Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Samsung diversified into many different areas. Lee sought to establish Samsung as leader in a wide range of industries. Samsung
moved into lines of business such as insurance, securities and retail.
In 1947, Cho Hong-jai, the Hyosung group's founder, jointly invested in a new company
called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa, or the Samsung Trading Corporation, with the
Samsung's founder Lee Byung-chull. The trading firm grew to become the present-day
Samsung C&T Corporation. After a few years, Cho and Lee separated due to differences
in management style. Cho wanted a 30 equity share. Samsung Group was separated into
Samsung Group and Hyosung Group, Hankook Tire and other businesses.[21][22]
In the late 1960s, Samsung Group entered the electronics industry. It formed several
electronics-related divisions, such as Samsung Electronics Devices, Samsung Electro-
Mechanics, Samsung Corning and Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications, and
made the facility in Suwon. Its first product was a black-and-white television set.
After Lee, the founder's death in 1987, Samsung Group was separated into four
business groups—Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group and the Hansol
Group.[25] Shinsegae (discount store, department store) was originally part of
Samsung Group, separated in the 1990s from the Samsung Group along with CJ
Group (Food/Chemicals/Entertainment/logistics), and the Hansol Group The SPC-1000, introduced in 1982,
(Paper/Telecom). Today these separated groups are independent and they are not was Samsung's first personal
computer (sold in the Korean market
part of or connected to the Samsung Group.[26] One Hansol Group
only) and used an audio cassette
representative said, "Only people ignorant of the laws governing the business tape to load and save data – the
world could believe something so absurd", adding, "When Hansol separated floppy drive was optional.[23]
from the Samsung Group in 1991, it severed all payment guarantees and share-
holding ties with Samsung affiliates." One Hansol Group source asserted,
"Hansol, Shinsegae, and CJ have been under independent management since their respective separations from the Samsung
Group". One Shinsegae department store executive director said, "Shinsegae has no payment guarantees associated with the
Samsung Group".[26]
In 1980s, Samsung Electronics began to invest heavily in research and development, investments that were pivotal in pushing the
company to the forefront of the global electronics industry. In 1982, it built a television assembly plant in Portugal; in 1984, a
plant in New York; in 1985, a plant in Tokyo; in 1987, a facility in England; and another facility in Austin, Texas, in 1996. As of
2012, Samsung has invested more than US$13,000,000,000 in the Austin facility, which operates under the name Samsung
Austin Semiconductor. This makes the Austin location the largest foreign investment in Texas and one of the largest single
foreign investments in the United States.[27][28]
1990–2000
Samsung started to rise as an international corporation in the 1990s. Samsung's construction branch was awarded contracts to
build one of the two Petronas Towers in Malaysia, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the Burj Khalifa in United Arab Emirates.[29] In
1993, Lee Kun-hee sold off ten of Samsung Group's subsidiaries, downsized the company, and merged other operations to
concentrate on three industries: electronics, engineering and chemicals. In 1996, the Samsung Group reacquired the
Sungkyunkwan University foundation.
Samsung became the world's largest producer of memory chips in 1992 and is the world's second-largest chipmaker after Intel
(see Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Market Share Ranking Year by Year).[30] In 1995, it created its first liquid-crystal display
screen. Ten years later, Samsung grew to be the world's largest manufacturer of liquid-crystal display panels. Sony, which had not
invested in large-size TFT-LCDs, contacted Samsung to cooperate, and, in 2006, S-LCD was established as a joint venture
between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers. S-LCD was owned by
Samsung (50% plus one share) and Sony (50% minus one share) and operates its factories and facilities in Tangjung, South
Korea. As of 26 December 2011, it was announced that Samsung had acquired the stake of Sony in this joint venture.[31]
Compared to other major Korean companies, Samsung survived the 1997 Asian financial crisis relatively unharmed. However,
Samsung Motor was sold to Renault at a significant loss. As of 2010, Renault Samsung is 80.1 percent owned by Renault and
19.9 percent owned by Samsung. Additionally, Samsung manufactured a range of aircraft from the 1980s to 1990s. The company
was founded in 1999 as Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), the result of a merger between then three domestic major aerospace
divisions of Samsung Aerospace, Daewoo Heavy Industries and Hyundai Space and Aircraft Company. However, Samsung still
manufactures aircraft engines and gas turbines.[32]
2000–present
In 2000, Samsung opened a development center in Warsaw, Poland. Its
work began with set-top-box technology before moving into digital TV
and smartphones. The smartphone platform was developed with partners,
officially launched with the original Samsung Solstice[33] line of devices
and other derivatives in 2008, which was later developed into Samsung
Galaxy line of devices including Notes, Edge and other products.
On 24 August 2012, nine American jurors ruled that Samsung Electronics had to pay Apple $1.05 billion in damages for violating
six of its patents on smartphone technology. The award was still less than the $2.5 billion requested by Apple. The decision also
ruled that Apple did not violate five Samsung patents cited in the case.[38] Samsung decried the decision saying that the move
could harm innovation in the sector.[39] It also followed a South Korean ruling stating that both companies were guilty of
infringing on each other's intellectual property.[40] In first trading after the ruling, Samsung shares on the Kospi index fell 7.7%,
the largest fall since 24 October 2008, to 1,177,000 Korean won.[41] Apple then sought to ban the sales of eight Samsung phones
(Galaxy S 4G, Galaxy S2 AT&T, Galaxy S2 Skyrocket, Galaxy S2 T-Mobile, Galaxy S2 Epic 4G, Galaxy S Showcase, Droid
Charge and Galaxy Prevail) in the United States[42] which has been denied by the court.[43]
In 2015, Samsung has been granted more U.S. patents than any other company - including IBM, Google, Sony, Microsoft and
Apple. The company received 7,679 utility patents through 11 December.[44]
On 2 August 2016, Samsung Electronics unveiled the Galaxy Note7 smartphone,[45] which went on sale on 19 August 2016.
However, in early September 2016, Samsung suspended sales of the phone and announced an informal recall. This occurred after
some units of the phones had batteries with a defect that caused them to produce excessive heat, leading to fires and explosions.
Samsung replaced the recalled units of the phones with a new version; however, it was later discovered that the new version of
the Galaxy Note 7 also had the battery defect. Samsung recalled all Galaxy Note7 smartphones worldwide on 10 October 2016,
and permanently ended production of the phone the following day.[46][47][48]
AST Research
Samsung bought AST (1994) in a failed attempt to break into the North American
computer market. Samsung was forced to close the California-based computer maker
following mass resignations of research staff and a string of losses.[54]
Divested divisions
Samsung Techwin
Samsung Techwin was listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 012450), with its principal activities being the
development and manufacture of surveillance, aeronautics, optoelectronics, automations and weapons technology. It was
announced to be sold to Hanwha Group in December 2014[72] and the take-over completed in June 2015.[73]
Samsung Thales
Samsung Thales Co., Ltd. (until 2001 known as Samsung Thomson-CSF Co., Ltd.) was a joint venture between Samsung
Techwin and the France-based aerospace and defence company Thales. It was established in 1978 and is based in Seoul.[74]
Samsung's involvement was passed on to Hanwha Group as part of the Techwin transaction.[73]
Samsung Total
Samsung Total was a 50/50 joint venture between Samsung and the France-based oil group Total S.A. (more specifically,
Samsung General Chemicals and Total Petrochemicals). Samsung's stake was inherited by Hanwha Group in its acquisition of
Samsung General Chemicals.[73]
Operations
Samsung comprises around 80 companies.[75] It is highly diversified,
with activities in areas including construction, consumer electronics,
financial services, shipbuilding and medical services.[75]
Affiliates
As of April 2011, the Samsung Group comprised 59 unlisted companies and 19 listed companies, all of which had their primary
listing on the Korea Exchange.[78]
Ace Digitech is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 036550).
Samsung Electro-Mechanics, established in 1973 as a manufacturer of key electronic components, is headquartered in Suwon,
Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. It is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 009150).[80]
Samsung Electronics
Samsung Electronics is a multinational electronics and information technology
company headquartered in Suwon and the flagship company of the Samsung
Group.[81] Its products include air conditioners, computers, digital televisions,
liquid crystal displays (including thin film transistors (TFTs) and active-matrix
organic light-emitting diodes (AMOLEDs)), mobile phones, monitors, printers,
refrigerators, semiconductors and telecommunications networking
equipment.[82] It is the world's largest mobile phone maker by unit sales in the
first quarter of 2012, with a global market share of 25.4%.[83] It is also the
world's second-largest semiconductor maker by 2011 revenues (after Intel).[84] Samsung's Silicon Valley
headquarters in the North San Jose
Samsung Electronics is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number Innovation District.
005930).
Samsung Engineering
Samsung Engineering is a multinational construction company headquartered in Seoul. It was founded in January 1969. Its
principal activity is the construction of oil refining plants; upstream oil and gas facilities; petrochemical plants and gas plants;
steel making plants; power plants; water treatment facilities; and other infrastructure.[85] It achieved total revenues of 9,298.2
billion won (US$8.06 billion) in 2011.[86]
Samsung Heavy Industries is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 010140).
Samsung Life Insurance is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 032830)
Samsung SDI
Samsung SDI is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 006400). On 5 December 2012, the European Union's
antitrust regulator fined Samsung SDI and several other major companies for fixing prices of TV cathode-ray tubes in two cartels
lasting nearly a decade.[96] SSDI also builds lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles such as the BMW i3, and acquired Magna
Steyr's battery plant near Graz in 2015.[97] SSDI began using the "21700" cell format in August 2015.[98] Samsung plans to
convert its factory in Göd, Hungary to supply 50,000 cars per year.[99]
Samsung Securities
Samsung Securities is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 016360).
Samtron
Samtron was a subsidiary of Samsung until 1999 when it became independent. After that, it continued to make computer
monitors and plasma displays until 2003, Samtron became Samsung when Samtron was a brand. In 2003 the website redirected to
Samsung.
Shilla Hotels and Resorts is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 008770).
S-1 Corporation
S-1 was founded as Korea's first specialized security business in 1997 and has maintained its position at the top of industry with
the consistent willingness to take on challenges. S1 Corporation is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number
012750).
Samsung Taepyeong-ro HQ in Jung Samsung Engineering India Office- New
District, Seoul Delhi, India
Joint ventures
State-run Korea Agro-Fisheries Trade Corp. set up the venture, aT Grain Co., in Chicago, with three other South Korean
companies, Korea Agro-Fisheries owns 55 percent of aT Grain, while Samsung C&T Corp, Hanjin Transportation Co. and STX
Corporation each hold 15 percent.[100]
Brooks Automation Asia Co., Ltd. is a joint venture between Brooks Automation (70%) and Samsung (30%) which was
established in 1999. The venture locally manufactures and configure vacuum wafer handling platforms and 300mm Front-
Opening Unified Pod (FOUP) load port modules, and designs, manufactures and configures atmospheric loading systems for flat
panel displays.[101]
Company POSS – SLPC s.r.o. was founded in 2007 as a subsidiary of Samsung C & T Corporation, Samsung C & T Deutschland
and the company POSCO.[102]
Samsung Air China Life Insurance is a 50:50 joint venture between Samsung Life Insurance and China National Aviation
Holding. It was established in Beijing in July 2005.[103]
Samsung Biologics will be jointly owned. Samsung Electronics Co. and Samsung Everland Inc. will each own a 40 percent stake
in the venture, with Samsung C&T Corp. and Durham, North Carolina-based Quintiles each holding 10 percent. It will contract-
make medicines made from living cells, and Samsung Group plans to expand into producing copies of biologics including
Rituxan, the leukemia and lymphoma treatment sold by Roche Holding AG and Biogen Idec Inc.[104]
Samsung Bioepis is a joint venture between Samsung Biologics (85%) and the U.S.-based Biogen Idec (15%).[105] In 2014,
Biogen Idec agreed to commercialize future anti-TNF biosimilar products in Europe through Samsung Bioepis.[106]
Samsung BP Chemicals, based in Ulsan, is a 49:51 joint venture between Samsung and the UK-based BP, which was established
in 1989 to produce and supply high-value-added chemical products. Its products are used in rechargeable batteries and liquid
crystal displays.[107][108][109]
Samsung Corning Precision Glass is a joint venture between Samsung and Corning, which was established in 1973 to
manufacture and market cathode ray tube glass for black and white televisions. The company's first LCD glass substrate
manufacturing facility opened in Gumi, South Korea, in 1996.
Samsung Sumitomo LED Materials is a Korea-based joint venture between Samsung LED Co., Ltd., an LED maker based in
Suwon, Korea-based and the Japan-based Sumitomo Chemical. The JV will carry out research and development, manufacturing
and sales of sapphire substrates for LEDs.[110]
SB LiMotive is a 50:50 joint company of Robert Bosch GmbH (commonly known as Bosch) and Samsung SDI founded in June
2008. The joint venture develops and manufactures lithium-ion batteries for use in hybrid-, plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric
vehicles.
SD Flex Co., Ltd. was founded on October 2004 as a joint venture corporation by Samsung and DuPont, one of the world's
largest chemical companies.[111]
Sermatech Korea owns 51% of its stock, while Samsung owns the remaining 49%. The U.S. firm Sermatech International, for a
business specializing in aircraft construction processes such as special welding and brazing.[112]
Siam Samsung Life Insurance: Samsung Life Insurance holds a 37% stake while the Saha Group also has a 37.5% stake in the
joint venture, with the remaining 25% owned by Thanachart Bank.[113]
Siltronic Samsung Wafer Pte. Ltd, the joint venture by Samsung and wholly owned Wacker Chemie subsidiary Siltronic, was
officially opened in Singapore in June 2008.[114]
SMP Ltd. is a joint venture between Samsung Fine Chemicals and MEMC. MEMC Electronic Materials Inc. and an affiliate of
Korean conglomerate Samsung are forming a joint venture to build a polysilicon plant.
Steco is the joint venture established between Samsung Electronics and Japan's Toray Industries in 1995.[115]
Stemco is a joint venture established between Samsung Electro-Mechanics and Toray Industries in 1995.[116]
Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology Corporation (TSST) is joint venture between Samsung Electronics and Toshiba of Japan
which specialises in optical disc drive manufacturing. TSST was formed in 2004, and Toshiba owns 51% of its stock, while
Samsung owns the remaining 49%.
Defunct
In 1998, Samsung created a U.S. joint venture with Compaq—called Alpha Processor Inc. (API)--to help it enter the high-end
processor market. The venture was also aimed at expanding Samsung's non-memory chip business by fabricating Alpha
processors. At the time, Samsung and Compaq invested $500 million in Alpha Processor.[117]
GE Samsung Lighting was a joint venture between Samsung and the GE Lighting subsidiary of General Electric. The venture was
established in 1998 and was broken up in 2009.[118]
Global Steel Exchange was a joint venture formed in 2000 between Samsung, the U.S.-based Cargill, the Switzerland-based
Duferco Group, and the Luxembourg-based Tradearbed (now part of the ArcelorMittal), to handle their online buying and selling
of steel.[119]
S-LCD Corporation was a joint venture between Samsung Electronics (50% plus one share) and the Japan-based Sony
Corporation (50% minus one share) which was established in April 2004. On 26 December 2011, Samsung Electronics
announced that it would acquire all of Sony's shares in the venture.
Atlântico Sul
Samsung Heavy Industries owns 10% of the Brazilian shipbuilder Atlântico Sul, whose Atlântico Sul Shipyard is the largest
shipyard in South America. The Joao Candido, Brazil's largest ship, was built by Atlântico Sul with technology licensed by
Samsung Heavy Industries.[120] The companies have a technical assistance agreement through which industrial design, vessel
engineering and other know-how is being transferred to Atlântico Sul.[121]
Corning Inc.
Samsung acquired 7.4% of Gorilla Glass maker Corning, signing a long-term supply deal.[123]
Doosan Engine
Samsung Heavy Industries currently holds a 14.1% stake in Doosan Engine, making it the second-largest shareholder.[124]
MEMC KOREA
MEMC's joint venture with Samsung Electronics Company, Ltd. In 1990, MEMC entered into a joint venture agreement to
construct a silicon plant in Korea.[126]
Pantech
Samsung buys 10% stake in rival phone maker Pantech.[127]
Rambus Incorporated
Samsung currently owns 4.19% of Rambus Incorporated.[128]
Seagate Technology
Samsung currently owns 9.6% of Seagate Technology, making it the second-largest shareholder. Under a shareholder agreement,
Samsung has the right to nominate an executive to Seagate's Board of Directors.[129]
Sharp Corporation
Samsung owns 3% of Sharp Corporation, a rival company.[130]
SungJin Geotec
Samsung Engineering holds a 10% stake in Sungjin Geotec, an offshore oil drilling company that is a subsidiary of POSCO.[131]
Taylor Energy
Taylor Energy is an independent American oil company that drills in the Gulf of Mexico based in New Orleans, Louisiana.[132]
Samsung Oil & Gas USA Corp., subsidiaries of Samsung, currently owns 20% of Taylor Energy.
Wacom
Samsung owns 5% of Wacom.[133]
Major clients
Major clients of Samsung include:
Ontario government
The government of the Canadian province of Ontario signed off one of the world's largest
renewable energy projects, signing a deal worth $6.6 billion for an additional 2,500 MW of
new wind and solar energy. Under the agreement, a consortium led by Samsung and the
Korea Electric Power Corporation will manage the development of 2,000 MW-worth of
new wind farms and 500 MW of solar capacity, while also building a manufacturing supply
chain in the province.[140]
Corporate image
The basic color in the logo is blue, which Samsung has employed for years, supposedly symbolizing stability, reliability and
corporate social responsibility.[141]
Audio logo
Samsung has an audio logo, which consists of the notes E♭, A♭, D♭, E♭; after the initial E♭ tone it is up a perfect fourth to A♭,
down a perfect fifth to D ♭ , then up a major second to return to the initial E ♭ tone. The audio logo was produced by
Musikvergnuegen and written by Walter Werzowa.[142][143]
Font
In July 2016, Samsung unveiled its SamsungOne font, a typeface that hopes to give a consistent and universal visual identity to
the wide range of Samsung products. SamsungOne was designed to be used across Samsung's diverse device portfolio, with a
focus on legibility for everything from smaller devices like smartphones to larger connected TVs or refrigerators, as well as
Samsung marketing and advertisements. The font family supports 400 different languages through over 25,000 characters.[144]
Samsung Medical Center and pharmaceutical multinational Pfizer have agreed to collaborate on research to identify the genomic
mechanisms responsible for clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Sponsorships
Samsung Electronics spent an estimated $14 billion (U.S.) on advertising and
marketing in 2013. At 5.4% of annual revenue, this is a larger proportion than
any of the world's top-20 companies by sales (Apple spent 0.6% and General
Motors spent 3.5%). Samsung became the world's biggest advertiser in 2012,
spending $4.3 billion, compared to Apple's $1 billion. Samsung's global brand
value of $39.6 billion is less than half that of Apple.[147]
Controversies
A Samsung display in Salt Lake City
during the 2002 Winter Olympics
Financial scandals
In 2007, former Samsung chief lawyer Kim Yong Chul claimed that he was
involved in bribing and fabricating evidence on behalf of the group's chairman Lee Kun-hee and the company. Kim said that
Samsung lawyers trained executives to serve as scapegoats in a "fabricated scenario" to protect Lee, even though those executives
were not involved. Kim also told the media that he was "sidelined" by Samsung after he refused to pay a $3.3 million bribe to the
U.S. Federal District Court judge presiding over a case where two of their executives were found guilty on charges related to
memory chip price fixing. Kim revealed that the company had raised a large amount of secret funds through bank accounts
illegally opened under the names of up to 1,000 Samsung executives—under his own name, four accounts were opened to
manage 5 billion won.[148]
Antitrust concerns
"You can even say the Samsung chairman is more powerful than the President of South Korea. [South] Korean people have come
to think of Samsung as invincible and above the law", said Woo Suk-hoon, host of a popular economics podcast in a Washington
Post article headlined "In South Korea, the Republic of Samsung", published on 9 December 2012. Critics claimed that Samsung
knocked out smaller businesses, limiting choices for South Korean consumers, and sometimes colluded with fellow giants to fix
prices while bullying those who investigate. Lee Jung-hee, a South Korean presidential candidate, said in a debate, "Samsung has
the government in its hands. Samsung manages the legal world, the press, the academics and bureaucracy".[149]
Viral marketing
The Fair Trade Commission of Taiwan is investigating Samsung and its local Taiwanese advertising agency for false advertising.
The case was commenced after the Commission received complaints stating that the agency hired students to attack competitors
of Samsung Electronics in online forums.[150] Samsung Taiwan made an announcement on its Facebook page in which it stated
that it had not interfered with any evaluation report and had stopped online marketing campaigns that constituted posting or
responding to content in online forums.[151]
Labor abuses
Samsung was the subject of several complaints about child labor in its supply chain from 2012 to 2015.
In July 2014, Samsung cut its contract with Shinyang Electronics after it received a complaint about the company violating child
labor laws.[152] Samsung says that its investigation turned up evidence of Shinyang using underage workers and that it severed
relations immediately per its "zero tolerance" policy for child labor violations.
One of Samsung's Chinese supplier factories, HEG, was criticized for using underage workers by China Labor Watch (CLW) in
July 2014. HEG denied the charges and has sued China Labor Watch.[153][154]
CLW issued a statement in August 2014 claiming that HEG employed over ten children under the age of 16 at a factory in
Huizhou, Guangdong. The group said the youngest child identified was 14 years old. Samsung said that it conducted an onsite
investigation of the production line that included one-on-one interviews but found no evidence of child labor being used. CLW
responded that HEG had already dismissed the workers described in its statement before Samsung's investigators arrived.[152]
CLW also claimed that HEG violated overtime rules for adult workers. CLW said a female college student was only paid her
standard wage despite working four hours of overtime per day even though Chinese law requires ovetime pay at 1.5 to 2.0 times
standard wages.[152]
Price fixing
On 19 October 2011, Samsung companies was fined €145,727,000 for being part of a price cartel of ten companies for DRAMs
which lasted from 1 July 1998 to 15 June 2002. The companies received, like most of the other members of the cartel, a 10-%
reduction for acknowledging the facts to investigators. Samsung had to pay 90% of their share of the settlement, but Micron
avoided payment as a result of having initially revealed the case to investigators.[155]
In Canada, during 1999, some DRAM micro chip manufacturers conspired to price fix, among the accused included Samsung.
The price fix was investigated in 2002. A recession started to occur that year, and the price fix ended; however, in 2014, the
Canadian government reopened the case and investigated silently. Sufficient evidence was found and presented to Samsung and
two other manufacturers during a class action lawsuit hearing. The companies agreed upon a $120 million agreement, with $40
million as a fine, and $80 Million to be paid back to Canadians who purchased a computer, printer, MP3 player, gaming console
or camera from April 1999 to June 2002.[156]
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External links
Official website (http://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung)
Samsung Group (http://www.samsung.co.kr) (in Korean)
Samsung Group (http://www.samsung.com/cn) (in Chinese)
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