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NASA's X-43A
Keith Larson
IC Engines and Propulsions Systems
Spring 2005
Professor
Dr. Chiang Shih
Fluid Machinery
Turbines
Turbines use Vanes, Blades, or Buckets attached to the
turbine shaft.
This assembly is called the Rotor, Wheel, or Runner.
Further Classification
Pa Po Ai
Pa
T=Ai(po-pa)
T Po
T: Thrust
Pa
T Po Pa: Ambient Pressure
ue
Po: Internal Pressure
Steady-Flow
ue: Exit Velocity
Pa
T Po
T=mua
. ua
ua: Mass-average Exhaust Velocity
Thrust per Unit Energy Consumption (Rocket vs. Propeller)
Engine
u ue
. .
. ma uc
2
ua
2
T=ma(ue-u) E −
ηe 2 2
• • u er2
T≅m•puer E≅ mp⋅
2
2
T• ≅ Rocket
2
E u er Thrust Ratio
Thus conventional propellers are used for flight speeds well below
the speed of sound; usually at or below 135 m/s (300 mph).
Axis
Air
Blade speed too high
Motion w1t
u Flight speed too slow
Ut Operating outside of design
parameters
Blade
Motion
Axis Air
Motion w1t
Poor design: Turning angle u
is too large Ut
Blade
Motion
The Importance of the Compressor/Turbine in Modern Flight
NOTE: Due to the ram compression due to flight speed, the optimum
compressor pressure ratio (CPR) goes to zero around Mach 4.
CPR 30:1 for subsonic flight.
CPR 10:1 @ Mach 2.
Compressor not needed at Mach 4; Ramjet.
Comparison of the Axial-Flow and Radial-Flow Compressors
m
Pin := 1atm Tin := 300K Vin := 170 D := .5m
s
2
m
Urotor 8000rpm ∆β := 15deg γ := 1.4 Cp := 1004
2
s ⋅K
kg
kg := 1000gm mdot := 35
s
Step 1.
β W1
Vin 1
Create the velocity triangle
and calculate the relative
U speed of the rotor blade from
the rotational velocity.
Blade motion
D 2⋅ π
U rω U := ⋅ ⋅ 8000
2 60⋅ s
m
U = 209.44
s
W x := −U m
W x = −209.44
s
Step 2.
β W1
Vin 1
Calculate the air to blade
relative velocity and the
U angle between the relative
and actual air speed.
2 2 m
W 1 := W x + Vin W 1 = 269.75
s
W x
β 1 := atan β = − 50.934 deg
V in 1
Step 3.
Axial velocity (Vin) does not change.
Calculate relative exit angle(β2), then
W2
β2 portion of the relative blade speed
Vin
(Uw2). Calculate relative air speed (W2)
U w2
V in
β 2 := β 1 + ∆β ( )
U w2 := V in⋅ tan β 2 W 2 :=
( )
cos β 2
m m
β 2 = −35.934deg U w2 = −123.214 W 2 = 209.956
s s
Step 4.
Calculate the portion of the relative
V2 W2 blade speed associated with the actual
β2
Vin air velocity (Uv2), the calculate the
actual air speed (V2).
U v2 U w2
m
U v2 := W x − U w2 U v2 = − 86.226
s
2 2 m
V2 := Vin + U v2 V2 = 190.617
s
The Compressor Pressure γ
γ −1
Ratio (CPR) is found from P o2 T o2
the isentropic relationship. P o1 o1
T
2
Vin
T o1 := T in +
2⋅ Cp T o1 = 314.392 K
Specific work of the stage is
calculated from the torque of the Tshaft⋅ ω
wstage
shaft, angular velocity of the blade, mdot
and mass flow rate of the air.
wstage
T o2 := T o1 + To2 = 332.38K
Cp
Finally, the Compressor Pressure Ratio can be
calculated!!!
γ
γ −1
To2
CPR :=
To1
The answer is:
CPR = 1.215
The engines on the blackbird
are turbojets and are used as
such up to about Mach 4; when
the air flow is bypassed around
the compressor and the engines
become ramjets.