Republic of the Philippines

Batangas State University

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Petroleum Engineering Department

PetE 406 Formation and Prospect Evaluation

Submitted to:
Engr. Arnel Molina
Instructor

Submitted by:
Mendros, Louis Alfred L.
PetE 4105

November 21, 2018

SECTION B:
1a. Given Rmf = 2.5 W-m @ 10 ̊C, find Rmf @ 52 ̊C, using Chart Gen-9 (Figure B2).

Rmf = 1.1 ohm-m

b. What is NaCl concentration of the mud filtrate in ppm?

3000 ppm

2a. Given a solution salinity of 80 000 ppm, find the solution resistivity @ 121 ̊C
Rm = 0.028 @121 ̊C

b. Given a solution salinity of 10 000 ppm @ 20 ̊C, find the solution resistivity @ 50oC
Rm = 0.36 @50 ̊C

3. Given Rm = .74 @ 20 ̊C, what will Rm equal at BHT if Total Depth is 2400m and the
Geothermal Gradient is 2 ̊ C/100m (Surface temperature 20 ̊ C) ?
Rm = 0.34 @ 68 ̊C
BHT= 20 + (2/100 x 2400) = 68 ̊C
4. From this SP calculate the Rw Temperature is 63°C. Rmf = 0.79 @ 20°C
a) Rmf = 0.33 @FT Gen 9 (Figure B2)

b) SP = -100 mV
c) Rmfe = 0.26 @FT SP 2m (Figure B12)

d) Rwe = 0.018 @FT SP 1 (Figure B11)

e) Rw = 0.034 @FT SP 2m (Figure B12)

f) Rw = 0.06 @25°C Gen 9 (Figure B2)

5. Calculate Rw for the zone from 2326 to

2340 m.
Rmf = .110 @ 20°C
Formation temperature = 58.9°C
Rw = 0.45 @25°C
a) Rmf = 0.052 @ 58.9°C
b)SP = 3.3 x 12 = 49.5 mV
ᵙ +50 mV
c ) Rmfe = 0.057
d)Rwe = 0.21
e ) Rw = 0.25
6. Using the log examples on the next page, calculate:

a. Depth of invasion atA and B and

b. Rt – (ILD corrected) at A and B
a. Point A – 0.55 ohm-m
b. Point B – 9.8 ohm-m

7. Calculate Rw for the example DISFL on page B-18.

Given:
Rm = 3.05 @ 17oC
Rmf = 2.60 @ 17oC
BHT = 23oC
a) Rmf= 2.25 @ 23oC
b) SP =-90 mv
c) Rmfe =1.1
 d) Rwe = 0.053
e) Rw = 0.08 @ 23oC
RILD = 0.55
RILM = 0.65
RSFL =1.4
RIM/RID = 1.18
RSFL/RID = 2.54
Di= 1m
Rt/RID = 1m
Therefore, Rt = 0.55 NOTE: Rt/RILD cannot exceed 1.00

RILD = 10
RILM = 12
RSFL =17
RIM/RID = 1.2
RSFL/RID = 1.7
Di= 1.4m
Rt/RID = 0.95
Rt = 9.5 ohm-m
8. Calculate Rw for both zones.
Rm = 1.18 @ 25°C
Rmf = 0.93 @ 16°C
BHT = 59°C

a. Top Zone 1685 m to 1695 m

Rw = 0.12 ohm-m @ 59°C
Rw = 0.22 ohm-m @ 25°C
SP = 4 x 10 = -40 mV log
Rmf = 0.43 @ 59°C Gen 9 (Figure B2)

Rmfe = 0.3 ohm-m SP 2 (Figure B12)

Rwe = 0.099 ohm-m SP 1 (Figure B11)
Rw = 0.12 ohm-m SP 2 (Figure B12)

b. Bottom Zone 1695 m to 1717 m

Rw = 0.082 ohm-m @ 59°C
Rw = 0.145 ohm-m @ 25°C
SP = 5.2 x 10 = -52 mV log
Rmf = 0.43 @ 59°C Gen 9
Rmfe = 0.3 ohm-m SP 2
Rwe = 0.068 SP 1
Rw = 0.082 SP 2

c. What are possible reasons for the difference?

1. Zone not 100% clean.
2. Hydrocarbon and/or shale suppression.
3. Different Rw from different sand units.
SECTION C:
1a. Using the sonic log of Figure C34, calculate the sonic porosity at 586 meters.
∆t𝑓 = 620 µsec/m ∆t 𝑚𝑎 = 182 µsec/m

∆t− ∆t𝑚𝑎 5(∆t− ∆t𝑚𝑎)

Φ𝑠 = ∆t Φ𝑠 =
𝑓 − ∆t𝑚𝑎 8(∆t)

400−182 5(400−182)
= 620−182 = 50% = = 34%
8(400)
b. Using Chart Por-3m (Figure C6)

Φ𝑠 𝑊𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 50 +

Φ𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 37.6

50% Porosity is not possible. We should use a compaction correction to the Wyllie Time
Average Equation.
 2. For the example logs of Figures C32 - C34, calculate the following:

Figure C-32 Figure C-33

(Formation = Sandstone)
581m 600m
a. RILD 70 0.8
b. R 𝑡 ? 0.8
c. ∆t 372 350
d. Φ𝑠 35 33
e. Φ𝐷 37.5 30
f. Φ𝑁 60 35
3a. On the CNT-LDT log of Figure C35, what effect is seen at 1941 m to 1946m?
The effect seen in 1941 to 1956 m is Apparent Gas Effect.

b. Using the P𝑒 what is the lithology in this zone?

Using the P𝑒 , the result of it is P𝑒 = 1.8, therefore, we conclude that the lithology of the zone is
sandstone.

c. Convert the log readings (Φ𝑛 and Φ𝑑 ) to equivalent sandstone values.

Φ𝑑 = 19% (SS matrix) Por 5 (Figure C14)
Φ𝑛 = 19% (SS matrix) Por 13a (Figure C21)

d. Explain the effect identified in question 3a.

The crossover effect is due to the matrix selection for the porosity calculation, and not due
to the presence of gas.

SECTION D:

1. Using the logs of Figures B3 to B5 follow through the overlay technique outlined on pages
1 and 2.

2. Given tma = 182 sec/m tabulate the values and do an Rwa analysis of the example using
Figures B3 to B5. First find Sw from s only and then do the calculation again using T
from the CNT/LDT log to get Sw. Compare the two results.
DEPTH t S Rt Rwa Sw D Rwa Sw
605 360 0.309 0.90 0.104 91 33.0 0.098 89
600 354 0.304 0.80 0.087 100 31.0 0.077 100
595 356 0.306 0.90 0.101 93 32.0 0.092 91
592.5 354 0.357 1.0 0.112 88 31.0 0.096 90
590 374 0.321 13.0 1.610 23 33.0 1.420 23
587.5 402 0.342 17.0 2.391 19 31.0 1.630 22
585 394 0.336 38.0 5.202 13 25.5 2.500 18
580 380 0.326 50.0 6.301 12 24.5 3.000 16
ΦS uses Raymer-Hunt Transform on Chart POR-3m (page C-8) . Rwa from Rwa = ΦT2 Rt for
CNL-FDC.
Rwa min
Sw from √
𝑅𝑤𝑎
Rwa min is at 600 metres for both Sonic and CNL-FDC (ΦT).
NOTE: Results for Sw are similar for both calculations in spite of different Φ inputs. Rwa varies
because: None of the Φ (Porosity) measurements are corrected for gas effects
3.Use Chart SW-1a (Figure D6 on page D-14) to calculate Sw for depths 1943m and 1945m.
(Rw = 0.06 @ formation temp.) (Figures D7 andD8 on ages D-15 and 16).

DEPTH RID N D Pe T Ro Rt Sw BVW

1943m 60 20 19 1.9 19.5 1.2 60 14% 273
1945m 40 18 16 2.15 17 1.4 40 19% 304

a. What can be said about the lithology from the Pe curve?

-Sandstone
b. What can be said about permeability from the caliper and gamma ray?
-Good permeability exhibited; especially from the caliper
4.Interpret the following sets of logs (Figures D9 and D10 on pages D17 and D18) using the
direct method of calculating water saturations in clean zones. Rmf = 2.35 @ FT (24 oC); a = 1;
m=2
𝑖𝑒. 𝑆𝑤2 = 𝑅𝑤/𝛷𝑇2 𝑅𝑡
a. Zone 303m to 325m: Rw = 0.30 @ FT
SP= -50 mv
Rmf = 2.35 @ FT
Rmfe = 1.15 @ FT
Rwe = 0.20 @ FT
Rw = 0.23 @ FT

b. Zone 303m to 308m: Sw = 23 %

ΦN = 8
.23
ΦD = 43 𝑆𝑤 = √(0.25)2 𝑥70
ΦT = 25
Rt = 70
c. Zone 309m to 317m: Sw = 61 %
ΦN = 27
.23
ΦD = 37 𝑆𝑤 = √(0.32)2 𝑥6
ΦT = 32
Rt = 6

d. Zone 317m to 325m: Sw = 67 %

ΦN = 33
.23
ΦD = 34 𝑆𝑤 = √(0.335)2 𝑥4.5
ΦT = 33.5
Rt = 4.5.

SECTION F:
1. SHALY SAND PROBLEM
Given:
BHT = 24o C Rm = 2.86 @ 18.8o C
Rmf = 3.08 @ 14.4o C Rmf = 2.435 @ 24o C
Gel Chem Mud:
WMUD = 1090 kg/m3 pH = 8.5
VISC = 585 Fluid Loss = 7.0 cc

Note: When Φe has been determined, Rt must also be corrected for effect of shale to properly
calculate Swe. This will be discussed in the next chapter.

a.
Find hydrocarbon zones.
407 - 409.5 m and 416 - 422 meters

b.
Rw - Calculate Rw for this interval.
From SP @ 407 - 409
1. Rmf = 2.435 @ 24o C
2. Rmfe = 1.10 @ 24o C
3 . SP = -68
4. Rwe = 0.12 @ 24o C
5. Rw = 0.125 @ 25o C

FIGURE 10 FIGURE 11
FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13
From the logs:
ΦNSH = 49 RSH = 2.1 ΦDSH = 18
GRCL = 30 GRSH = 105

Depth RT ΦN ΦD GR VSH Φe ΦT

Zone 1 2.3 39 25 75 40 19.0 32

422 - 423
Zone 2 5.5 31 34 75 40 20.5 34
418 - 420
Zone 3 7.5 21 39 40 6 29.0 32
407 -
409.5
c.
Φe - Determine effective porosity.
Zone 1. Φe =19.0
Zone 2. Φe =20.5
Zone 3. Φe =29.0
d.
ΦT - Determine total porosity
Zone 1. ΦT =32
Zone 2. ΦT =34
Zone 3. ΦT =32

e.
0.62 𝑅𝑤
SWT - From SWT 2 Φ𝑇 2.15 𝑅𝑡

Zone 1. SW = 62%
Zone 2. SW = 38%
Zone 3. SW = 34.6%

SECTION G:
1.Calculate S𝑊𝐸 (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) on the shaly sand example. (Figures F10 to
F13).
Hint: use the R 𝑜 equation in this section.
Step 1:

R 𝑤𝑏 = Φ 𝑇 2 R 𝑇
R 𝑤𝑏 = (0.355)2 (2.1)
R 𝑤𝑏 = 0.23

Step 2:

1 1
R 𝑜 = (Φ 2 ) [ 1−𝑉𝑆𝐻 𝑉 ]
𝑇 ( )+( 𝑆𝐻 )
𝑅𝑊𝐹 𝑅𝑊𝐵

1 1
1. R 𝑜 = ((0.32)2 ) [ 1−0.4 0.4 ] = 1.45
( )+( )
0.12 0.23

R 1.45
S𝑊𝑇 = √R𝑂 = √ 2.3 = 79%
𝑇
 1 1
2. R 𝑜 = ((0.34)2 ) [ 1−0.40 0.4 ] = 1.28
( )+( )
0.12 0.23

1.28
S𝑊𝑇 = √ 5.5 = 48%

1 1
3. R 𝑜 = ( )[ ] = 1.21
(0.32) 2 1 − 0.06 0.06
( 0.12 ) + (0.23)

1.21
S𝑊𝑇 = √ 7.5 = 40.1%

Step 3:
S𝑊𝑇 − S𝑊𝐵
S𝑊𝐸 = ( )
1 − S𝑊𝐵
0.48−0.4
1. S𝑊𝐸 = ( ) = 0.133 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑%
1−0.4

0.79−0.4
2. S𝑊𝐸 = ( ) = 0.65 = 𝟔𝟓%
1−0.4

0.401−0.06
3. S𝑊𝐸 = ( ) = 0.36 = 𝟑𝟔%
1−0.06

NOTE: Values of V𝑆𝐻 , R 𝑊𝐹 , Φ 𝑇 and R 𝑇 are based from Section F work session.

SECTION H:
1.
a. @ 1377m
x= indication of the 1 line on the Pef
Displacement of the NP and DP= 0.03
Pef= 11lines (0.5)= 5.5 (which is at the Anhydrite)
Since the bulk density on logarithmic of the Anhydrite is 2.98 then the porosity=0%.
or by means of ;
 𝜑𝑛2 − 𝜑𝐷2
𝜑𝑇 = √
2
(0.15)2 − (−0.15)2
𝜑𝑇 = √
2
𝜑𝑇 = 0%

b. @1360-1370m
Pef= 6lines(0.5) = 0.3 (which is at the Dolomite)

c. @1342- 1349m
Pef= 9lines (0.5)= 4.5 (which is at the Calcite or Limestone)

d. 𝜑𝑠 = 𝜑𝑁−𝐷

2.
Neutron porosity (NP) and Density Porosity (DP) displacement = 0.03

(0.15)2 −(−0.15)2
a. 𝜑𝑇 = √ = 0%
2

(0.15)2 −(−0.15)2
b. 𝜑𝑇 = √ = 0%
2

c. The lithology of the zone is Limestone.

3.
2.71 LIMESTONE

(0.15)2 − (−0.15)2
𝜑𝑇 = √ = 0%
2

@pt. A where the Pef=3

𝑃𝑚𝑎 − 𝑃𝑏
𝜑𝑡 =
𝑃𝑚𝑎 − 𝑃𝑓
2.71 − 𝑃𝑏
0=
2.71 − 1
𝑃𝑏 = 2.71
At CP-16 Pb=2.71 and Pef=3 is Dolomite and its porosity is equal to 8.5%.
@pt. B where Pef=5
𝑃𝑚𝑎 − 𝑃𝑏
𝜑𝑡 =
𝑃𝑚𝑎 − 𝑃𝑓
2.71 − 𝑃𝑏
0=
2.71 − 1
𝑃𝑏 = 2.71
At CP-16 Pb=2.71 and Pef=5 is Limestone and its porosity is equal to 0%.

C. Gas Effect, since the neutron porosity is at the right side of the density porosity given that
they cross over this also called th butterfly effect or negative separation or football effect.

D.
𝑃𝑚𝑎 − 𝑃𝑏
𝜑𝑡 =
𝑃𝑚𝑎 − 𝑃𝑓
2.71 − 𝑃𝑏
0=
2.71 − 1
𝑃𝑏 = 2.71
At CP-16 Pb=2.71 and Pef=3 is Dolomite and its porosity is equal to 8.5%.

Pef NP DP

DT
 DENSITY RESISTIVITY

FIG. 13-14
SECTION I:
1. Calculate BVW for the shaly-sand example (Figures F10 - F13). What predictions can be
made for the production of this zone:
a. Type of fluid or gas?

Neutron porosity log is represented as broken lines and density porosity logs is solid lines.
 As you can see in the figure above, Zones 1 and 3 would produce gas because the fact
that the Neutron porosity and density porosity logs are widely apart to each other and
Zone 2 would produce water because the logs are really closed to each other.
b. A.O.F. production rates?
 Sirr= irreducible water saturation
 The value for ∅ will be determined at section F
Equation to be used to find A.O.F rates:
(0.11)𝐾ℎ𝑃 2
𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑇

For gas:
1
79∅3 79(0.32)3
𝐾 2 = ( 𝑆𝑖𝑟𝑟 )=√ =2.54 darcy
0.4

P= 8.14 x depth in metres= 8.14x410=3337.4

(0.11)(2.54𝑥103 )(2)(3337.4)2
𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 273+24℃
𝑀𝐶𝐹
𝑚3 1
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑠 =20956389.96 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑥 𝑚3
28.317
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑠 =740063.9179 MCFD