Trigonometric Identities and Formulas

Reciprocal Identities
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Ratio and Quotient Identities

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

Pythagorean Identities
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥

Pythagorean Identities in Radical Form

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = ±√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = ±√𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1

Odd-Even Identities
sin(−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 csc(−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
cos(−𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sec(−𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
tan(−𝑥) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 cot(−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
 Sum and Difference Formula – Identities
sin(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 cos(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣
sin(𝑢 − 𝑣) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 cos(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣
tan(𝑢 + 𝑣) = tan(𝑢 − 𝑣) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣

Double Angle Identities Half Angle Identities Power Reducing

Formulas
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = ±√ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2
2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 =
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = ±√ 2
2 2
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 =
𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Product-to-Sum Formulas
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 = [cos(𝑢 − 𝑣) − cos(𝑢 + 𝑣)] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 = [sin(𝑢 + 𝑣) + sin(𝑢 − 𝑣)]
2 2
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 = [cos(𝑢 − 𝑣) − cos(𝑢 + 𝑣)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 = [sin(𝑢 + 𝑣) − sin(𝑢 − 𝑣)]
2 2

Sum-to-Product Formulas
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2 2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 2 cos ( ) sin ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2 2 2
 Law of Sines
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
= = = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Law of Cosines

Standard Form Alternative Form

𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 =
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 2𝑏𝑐
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 𝑎 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 =
2𝑎𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑐22
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 =
2𝑎𝑏