will also increase total production. This will increase employment as
well as income.
(iii) Farmers need market to sell the surplus production. Farmers can get higher rates of
their crops in the market. This will increase their income.
(iv) To build the market government have to invest in roads or railways. This will
increase employment opportunity.
*16. Self Help Groups support has brought about a revolutionary change in the rural
sector. Which values according to you is it able to support. [3]
Ans. (i) It promotes women empowerment. SHGs are the groups created by needy persons
themselves, especially women to fulfil their credit and loan needs.
(ii) The SHG encourages team work because it is an organisation of about 15-20
members who meet and save at a regular intervals.
(iii) The Self-Help Group leads to self-sufficiently to its members. Members can take
small loans from the group itself to meet their needs. If the group is regular in
savings, it can avail loans from the bank that is meant to create self-employment
opportunities for the members.
17. How can a consumer get justice when his rights are denied ? [5]
Ans. Three- tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state and national level was set up for
redressal of consumer disputes.
Claims upto which they deal are
(a) District level courts – Upto ` 20 lakhs
(b) State level courts – Between ` 20 lakhs and ` 1 crore.
(c) National level courts – Exceeding ` 1 crore
If a case is dismissed in district level court, the consumer can also appeal in state and
then in National level courts.
18. What changes have occured in India due to the adoption of the policy of
liberalisation and globalisation ? [5]
Ans. (i) Variety of products : Due to the New Economic policy, many MNCs have invested
their capital in India. So the Indian consumers are getting variety and quality
products at cheaper rates.
(ii) Development in the infra structure : Due to the policy of globalisation and
privatisation, the condition of infrastructure has improved considerably. Much
progress can be seen in the communication sector. At present many private compa-
nies are providing better services to the consumers.
(iii) Boost to Foreign direct investment : The policy of liberalisation and globalisation
has provide a big boost to foreign direct investment in developing countries.
(iv) Boost to the Indian companies : Due to the policy of globalisation and
liberalisation, the private sector has gained a big push. Now the private sector is
free to import raw material and technology from other countries. Many restrictions
on the imports and exports have been lifted. Several top Indian companies have
been able to benefit from the increased competition. Moreover, globalisation has
enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals themselves. Tata
Motors (automobiles), Infosys (IT), etc.
(v) Boost to the service sector : Globalisation has also created new opportunities for
companies providing services, particularly those involving information and com-
munication technologies. Besides, a host of services such as data entry, account-
ing, administrative tasks, engineering, etc., are now being cheaply done in our
country, and are exported to the developed countries.
19. Why do rural borrowers depend on the informal sector of credit ? [5]
Ans. (i) Availability of banks is not everywhere in rural India, whereas the informal sources
are easily available in all the villages.
(ii) Getting a loan from a bank is very difficult than taking a loan from the informal
resources because bank loans require proper documents and collateral. Most of the
poor people don’t possess anything to offer as collateral.
(iii) Informal sources of credit provide loan to the poor people without any collateral.
(iv) The formal sources provide loan only for productive purposes, whereas the informal
sources provide credit for productive and non-productive purposes.
(v) The methods of business of the formal sources are very complex, whereas the
informal resources have a very simple way of business.
20. What is consumer exploitation ? What are the various ways in which a consumer
can be exploited ? [5]
Ans. It is a situation in which a consumer is cheated by the producer.
The main ways of exploitation of consumers are described below :
(i) Adulteration : Adulteration means mixing or substituting undesirable materials in
food. This causes heavy loss to the customers; they suffer from monetary loss as
well as spoil their health.
(ii) False claim : Sellers make false claim about the durability and quality of their
product through advertisements.
(iii) Under measurement : Sellers generally give under measured goods and charge for
the actual quantity.
(iv) Hoarding and Black marketing : Trader generally hold the stock of essential
commodities to create artificial scarcity in the market so that they can sell their
commodities at higher price.
(v) Substandard goods : Sellers usually sell inferior quality goods in order to make
more profits.
(vi) High price : Sellers who are dealing in necessities generally charge arbitrary prices.
(vii)Duplicate Articles : In the name of genuine parts or goods, duplicate items are sold
to the consumers.
(viii) Lack of safety devices : Electronic appliances produced locally lack the required
inbuilt safeguards which causes harm to the consumers.
Examples :
(i) A grocery shop owner might sell expired products, and then blame the customer for
not checking the date of expiry before buying the items.
(ii) In order to achieve the goal of profit maximisation and growth, a businessman
sometimes resorts to adulteration of goods, poor quality of the product, lack of
service and courtesy to the customer, misleading or dishonest advertising etc.
ooo