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DESIGNING A CONCRETE MIX

DOE METHOD

PROFESOR DR. MOHAMMAD BIN ISMAIL


C09-313
Stability of Fresh Concrete
• Define as the capability of the mix to remain uniform
after the process of transportation, placing and
vibrating….No segregation and bleeding

• Factor that increase stability of mix


– Aggregate of uniform grade/ baik
– Smaller aggregate size
– Use air entraining agent
– kadaran zarah halus yang lebih tinggi (simen atau gantian
simen)
– optimum water cement ratio

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Attributes & Factors
• Consistency
– The ease of flow
• Cohesiveness
– The tendency to bleed and segregate
• Factors affecting the workability
– Water content
– Maximum size of aggregate
– Grading, texture and shape

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Wet Concrete
• Segregation
– Separation of the components of fresh concrete
• Bleeding
– Appearance of water on the surface
• Laitance
– Tendency of water rising in the internal channels
within the concrete

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Segregation
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Bleeding
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Laitance
Problems
1. Draw typical relationship between compressive strength and
water-cement ratio
2. How does maximum size of aggregate affect the
permeability of aggregate
3. If the size of aggregate is increase from 12mm to 25mm,
how does that affect the compressive strength
4. What is bleeding, and how is it controlled
5. What is segregation, and how can it be prevented
6. What is laitance, and how can it be controlled
7. What is curing, and why is it done
8. What are the various method of curing
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Concrete Mix Design - DOE Method

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The History
• The British method of concrete mix design, popularly
referred to as the "DOE method", - used in the UK and
other parts of the world and has a long established record.
• The method originates from the "Road Note No 4“ which
was published in Great Britain in 1950. In 1975 the note
was replaced by the "Design of Normal Concrete Mixes",
published by the British Department of the Environment
(DOE).
• In 1988 the "Design of Normal Concrete Mixes" was issued
in a revised and updated edition to allow for changes in
various British Standards

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Constituents
• The DOE method utilizes British test data obtained at
the Building Research Establishment, the Transport
and Road Research Establishment, and the British
Cement Association.
• The aggregates used in the tests conformed to BS
882.
• The cements comply to BS 12 or BS 4027

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Assumptions
• The DOE method is based on various assumptions
and requirements:
• Mixes are specified by the weights of the different materials
contained in a given volume of fully compacted concrete.
• It is assumed that the volume of freshly mixed concrete
equals the sum of the air content and of the absolute
volumes of its constituent materials.
• The method therefore requires that the absolute densities of
the materials be known in order that their absolute volumes
may be calculated.

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Absolute Volume
• The absolute volume of a quantity of a material is the
sum of the volumes of its particles.
• The DOE Method, assumes that the volume of fully
compacted freshly mixed concrete equals the sum of
absolute volumes of its constituent materials.

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Assumptions
• It is assumed that the workability of a
concrete mix depends primarily on:
– The Free Water Content
– The Fine Aggregate Type and, to a lesser degree,
the Coarse Aggregate Type
– The Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate

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Free Water Content
• The water, which is available to react with the cement, is
termed the free water content of the concrete and influences
the strength, durability and workability of the concrete
critically.
• The free water content is generally determined by a
compromise between workability requirements and strength
and durability needs.
• It is the sum of
– the mix water
– the surface water of the aggregates
• less
– the water absorbed by the aggregate in the time between the mixing
and the setting of the concrete.
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Total Water Content

• Consists of the water absorbed by the


aggregate to bring it to a saturated surface-dry
condition, and
• The free water available for the hydration of
the cement, and
• For the workability of the fresh concrete

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Concrete Strength
• It is assumed that the strength of a concrete
mix depends on:
– The Free water/Cement Ratio;
– The Coarse Aggregate Type;
– The Cement Properties.

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Free Water/Cement Ratio

• The Free Water/Cement Ratio is defined as the


ratio by weight of the free water content to the
cement content.
• It has been long been accepted that a low free
water/cement ratio in a concrete mix is essential for
the concrete’s subsequent strength and durability.
• It appears that an excessive free water content leads
to the formation of capillary pores, which seriously
affect the concrete strength and the concrete
durability.
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Cement Pores
Gel pores Capilary pores
pores exist in the gel exist due to unhydrated
itself compound during
hydration
28% of the cement pore size 1µm
gel interconnected pores
very fine 2nm about 40% volume of
no mobility of water pores depend on
water/cement
degree of hydration

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Cement Pores
Gel pores Capilary • Capilary pores
• Gel pores pores
pores – exist due to unhy
compound durin
exist in
– pores exist in exist due to
the
unhydrated – pore size 1µm
thegelgel
itself compound – interconnected p
itself during
– 28% of the cement
hydration – about 40% volum
28% of pore size 1µm
gel interconnecte depend on
the d pores • water/cement
– very
cement fine 2nm
about 40% • degree of hydra
– no mobility of
gel volume of
pores depend
water
very fine on
water/ce
2nm ment
no degree of
hydration
mobility 22

of water
Free Water/Cement Ratio

• DOE method determines Free Water/Cement Ratio,


which will provide a particular concrete strength for
different cement properties and coarse aggregate
types, using the results of numerous tests.

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Characteristic Strength
• Characteristic strength strictly means the concrete
strength (nominal strength), below which on
average a certain proportion of test results will fall.
This proportion is termed the "proportion of
defectives".
• Many Standards, for example BS8110, use
characteristic strengths as a basis for concrete
design.

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Proportion of Defectives
• Proportion of Defectives is defined in statistics as the
proportion of a set of test results, which will fail on
average.
• The CIB/FIP "International recommendations for the
design and construction of concrete structures“, BS
5328:1985 and BS 8110:1985, all recommend that a
proportion of defectives of 5 %
should be adopted for concrete
strength test results.

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Characteristic and Mean
Strength
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1

2
3
4

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Concrete Strength
• Generally a concrete mix is required to provide a specified
strength.
• The most common measure of concrete strength is the
compressive strength, determined in either a cube test or a
cylinder test.
• Since the strength of a concrete specimen increases with
time, the concrete age at testing is significant.
• It is also important to remember that the target strength of a
mix will only be attained in practice, if the concrete is properly
placed, well compacted and adequately cured.

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TAKE 5
Durability of Concrete

• A concrete mix must provide adequate durability.


However concrete mixes are not normally tested
for durability directly.
• Instead concrete specifications frequently contain
mix requirements, which are designed to provide
durability by ensuring that the set concrete
attains a minimum strength.
• It allows to specify a Maximum Free
water/Cement Ratio for durability purposes.

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Aggregates & Strength
• Concrete strength is influenced by the coarse
aggregate type used in the mix
• Generally uncrushed aggregates are smoother
than crushed aggregates and so concrete made
with crushed aggregates can achieve a given
strength with a higher free water/cement ratio
than concrete made with uncrushed aggregates.

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Aggregates & Workability
• The type of aggregate influences the workability.
• In comparison with concrete made with uncrushed
coarse aggregate, concrete containing crushed
coarse aggregate will generally have superior
strength and inferior workability, although the
coarse aggregate has considerably less influence on
the workability than the fine aggregate.

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Aggregates & Workability
• Generally uncrushed aggregates are smoother than
crushed aggregates and so concrete made with
uncrushed aggregates needs less free water to
achieve a given workability than concrete made with
crushed aggregates.
• Since the fine aggregate has a greater influence on
the workability than the coarse aggregate, the DOE
method assumes that the influence of the fine
aggregate type on the required free water content for
workability is twice that of the coarse aggregate type.

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Mix Design Stages
• The mix design DOE Method is carried out in the
following five stages.
– Stage (I). Determine Free Water/Cement Ratio Required
for Strength.
– Stage (II). Determine Free Water Content Required for
Workability
– Stage (III). Determine Required Cement Content
– Stage (IV). Determine Total Aggregate Content
– Stage (V). Determine Fine Aggregate Content

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Stage (I)
• Determine Free Water/Cement Ratio Required for
Strength
– Either use a specified margin or calculate a margin for a
given proportion of defectives and statistical standard
deviation.
– Obtain the target mean strength by adding the margin to
the required characteristic strength.
– Either accept a specified free water/cement ratio or obtain
the maximum free water/cement ratio which will provide
the target mean strength for concrete made from the
given coarse aggregate type and from cement with the
given properties.

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Stage (II)
• Determine Free Water Content Required for
Workability
– Either use a specified free water content or obtain the
minimum free water content, which will provide the
desired workability for concrete made with the given fine
aggregate type, coarse aggregate type and maximum size
of coarse aggregate.
– If the free water content has been determined for
workability, adjust the required free water content if air
entrainment is specified, and
– adjust further if a water-reducing admixture is specified.

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Stage (III)
• Determine Required Cement Content
– Obtain the minimum cement content, which is required
for strength, by dividing the free water content obtained in
Stage (II) by the free water/cement ratio obtained in Stage
(I).
– Check the minimum cement content, which is required for
strength, against the maximum cement content, which is
permitted, and give a warning if the former exceeds the
latter.

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Stage (III)
– Check the minimum cement content, which is required for
strength, against the minimum cement content, which is
allowable for durability, and adopt whichever is greater to
be the cement content in the mix.
– Divide the free water content by the cement content used
in the mix to obtain a modified free water/cement ratio.

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Stage (IV)
• Determine Total Aggregate Content
– Obtain a value for the overall aggregate density.
– Obtain the fractional volume of the aggregate by
subtracting the proportional volumes of the free water and
the cement from a unit volume.
– Calculate the total aggregate content by dividing the
volume of the aggregate by the aggregate density.

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Stage (V)
• Determine Fine Aggregate Content
– Either use a specified value of the percentage of fine
aggregate, or obtain the percentage of fine aggregate,
which will provide the desired workability for concrete
made with the given grading of fine aggregate, maximum
size of coarse aggregate and the free water/cement ratio
obtained in Stage (III).
– Calculate the fine and coarse aggregate contents from the
total aggregate content obtained in Stage (IV) and the
percentage of fine aggregate.

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Characteristic and Mean Strength
5
1

2
3
4

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TAKE 5
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EXAMPLE 1

Unrestricted design

30 28
2.5
8
1.96 1.96 8 16
/
30 16 46

0.47
0.55 0.47

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46
42

0.47 0.5

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10 - 30
20
160

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160 0.47 340

290

340

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2.6

2400

2400 340 160 1900

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25 – 30, say 27

1900 0.27 515

1900 515 1385

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70
27

0.47

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1385 1:2

340 160 515 460 925


0.05 17.0 8.0 25.7 23 46.2

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Causes of Failures

• Design deficiencies 40-60%


• Construction errors 25-30%
• Material defects 10-15%
• Maintenance deficiencies 5-10%

Department of Structures and Materials


58
JSB
FKA – UTM

Thank you
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