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■ Na2Co3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + Co2 + H2O

Acid in everyday life


Indigestion, headaches and neutralisation
- Excess acid in our stomach causes indigestion, which can be painful and eventually give rise to ulcers. To erase
this, we can take antacid treatment. ​Antacids ​are a group of compounds with no toxic effects on body. They are
used to neutralise the effect of acid indigestion.
- Some antacid tablets also contain a painkiller to relieve headaches. Vitamin C can also be added to the tablet.
Soil pH and plant growth
- Farmers treat the soil with base quicklime (calcium oxide) after acid rain.
Sting Bite
- Bee stings are acidic in nature. So we use baking soda to neutralise the effect
- Wasp stings are basic in nature. So vinegar can be used to neutralise the effect

The test for carbonates using acid


- All carbonates react with acids to give off carbon dioxide.
- A piece of rock that we think is limestone can be checked by dripping a few drops of vinegar on it. If it ‘fizzes’
then it could be limestone.
- Another test is by adding hydrochloric acid to the powdered substance. Any gas given off would be passed into
limestone to see if it went cloudy.
- If the limestone turns cloudy, the gas is carbon dioxide and the substance is a carbonate.
Test for metal ions in salts using alkalis
- All salts are ionic compounds .
- They are made up of a positive ion, combined with a negative nonmetal ion.
- Thus, common salt, sodium chloride is made up of sodium metal ions (Na+ ions) and chloride non-metal ions (Cl-
ions)
- Most metals hydroxides are insoluble. By adding an alkali to a solution of the unknown salt we can begin to
identify the salt.
Coloured hydroxide precipitates
- Some of the hydroxide precipitates are coloured. As a result , a solution of a salt can be tested by adding an alkali
to it and checking the colour of the precipitate.
- Copper (II) salts give a light blue precipitate of copper (II) hydroxide.
- Iron (II) salts give a green precipitate of iron (II) hydroxide.
- Iron (III) salts give a red-brown precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide.
- Chromium (III) salts give a grey-green precipitate of chromium (III) hydroxide.
- For example:-
- iron(II) sulfate + sodium hydroxide → iron (II) hydroxide + sodium sulfate
White hydroxide precipitate
- Certain hydroxide precipitates are white.
- They are the hydroxides of calcium, zinc and aluminium.
- The addition of sodium hydroxide to a solution of a salt of these metals produces a white precipitate in each case.
- When an excess of sodium hydroxide is added, the zinc and aluminium hydroxide precipitates re-dissolves to give
colourless solutions.
- The calcium hydroxide precipitate does not re-dissolve.
- To identify a zinc or aluminium salt, the test needs to be repeated with ammonia solution.
- The same white precipitates of zinc or aluminium hydroxide are produced.
- However, with excess ammonia solution it is only the zinc hydroxide precipitate that re-dissolves, not the
aluminium.
- Therefore, we can tell the two apart using ammonia solution.
The test for ammonium salts using alkalis
- Ammonium salts are important as fertilisers.
- For example, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate are used extensively as fertilisers.
- These are industrially important chemicals made by reacting ammonia with nitric acid or sulfuric acid,
respectively .
- They are salts containing ammonium ions, Nh4+ ions.
- These salts react with alkali solutions to produce ammonia gas, which can be detected because it turns damp red
litmus paper blue.
- This reaction occurs because ammonia is a more volatile base than sodium hydroxide.
- Ammonia is therefore easily displaced from its salts by sodium hydroxide.
- The reaction can be used to test an unknown substance for ammonium ions.
- It can be used to prepare ammonia in the laboratory.

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