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Exercise 13.1
Question 1: Evaluate the Given limit: lim x 3
x 3
Solution 1: lim x 3 = 3 + 3 = 6
x 3
22
Question 2: Evaluate the Given limit: lim x
x
7
22 22
Solution 2: lim x
x
7 7
4x 3
Question 4: Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 1 x 2
4 x 3 4(4) 3 16 3 19
Solution 4: lim
x1 x2 42 2 2
x10 x5 1
Question 5: Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 1 x 1
( x 1)5 1
Question 6: Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x0 x
( x 1)5 1
Solution 6: lim
x0 x
xn an n 1
xa x a na
51
= 5.1 lim
=5
( x 1)5 1
lim 5
x 0 x
3x2 x 10
Question 7: Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 2 x2 4
0
Solution 7: At x = 2, the value of the given rational function takes the form
0
3x2 x 10 ( x 2)(3x 5)
lim lim
x 2 x 4
2 x 2 ( x 2)( x 2)
3x 5
= lim
x 2 x 2
3(2) 5
=
22
11
=
4
x4 81
Question 8: Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x3 2 x 2 5 x 3
0
Solution 8: At x = 2, the value of the given rational function takes the form
0
x4 81 ( x 3)( x 3)( x2 9)
lim lim
x3 2 x 2 5 x 3 x3 ( x 3)(2 x 1)
( x 3)( x2 9)
= lim
x 3 (2 x 1)
(3 3)(32 9)
=
2(3) 1
6 18
=
7
108
=
7
ax b
Question 9: Evaluate the Given limit: lim .
x 0 cx 1
Solution 9:
ax b a(0) b
lim b
x0 cx 1 c(0) 1
1
z 1
3
Question 10: Evaluate the Given limit: lim 1
z 1
z 6 1
1
z 3 1
Solution 10: lim 1
z 1
z 6 1
0
At z = 1, the value of the given function takes the form
0
1
Put z 6
= x so that z →1 as x →1.
1
z 3 1 x2 1
Accordingly, lim lim
z 1 1 x 1 x 1
z 6 1
x2 1
= lim
x 1 x 1
xn an n 1
= 2.12-1 xa x a na
lim
=2
1
z 1
3
lim 1
2
z 1
z 1
6
ax2 bx c
Question 11: Evaluate the Given limit: lim , a+b+c 0
x 1 cx 2 bx a
abc
=
abc
=1 [a + b + c 0]
1 1
Question 12: Evaluate the given limit: lim x 2
x 2 x 2
1 1
Solution 12: lim x 2
x 2 x 2
0
At x = -2, the value of the given function takes the form
0
1 1 2 x
Now, lim x 2 lim 2x
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
1
= lim
x 2 2x
1 1
=
2(2) 4
sin ax
Question 13: Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 0 bx
sin ax
Solution 13: lim
x 0 bx
0
At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form
0
sin ax sin ax ax
Now, lim lim
x0 bx x 0 ax bx
sin ax a
= lim
x 0
ax b
a sin ax
= lim x 0 ax 0
b ax0 ax
a sin y
= 1 lim
b x0 y
a
=
b
sin ax
Question 14: Evaluate the given limit: lim , a, b 0
x0 sin bx
sin ax
Solution 14: lim , a, b 0
x0 sin bx
0
At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form
0
sin ax
ax
Now, lim
sin ax
lim ax
x 0 sin bx x 0 sin bx
bx
ax
sin ax
a ax 0 ax
lim
x 0 ax 0
= and x 0 bx 0
b sin bx
lim
bx 0
ax
a 1 sin y
= lim 1
b 1 x 0
y
a
=
b
sin( x)
Question 15: Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x ( x)
sin( x)
Solution 15: lim
x ( x)
It is seen that x → π ⇒ (π - x) → 0
sin( x) 1 sin( x)
lim lim
x ( x) x0 ( x)
1 sin y
= 1 lim 1
y0 y
1
=
cos x
Question 16: Evaluate the given limit: lim
x 0 x
cos x cos0 1
Solution 16: lim
x0 x 0
cos 2x 1
Question 17: Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 0 cos x 1
cos 2x 1
Solution 17: lim
x 0 cos x 1
0
At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form
0
cos 2 x 1 1 2sin 2 x 1 x
lim cos x 1 2sin
2
Now, lim
x 0 cos x 1 x0 x
1 2sin 2 1 2
2
sin 2 x 2
2 x
sin 2 x
lim
x
= lim
x 0 x x 0
sin 2 2 x
2
2 sin
2 x
x 2 4
2
sin 2 x
lim 2
= 4
x 0
x
x
sin 2
lim 2
x 0
2
x
2
12 sin y
= 4 lim 1
12 y0 y
=4
ax x cos x
Question 18: Evaluate the given limit: lim
x 0 b sin x
ax x cos x
Solution 18: lim
x 0 b sin x
0
At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form
0
ax x cos x 1 x(a cos x)
Now, lim lim
x 0 b sin x b x0 sin x
1 x
= lim lim a cos x
b x 0
sin x x0
1 1
= lim a cos x
b sin x x0
lim
x 0 x
1 sin x
= a cos 0 lim 1
b y 0 x
a 1
=
b
x 0 0
Solution 19: lim x sec x lim 0
x 0 x0 cos x cos 0 1
sin ax bx
Question 20: Evaluate the given limit: lim a, b, a + b 0
x0 ax sin bx
0
Solution 20: At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form
0
sin ax bx
Now, lim
x0 ax sin bx
sin ax
ax bx
= lim ax
x 0 sin bx
ax bx
bx
sin ax
lim lim ax lim bx
= x 0 ax x0 x 0
[As x 0 ax 0 and bx 0]
sin bx
lim ax lim bx lim
x 0 x 0
x0 bx
lim(ax) lim bx sin x
= x0 x 0
lim 1
lim ax lim bx y 0 x
x 0 x 0
lim ax bx
x 0
=
lim ax bx
x 0
= lim(1)
x0
=1
Solution 21: At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form
Now, lim(cosec x cot x)
x0
1 cos x
= lim
x 0 sin x sin x
1 cos x
= lim
x0
sin x
1 cos x
= lim x
x 0 sin x
x
1 cos x
lim
x 0 x
=
sin x
lim
x 0 x
0 1 cos x sin x
= lim 0 and lim 1
1 y 0 x y 0 x
=0
tan 2 x
Question 22: Evaluate the given limit: lim
x
2 x
2
tan 2 x
Solution 22: lim
x
2 x
2
0
At x = , the value of the given function takes the form
2 0
Now, put So that x – = y so that x , y 0
2 2
tan 2 y
lim
tan 2 x
lim 2
y 0 y
2 x
x
2
tan 2 y
= lim
y 0 y
tan 2 y
= lim tan 2 y tan 2 y
y 0 y
sin 2 y
= lim
y 0 y cos 2 y
sin 2 y 2
= lim
y 0
2y cos 2 y
sin 2 y 2
= lim lim y 0 2 y 0
y 0 2 y y 0 cos 2 y
2 sin x
= 1 lim 1
cos 0 x 0 x
2
= 1
1
=2
2 x 3, x0
Question 23: Find lim f(x) and lim f(x), where f(x) =
x 0 x1
3( x 1), x0
2 x 3, x0
f(x) =
3( x 1), x0
x 2 1, x 1
Question 24: Find lim f(x), when f(x) =
x1
x 1, x 1
Solution 24:
x2 1, x 1
f(x) =
x 1, x 1
lim f(x) = lim x 1 = 12 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
2
x1 x1
x
, x0
Question 25: Evaluate lim f(x), where f(x) = x
0,
x 0
x0
= -1
| x |
lim f ( x) lim
x 0 x 0 x
x
= lim [When x is positive, x = x]
x 0 x
= lim 1
x0
=1
It is observed that lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .
x0 x0
Hence, lim f ( x) does not exist.
x0
x
, x0
Question 26: Find lim f ( x) = x
x0
0, x0
x
lim f ( x) lim
x 0 x 0
x
x
= lim [When x < 0, x = -x]
x 0 x
= lim 1
x0
= -1
x
lim f ( x) lim
x 0 x 0
x
x
= lim [When x > 0, x = x]
x 0 x
= lim 1
x0
=1
It is observed that lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .
x0 x0
Hence, lim f ( x) does not exist.
x0
lim f ( x) = lim(
x 5)
x 5 x 5
lim f ( x) lim( x 5)
x5
x5
a bx, x0
Question 28: Suppose f(x) = 4, x 1 and if lim f ( x) = f(1) what are possible
x 1
b ax, x 1
values of a and b?
a bx, x0
f(x) = 4, x 1
b ax, x 1
f(1) = 4
It is given that lim f ( x) = f(1).
x 1
a + b = 4 and b – a = 4
On solving these two equations, we obtain a = 0 and b = 4.
Thus, the respective possible values of a and b are 0 and 4.
Question 29: Let a1, a2, ... , an be fixed real numbers and define a function
f(x) = (x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)
What is lim f ( x) ? For some a a1, a2, ... , an. Compute lim f ( x) .
x a1 xa
x 1, x0
Question 30: If f(x) = 0, x0.
x 1, x 1
x 1, x0
If f(x) = 0, x0.
x 1, x 1
When a = 0,
lim f ( x) lim(
x 1)
x0 x0
=0+1
=1
=0–1
= –1
Here, it is observed that lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .
x0 x0
lim f ( x) does not exist.
x 0
When a < 0,
lim f ( x) lim(
x 1)
xa xa
= –a + 1
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) a 1
xa xa
=a–1
=a–1
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) a 1
xa xa
f ( x) 2
Question 31: If the function f(x) satisfies, lim , evaluate lim f ( x) .
x 1 x2 1 x1
f ( x) 2
Solution 31: lim
x 1 x2 1
lim f ( x) 2
x 1
lim x 2 1
x 1
lim f ( x) 2 0
x1
lim f ( x) lim2 0
x1 x1
lim f ( x) 2 0
x1
lim f ( x) 2
x1
mx2 n, x0
Question 32: If f(x) = nx m, 0 x 1.
nx3 m, x 1
For what integers m and n does lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) exists?
x0 x 1
mx2 n, x0
Solution 32: f(x) = nx m, 0 x 1. .
nx3 m, x 1
lim f ( x) lim(mx2 n)
x0 x0
= m(0)2 n
=n
lim f ( x) lim(nx m)
x0 x0
= n(0) m
=m
Thus, lim f ( x) exists if m = n.
x 0
lim f ( x) lim(nx m)
x1 x1
= n (1) + m
=m+n
lim f ( x) lim(nx3 m)
x1 x1
= n (1)3 + m
=m+n
lim f ( x) lim f ( x) lim f ( x) .
x1 x1 x1
Exercise 13.2
20h h2
lim
h0 h
lim(20 h) 20 0 20
h0
lim(1) 1
h0
Question 4: Find the derivative of the following functions from first principle.
(i) x3 – 27
(ii) (x – 1) (x – 2)
1
(iii)
x2
x 1
(iv)
x 1
Solution 4: (i) Let f(x) = x3 – 27. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
x3 h3 3x2h 3xh2 x3
lim
h0 h
h3 3x2h 3xh2
lim
h0 h
lim(h3 3x2h 3xh2 )
h0
= 0 + 3x2 + 0 = 3x2
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
( x h 1)( x h 2) ( x 1)( x 2)
lim
h0 h
( x2 hx 2 x hx h2 2h x h 2) ( x2 2x x 2)
lim
h0 h
(hx hx h2 2h h)
lim
h0 h
2hx h2 3h
lim
h0 h
lim(2x h 3)
h0
= 2x – 3
1
(iii) Let f(x) = . Accordingly, from the first principle,
x2
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
1 1
2
( x h) x
2
lim
h0 h
1 x2 ( x h)2
lim 2 2
h0 h
x ( x h)
1 x2 x2 2hx h2
lim
h0 h
x2 ( x h)2
1 h2 2hx
lim 2
h 0 h x ( x h) 2
h 2 2 x
lim 2
h0 x ( x h) 2
0 2x 2
3
x ( x 0)
2 2
x
x 1
(iv) Let f(x) = . Accordingly, from the first principle,
x 1
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
x h 1 x 1
x h 1 x 1
lim
h0 h
1 ( x2 hx x x h 1) ( x 2 hx x x h 1)
lim
h0 h
( x 1)( x h 1)
1 2h
lim
h0 h ( x 1)( x h 1)
2
lim
h0 ( x 1)( x h 1)
2 2
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)2
x100 x99 x2
F ( x) x 1
100 99 2
Prove that f '(1) = 100 f '(0)
x100 x99 x2
F ( x) x 1
100 99 2
d d x100 x99 x2
f ( x) x 1
dx dx 100 99 2
d d x100 d x99 d x2 d d
f ( x) ( x) (1)
dx dx 100 dx 99 dx 2 dx dx
d n
On using theorem ( x ) nxn1 , we obtain
dx
d 100x99 99x98 2x
f ( x) 1 0
dx 100 99 2
x99 x98 x 1
At x = 0,
f'(0) = 1
At x =1,
Question 6: Find the derivative of xn axn–1 a2 xn–2 an–1x an for some fixed real
number a.
d d
f ( x) ( xn axn –1 a2 xn –2 an –1 x an )
dx dx
d n d d d d
( x ) a ( xn –1 ) a2 ( xn –2 ) an –1 ( x) an (1)
dx dx dx dx dx
d n
On using theorem ( x ) nxn1 , we obtain
dx
f ( x) x2 (a b) x ab
d 2
f '( x) ( x (a b) x ab)
dx
d 2 d d
( x ) (a b) ( x) (ab)
dx dx dx
d n
On using theorem ( x ) nxn1 , we obtain
dx
f '( x) 2x (a b) 0
2x a b
f ( x) a2 x4 2abx2 b2
d 2 4
f '( x) (a x 2abx2 b2 )
dx
d 4 d d
a2 ( x ) 2ab ( x2 ) b2
dx dx dx
d n
On using theorem ( x ) nxn1 , we obtain
dx
4a2 x3 4abx
4ax(ax2 b)
xa
(iii) Let f(x) =
x b
d xa
f '( x)
dx x b
By quotient rule,
d d
( x b) ( x a) ( x a) ( x b)
f '( x) dx dx
( x b) 2
( x b)(1) ( x a)(1)
( x b)2
x b x a
( x b)2
a b
( x b)2
xn an
Question 8: Find the derivative of for some constant a.
xa
xn an
Solution 8: Let f(x) =
xa
d xn an
f '( x)
dx x a
By quotient rule,
d n n d
( x a) ( x a ) ( x n a n ) ( x a)
f '( x) dx dx
( x a) 2
( x a)(nx n1 0) ( x n a n )
( x a) 2
nxn anxn1 xn an
( x a) 2
2 x2
(vi)
x 1 3x 1
3
Solution 9: (i) Let f(x) = 2 x
4
d 3
f '( x) 2x
dx 4
d d 3
2 ( x)
dx dx 4
=2–0
=2
x3 (0 3) (5 3x)(3x31 )
6x3 15x4
5
3x3 2
x
3x3
(2 x 5)
x
3
(5 2x)
x4
24x5 15x4
24
15x 4
x5
36x10 12x5
12 36
x 5 x10
2 x2
(vi) Let f (x) =
x 1 3x 1
d 2 d x2
f '( x)
dx x 1 dx 3x 1
By quotient rule,
d d d 2 2 d
( x 1) dx (2) 2 dx ( x 1) (3x 1) dx ( x ) x dx (3x 1)
f '( x)
( x 1) 2
(3x 1)2
2 6 x 2 2 x 3x 2
( x 1)2 (3x 1)2
2 3x 2 2 x 2
( x 1)2 (3x 1)2
2 x(3x 2)
( x 1) 2
(3x 1)2
Solution 10: Let f(x) = cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
cos( x h) cos( x)
lim
h0
h
1 cos h sin h
cos x lim sin x lim
h0 h h0 h
1 cos h sin h
cos x(0) sin x(1) lim 0 and lim 1
h0 h h0 h
f '( x) sin x
Solution 11: (i) Let f (x) = sin x cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
sin( x h)cos( x h) sin x cos x
lim
h0 h
1
lim [2sin( x h)cos( x h) 2sin x cos x]
h0 2h
1
lim [sin 2( x h) sin 2 x]
h0 2h
1 2 x 2h 2 x 2 x 2h 2 x
lim 2cos sin
h0 2h 2 2
1 4 x 2h 2h
lim 2cos sin
h0 2h
2 2
1
lim
h0
cos(2x h)sin h
2h
sin h
limcos(2 x h) lim
h0 h0 h
cos(2x h) 1
cos 2x
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
sec( x h) sec x
lim
h0 h
1 1 1
lim
h0 h cos( x h)
cos x
1 cos x cos( x h)
lim
h0 h
cos x cos( x h)
x x h x x h
2sin sin
1
lim
1 2 2
cos x h 0 h cos( x h)
2 x h h
2sin sin
1 1 2 2
lim
cos x h0 h cos( x h)
h
sin
2x h 2
2sin
2 h
1 1 2
lim
cos x h0 2h cos( x h)
h 2x h
sin sin
lim lim
1 2 2
cos x h0 h h0 cos( x h)
2
1 sin x
1
cos x cos x
sec x tan x
(iii) Let f (x) = 5sec x + 4cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
5sec( x h) 4cos( x h) [5sec x 4cos x]
lim
h0 h
1 1 1 1
5lim 4lim cos( x h) cos x
h0 h cos( x h)
cos x h0 h
1 cos x cos( x h) 1
5lim 4lim cos x cos h sin x sin h cos x
h0 h
cos x cos( x h) h0 h
2 x h h
2sin sin
5 1 2 2 (1 cos x) sin h
lim 4 cos x lim sin x lim
cos x h0 h cos( x h) h 0 h h 0 h
h
2 x h sin 2
sin
2 h
5 2
lim 4 cos x(0) sin x(1)
cos x h 0 cos( x h)
h 2x h
sin sin
2
lim lim
5 2
4sin x
cos x h0 h h0 cos( x h)
2
5 sin x
1 4sin x
cos x cos x
5sec x tan x 4sin x
1 1 1
lim
h0 h sin( x h)
sin x
1 sin x sin( x h)
lim
h0 h
sin x sin( x h)
x xh x x h
2 cos sin
lim
1 2 2
h 0 h
sin x sin( x h)
2x h h
2cos sin
lim
1 2 2
h 0 h
sin x sin( x h)
h
sin
2x h 2
cos
2 h
2
lim
h 0 sin x sin( x h)
2x h h
cos 2 sin
lim lim 2
h 0 sin x sin( x h) h
0 h
2
2
cos x
1
sin x sin x
cosec x cot x
(v) Let f (x) = 3cot x + 5cosec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
1
lim [3cot( x h) 5cosec( x h) 3cotx 5cosec x]
h0 h
1 1
3lim [cot( x h) cot x] 5lim [cosec( x h) cosec x] ….(1)
h0 h h0 h
1 1 cos( x h) cos x
Now, lim [cot( x h) cot x] lim
h0 h h0 h sin( x h)
sin x
1 sin( x x h)
lim
h0 h sin x sin( x h)
1 sin(h)
lim
h0 h sin x sin( x h)
sin h 1
lim lim
h0 h h0 sin x sin( x h)
1 1
1 2 cosec2 x ….(2)
sin x sin( x h) sin x
1 1 1 1
lim [cosec( x h) cosec x] lim
h0 h h0 h sin( x h)
sin x
1 sin x sin( x h)
lim
h0 h
sin x sin( x h)
x xh x x h
2 cos sin
lim
1 2 2
h 0 h
sin x sin( x h)
2x h h
2cos sin
lim
1 2 2
h 0 h
sin x sin( x h)
h
sin
2x h 2
cos
2 h
lim 2
h 0 sin x sin( x h)
2x h h
cos 2 sin
lim lim 2
h 0 sin x sin( x h)
h 0 h
2
cos x
1
sin x sin x
cosec x cot x …..(3)
From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
f '(x) = –3cosec2 x – 5cosec x cot x
(vi) Let f (x) = 5sin x – 6cos x + 7. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
1
lim [5sin( x h) 6cos( x h) 7 5sinx 6cos x 7]
h0 h
1 1
5lim [sin( x h) sin x] 6lim [cos( x h) cos x]
h0 h h0 h
h
sin
2x h cos x(1 cos h) sin x sin h
6 lim
1 2
5lim cos
h 0 h
2 h h 0
h h
2
h
sin
1 cos h sin h
lim 6 cos x lim
2 x h 2
5 lim cos sin x lim
h 0 2 h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
2
5cos x 6sin x
(vii) Let f (x) = 2 tan x – 7 sec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
1
lim [2tan( x h) 7sec( x h) 2 tan x 7sec x]
h0 h
1 1
2lim [tan( x h) tan x] 7lim [sec( x h) sec x]
h0 h h0 h
1 sin( x h) sin x 1 1 1
2lim 7lim
h0 h cos( x h)
cos x h0 h cosec( x h)
cosec x
x x h x x h
2sin sin
1 sin x h x 1 2 2
2 lim 7 lim
h 0 h cos x cos( x h) cos x cos( x h)
h 0 h
2 x h h
2sin sin
sin h 1 1 2 2
2 lim 7 lim
h0 h cos x cos( x h) h 0 h
cos x cos( x h)
h 2x h
sin sin
sin h 1
2 2
2 lim lim 7 lim lim
h0 h h0 cos x cos( x h) h0 h h0 cos x cos( x h)
2
1 sin x
2 1 1 7 1
cos x cos x cos x cos x
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1: Find the derivative of the following functions from first principle:
(i) –x
(ii) (–x)–1
(iii) sin (x + 1)
(iv) cos x
8
lim(1) 1
h0
1 1 1
(ii) Let f ( x) – x
–1
. Accordingly, f(x + h) =
x x ( x h)
By first principle,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
1 1 1
lim
h0 h ( x h)
x
1 x ( x h)
lim
h0 h
x( x h)
1 h
lim
h0 h x( x h)
1
lim
h0 x( x h)
1 1
2
x.x x
1 x h 1 x 1 x h 1 x 1
lim 2cos sin
h0 h
2 2
1 2 x h 2 h
lim 2cos sin
h0 h
2 2
h
2 x h 2 sin 2
lim cos
h
h 0
2
2
h
sin
1 2x h 2 1 2 h
lim cos lim [ As h 0 0]
h 0 h
2 2 0 h h
h
2
2
2x 0 2 sin x
cos 1 lim 1
2 h0 x
cos( x 1)
(iv) Let f(x) = cos x . Accordingly, f(x + h) = cos x h
8 8
By first principle,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
1
lim cos x h cos x
h0 h
8 8
xh x xh x
8
lim 2sin
1 8 8 8
sin
h 0 h
2 2
2x h h
1 4
lim 2sin sin
2
h 0 h 2
sin h
2x h 4 2
lim sin
h 0
2
h
2
h
2x h 4
sin
2 h
lim sin lim [ As h 0 0]
2 0 h
h 0
2 h
2
2
2x 0 4
sin 1
2
sin x
8
Question 2: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + a)
h
= lim
h0 h
= lim(1)
h0
=1
Question 3: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
r
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non- zero constants and m and n are integers): (px + q) s
x
r
Solution 3: Let f(x) = (px + q) s
x
By Leibnitz product rule,
'
r r
f '( x) ( px q) s s ( px q)'
x x
r
'
= ( px q) rx1 s s ( p)
x
r
= ( px q) rx2 s p
x
r r
= ( px q) 2 s p
x x
px qr pr
= 2 ps
x x x
qr
= ps
x2
Question 4: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b) (cx + d)2
d d d d d
= (ax b) (c2 x2 ) (2cdx) d 2 (cx d )2 ax b
dx dx dx dx dx
Question 5: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
ax b
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers):
cx d
ax b
Solution 5: Let f ( x)
cx d
By quotient rule,
d d
(cx d ) (ax b) (ax b) (cx d )
f ' ( x) dx dx
(cx d )2
(cx d )(a) (ax d )(c)
=
(cx d )2
acx ad acx bc
=
(cx d )2
ad bc
=
(cx d )2
Question 6: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
1
1
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): x
1
1
x
1 x 1
1
Solution 6: Let f ( x) x x x 1 , where x 0
1 x 1 x 1
1
x x
By quotient rule,
d d
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1)
f ' ( x) dx dx , x 0,1
( x 1) 2
( x 1)(1) ( x 1)(1)
= , x 0,1
( x 1)2
x 1 x 1
= , x 0,1
( x 1)2
2
= , x 0,1
( x 1)2
Question 7: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
1
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): 2
ax bx c
1
Solution 7: Let f ( x)
ax bx c
2
By quotient rule,
d d
(ax2 bx c) (1) (ax2 bx c)
f ' ( x) dx dx
(ax2 bx c)2
(2ax b)
=
(ax2 bx c)2
Question 8: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
ax b
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
px qx r
2
ax b
Solution 8: Let f ( x)
px qx r
2
By quotient rule,
d d
( px2 qx r ) (ax b) (ax b) ( px 2 qx r )
f ' ( x) dx dx
( px2 qx r )2
apx2 2bpx ar bq
=
( px2 qx r )2
Question 9: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
px 2 qx r
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
ax b
px2 qx r
Solution 9: Let f ( x)
ax b
By quotient rule,
d d
(ax b) ( px2 qx r ) ( px2 qx r ) (ax b)
f ' ( x) dx dx
(ax b)2
apx2 2bpx bq ar
=
(ax b)2
Question 10: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
a b
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): 4 2 cos x
x x
a b
Solution 10: Let f ( x) cos x
x4 x2
d a d a d
f ' ( x) (cos x)
dx x4 dx x2 dx
= a
dx
d 4
x b x2 (cos x)
d
dx
d
dx
d n
= a 4 x5 b 2 x3 ( sin x) dx x nx and dx cos x sin x
n 1 d
4a 2b
= 3 sin x
x5 x
Question 11: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers): 4 x 2
d d d
f '( x) (4 x 2) (4 x ) (2)
dx dx dx
d 12 1 1 1
4 (x ) 0 4 x2
dx 2
1 2
2x 2
x
Question 12: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b) n
Solution 12: Let f(x) = (ax + b)n. Accordingly, f(x + h) = {a(x + h) + b}n = (ax + ah + b)n
By first principle,
f ( x h) f ( x)
f '( x) lim
h0 h
lim ax b
h0 h
1 ah n(n 1)a2h2
(ax b) lim n
n
Terms containing higher degrees of h
ax b 2(ax b)
h0 h 2
na
(ax b)n 0
(ax b)
(ax b)n
na
ax b
na(ax b)n1
Question 13: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b) n (cx + d)m
(cx ch d )m (cx d )m
lim
h0 h
1
m
ch
(cx d )m lim 1 1
h0 h
cx d
1
m
mch m(m 1) c2 h2
(cx d ) lim 1
m
1
h0 h
(cx d ) 2 (cx d )2
mc m(m 1)c2h2
(cx d ) lim
m
h0 (cx d ) 2(cx d )2
mch
(cx d )m 0
(cx d )
mc(cx d )m
(cx d )
mc(cx d )m1
d
(cx d )m mc(cx d )m1 ... (2)
dx
d
Similarly, (ax b)n na(ax b)n1 ... (3)
dx
Therefore, from (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
Question 14: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): sin (x + a)
1 x h a x a x h a x a
lim 2cos sin
h0 h
2 2
1 2 x 2a h h
lim 2cos sin
h0 h
2 2
h
2 x 2a h 2
sin
lim cos h
h 0
2
2
h
2 x 2a h sin 2
h
lim cos lim As h 0 2 0
h 0
2 2 0 h
h
2
2 x 2a sin x
cos 1 lim 1
2 h0 x
cos( x a)
Question 15: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): cosec x cot x
1 cos( x h) cos( x)
lim
h0 h sin( x h)
sin x
1 sin( x x h)
lim
h0 h sin x sin( x h)
1 1 sin(h)
sin x h0 h sin( x h)
lim
1 sin h 1
lim lim
sin x h0 h h0 sin( x h)
1 1
1 lim
sin x h0 sin( x 0)
1
sin 2 x
cosec2 x
By first principle,
f 2 ( x h) f 2 ( x)
f 2 '( x) lim
h0 h
1
lim [cosec( x h) cosec( x)]
h0 h
1 1 1
lim
h0 h sin( x h)
sin x
1 sin x sin( x h)
lim
h0 h
sin x sin( x h)
x x h x x h
2 cos sin
1 1
lim 2 2
sin x h0 h sin( x h)
2 x h h
2cos sin
1 1 2 2
lim
sin x h0 h sin( x h)
h 2x h
sin cos
1 2 2
lim
sin x h0 h sin( x h)
2
h 2x h
sin cos
1
lim lim 2
2
sin x h0 h h0 sin( x h)
2
2x h
cos
1 2
1
sin x sin( x 0)
1 cos x
sin x sin x
cosec x cot x
(cosec x)' cosec x cot x
Question 16: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
cos x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
1 sin x
cos x
Solution 16: Let f(x) =
1 sin x
By quotient rule,
d d
(1 sin x) (cos x) (cos x) (1 sin x)
f '( x) dx dx
(1 sin x) 2
(1 sin x)
(1 sin x)2
1
(1 sin x)2
Question 17: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
sin x cos x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers):
sin x cos x
sin x cos x
Solution 17: Let f (x) =
sin x cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
(sin x cos x) (sin x cos x) (sin x cos x) (sin x cos x)
f '( x) dx dx
(sin x cos x)2
2
(sin x cos x)2
Question 18: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
sec x 1
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
sec x 1
sec x 1
Solution 18: Let f(x) =
sec x 1
1
1
cos x 1 cos x
f ( x)
1 1 cos x
1
cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
(1 cos x) (1 cos x) (1 cos x) (1 cos x)
f '( x) dx dx
(1 cos x)2
2sin x
(1 cos x)2
2sin x 2sin x
1
2
(sec x 1)2
1 sec2 x
sec x
2sin x sec2 x
(sec x 1)2
2sin x
sec x
cos x
(sec x 1)2
2sec x tan x
(sec x 1)2
Question 19: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): sinn x
= 3sin2 x cos x
d
We assert that (sin n x) n sin ( n1) x cos x
dx
Let our assertion be true for n = k.
d
i.e., (sin k x) k sin ( k 1) x cos x …. (2)
dx
Consider
d d
(sin k 1 x) (sin x sin ( k ) x)
dx dx
= (sin x)' sink x + sin x (sink x)' [By Leibnitz product rule]
= cos x sink x + sin x (ksink-1 cos x) [Using (2)]
= cos x sink x + 2 sink x cos x
= (k + 1) sink x cos x
Thus, our assertion is true for n = k + 1.
d
Hence, by mathematical induction, (sin n x) n sin ( n1) x cos x
dx
Question 20: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
a b sin x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
c d cos x
a b sin x
Solution 20: Let f(x) =
c d cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
(c d cos x) (a b sin x) (a b sin x) (c d cos x)
f '( x) dx dx
(c d cos x) 2
bc cos x ad sin x bd
(c d cos x)2
Question 21: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
sin( x a)
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
cos x
sin( x a)
Solution 21: Let f(x) =
cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
cos x [sin( x a)] sin( x a) cos x
f '( x) dx dx
2
cos x
d d
cos x [sin( x a)] sin( x a) ( sin x)
f '( x) dx dx … (i)
cos2 x
Let g(x) = sin(x + a). Accordingly, g(x + h) = sin (x + h + a)
By first principle,
g ( x h) g ( x)
g '( x) lim
h0 h
1
lim [sin( x h a) sin( x a)]
h0 h
1 x h a x a x h a x a
lim 2cos sin
h0 h
2 2
1 2 x 2a h h
lim 2cos sin
h0 h
2 2
h
sin
2 x 2a h 2
lim cos h
h 0
h
2
h
2 x 2a h sin 2
lim
h
lim cos As h 0 2 0
h 0
h h 0 h
2
2 x 2a sin h
cos 1 lim 1
2 h0 h
cos( x a) … (ii)
Question 22: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): x4 (5 sin x – 3 cos x)
d d d
x4 5 (sin x) 3 (cos x) (5sin x 3cos x) ( x4 )
dx dx dx
Question 23: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x2 + 1) cos x
Question 24: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax2 + sin x) (p + q cos
x)
Question 25: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + cos x) (x – tan x)
d d
( x cos x) (x) – (tan x) +(x – tan x)(1 sin x)
dx dx
d
( x cos x) 1 (tan x) +(x – tan x)(1 sin x) … (i)
dx
1 sin( x h) sin x
lim
h0 h cos( x h)
cos x
1 1 sin( x h x)
cos x h0 h cos( x h)
lim
1 1 sin h
cos x h0 h cos( x h)
lim
1 sin h 1
lim lim
cos x h0 h h0 cos( x h)
1 1
1
cos x cos( x 0)
1
cos2 x
sec2 x … (ii)
Therefore, from (i) and (ii) ,We obtain
Question 26: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
4 x 5sin x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
3x 7 cos x
4 x 5sin x
Solution 26: Let f(x) =
3x 7 cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
(3x 7cos x) (4 x 5sin x) (4 x 5sin x) (3x 7cos x)
f '( x) dx dx
(3x 7 cos x)2
d d d d
(3x 7cos x) 4 (x) 5 (sin x) (4 x 5sin x) 3 ( x) 7 (cos x)
dx dx dx dx
(3x 7cos x) 2
12 x 15x cos x 28x cos x 35cos2 x 12 x 28x sin x 15sin x 35(cos 2 x sin 2 x)
(3x 7cos x)2
Question 27: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
x 2 cos
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): 4
sin x
x 2 cos
Solution 27: Let f(x) = 4
sin x
By quotient rule,
d d
sin x ( x2 ) x 2 (sin x)
dx dx
f '( x) cos
2
4 sin x
x cos [2sin x x cos x]
4
sin 2 x
Question 28: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
1 tan x
x
Solution 28: Let f(x) =
1 tan x
d d
(1 tan x) ( x) ( x) (1 tan x)
f ' ( x) dx dx
(1 tan x) 2
d
(1 tan x) x (1 tan x)
= f ' ( x) dx …(i)
(1 tan x)2
Let g(x) = 1 + tan x. .Accordingly, g(x + h) = 1 + tan(x+h).
By first principle,
g ( x h) g ( x)
g ' ( x) lim
h0 h
1 tan( x h) 1 tan( x)
= lim
h0
h
1 sin( x h) sin x
= lim
h0 h cos( x h)
cos x
1 sin( x h x)
= lim
h0 h cos( x h)cos x
1 sinh
= lim
h0 h cos( x h)cos x
sinh 1
= lim . lim
h0 h h0 cos( x h)cos x
1
= 1 sec2 x
cos2
d
(1 tan x) sec2 x
2
…(ii)
dx
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
1 tan x x sec2 x
f ' ( x)
(1 tan x)2
Question 29: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + sec x) (x – tan x)
d d d d
= ( x sec x) ( x) tan x ( x tan x) ( x) sec x
dx dx dx dx
d d
= f ( x sec x) 1 tan x) ( x tan x) 1 sec x ...(i)
dx dx
Let f1 (x) = tan x, f2 (x) = sec x
Accordingly, f1 (x + h)-tan(x + h) and f2 (x + h) = sec (x + h)
f ( x h) f1 ( x)
f1' ( x) lim 1
h0
h
tan( x h) tan( x)
= lim
h0
h
1 sin( x h) sin x
= lim
h0 h cos( x h)
cos x
1 sin( x h x)
= lim
h0 h cos( x h)cos x
1 sinh
= lim
h0 h cos( x h)cos x
sinh 1
= lim . lim
h0 h h0 cos( x h)cos x
1
= 1 2
sec2 x
cos
d
(1 tan x) sec2 x
2
… (ii)
dx
f ( x h) f 2 ( x)
f '2 ( x) lim 2
h0
h
sec( x h) sec( x)
lim
h0
h
1 1 1
lim
h0 h cos( x h)
cos x
1 cos x cos( x h)
lim
h0 h
cos( x h)cos x
xxh x x h
2sin sin
1 1
lim 2 2
cos x h0 h cos( x h)
2x h h
2sin sin
1
lim
1 2 2
cos x h 0 h cos( x h)
h
2 x h 2
sin
sin
2 h
1 1 2
lim
cos x h0 h cos( x h)
h
sin
2 x h 2
limsin lim
h 0
2 2 0 h
h
2
sec x
lim cos( x h)
h 0
sin x 1
sec x
cos x
d
sec x sec x tan x
dx
From (i), (ii), and (iii), we obtain
Question 30: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
sin n x
x
Solution 30: Let f(x) =
sin n x
By quotient rule,
d d
sin n x x x sin n x
f '( x) dx dx
2n
sin x
d
It can be easily shown that sin n x = n sinn1 x cos x
dx
Therefore,
d d
sin n x x x sin n x
f '( x) dx dx
sin 2n x