INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS Today…what do I want you to learn?

SCIENCE

Learning Outcomes
To describe the fundamental properties of the major classes of
materials.
To explain the differences between ionic, covalent, metallic,
hydrogen and van der Waals bonds.
To note which materials exhibit each of these bonding types.
To distinguish between primary and secondary bondings.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Puteri Sri Melor bt. Megat Yusoff
Mechanical Engineering Department
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

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THE BASICS you must always practise! RECAP…..

 Write measuring units after each
number you write.
23.5 kg/m3; 25°C, 12 s  why study materials science
 structure-property-processing relationship
 Limit your significant digits.
 criteria in materials selection
e.g.
3.14159265358979323846 
3.14 

 Label every diagram/sketch/plot

that you make.
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Structure-Property Relationship: An Example

Why Study Materials Science?
• Transmittance: (optical property)
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
Basic to understand the structure, properties and processing opaque depending on the material structure.
of materials polycrystal: polycrystal:
Material science provides engineers and scientists with the single crystal low porosity high porosity
knowledge required to
Select appropriate materials;
Design materials appropriate for specific applications;
Use materials appropriately, efficiently, and safely;
Dispose of these materials after their useful life.
The only way to meet the requirement of current and future Adapted from Fig. 1.2,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
technology (Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

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 Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s) TAKING A CLOSER LOOK….

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

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Types of Materials Why are they different?

• Metals: Metallic bonding
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.
What’s the DNA of the various materials?
• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s
– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic &

non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– Non-conducting (insulators)
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Atomic arrangements Microstructure and Atomic Arrangement

microstructures

Polymers Ceramics Metals

Different atomic arrangement results in different properties. atomic arrangements

Atomic arrangements made up the material’s microstructure.
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 How are Materials Processed? Review on Atomic Bondings

Different properties of materials resulted in different

method of their processing.
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER
ABOUT ATOMIC BONDINGS?

Polymers Ceramics Metals

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IONIC BONDING COVALENT BONDING

• Occurs between + and - ions.

• Requires electron transfer, non-directional. • Requires shared electrons, highly directional
• Large difference in electronegativity required. • Example: CH4
• Example: NaCl C: has 4 valence e,
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e,
needs 1 more
Electronegativities
are comparable.

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METALLIC BONDING Secondary Bonding

• Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons Van der Waals/Dispersion and
(1, 2, or 3 from each atom). dipole forces
•Non-directional -physical, not chemical bonds
- arise from atomic or
molecular dipoles
sea of electrons
Dipole forces
- weak electrostatic attraction
positively charged - if it involves H, it’s called
core atom hydrogen bonding
- example : water (polar
• Primary bond for metals and their alloys
molecule) Van Der Waals forces
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 Secondary Bonding Questions for today

polyvinyl chloride
What new things have you learned today?
What have you not understood well?

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Questions for tomorrow Conclusions

The major classes of materials include metals, polymers, ceramics and

composites, each with distinctive properties.
What is a unit cell?  The structure of materials determine their properties. Properties can be changed
during processing due to the change in the structure.

 In choosing the most suitable material for a specific application, various aspects
need to be considered: the desirable properties, environmental impact, cost, safety,
performance, etc.

Differentiate between primary and secondary bondings and provide example of

materials for each type.

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